Mobile Rayleigh Doppler wind lidar based on double-edge technique

<正>We describe a mobile molecular Doppler wind lidar(DWL) based on double-edge technique for wind measurement of altitudes ranging from 10 to 40 km.A triple Fabry-Perot etalon is employed as a frequency discriminator to determine the Doppler shift proportional to the wind velocity.The lidar operates at 355 nm with a 45-cm-aperture telescope and a matching azimuth-over-elevation scanner that provides full hemispherical pointing.To guarantee wind accuracy,a single servo loop is used to monitor the outgoing laser frequency to remove inaccuracies due to the frequency drift of the laser or the etalon.The standard deviation of the outgoing laser frequency drift is 6.18 MHz and the corresponding velocity error is 1.11 m/s.The wind profiles measured by the DWL are in good agreement with the results of the wind profile radar(WPR).Evaluation is achieved by comparing at altitudes from 2 to 8 km.The relative error of horizontal wind speed is from 0.8 to 1.8 m/s in the compared ranges.The wind accuracy is less than 6 m/s at 40 km and 3 m/s at 10 km.     

Application of multi-pulse optical imaging to measure evolution of laser-produced counter-streaming flows

A counter-streaming flow system is a test-bed to investigate the astrophysical collisionless shock(CS) formation in the laboratory. Electrostatic/electromagnetic instabilities, competitively growing in the system and exciting the CS formation, are sensitive to the flows parameters. One of the most important parameters is the velocity, determining what kind of instability contributes to the shock formation. Here we successfully measure the evolution of the counter-streaming flows within one shot using a multi-pulses imaging diagnostic technique. With the technique, the average velocity of the high-density-part(ne ≥ 8–9 × 10~(19)cm~(-3)) of the flow is directly measured to be of ～ 10~6cm/s between 7 ns and 17 ns.Meanwhile, the average velocity of the low-density-part(ne ≤ 2 × 10~(19)cm~(-3)) can be estimated as ～ 10~7cm/s. The experimental results show that a collisionless shock is formed during the low-density-part of the flow interacting with each other.     

Continuously transferring cold atoms in caesium double magneto-optical trap

We have established a caesium double magneto-optical trap (MOT) system for cavity-QED experiment, and demonstrated the continuous transfer of cold caesium atoms from the vapour-cell MOT with a pressure of ～ 1×10^-6 Pa to the ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) MOT with a pressure of ～ 8×10^-8 Pa via a focused continuous-wave transfer laser beam. The effect of frequency detuning as well as the intensity of the transfer beam is systematically investigated, which makes the transverse cooling adequate before the atoms leak out of the vapour-cell MOT to reduce divergence of the cold atomic beam. The typical cold atomic flux got from vapour-cell MOT is ～2×10⁷ atoms/s. About 5×10⁶ caesium atoms are recaptured in the UHV MOT.     

Ultra-Stable Rubidium-Stabilized External-Cavity Diode Laser Based on the Modulation Transfer Spectroscopy Technique

We construct an ultra-stable external-cavity diode laser via modulation transfer spectroscopy referencing on a hyperfine component of the ST Rb D2 lines at 780 nm. The Doppler-free dispersion-like modulation transfer signal is obtained with high signal-to-noise-ratio. The instability of the laser frequency is measured by beating with an optical frequency comb which is phase-locked to an ultra-stable oven controlled crystal oscillator. The Allan deviation is 3.9 × 10-13 at I s averaging time and 9.8 ×10-14 at 90s averaging time.     

Tuning the velocity and flux of a low-velocity intense source of cold atomic beam

We investigate experimentally and numerically the quantitative dependence of characteristics of a low-velocity intensity source(LVIS) of atomic beam on light parameters, especially the polarization of cooling laser along the atomic beam axis(pushing beam). By changing the polarization of the pushing beam, the longitudinal mean velocity of a rubidium atomic beam can be tuned continuously from 10 to 20 m/s and the flux can range from 3 × 10~8 to 1 × 10~9 atoms/s, corresponding to the maximum sensitivity of the velocity with respect to the polarization angle of 20(m/s)/rad and the mean sensitivity of flux of 1.2 × 10~9(atoms/s)/rad. The mechanism is explained with a Monte-Carlo based numerical simulation method, which shows a qualitative agreement with the experimental result. This is also a demonstration of a method enabling the fast and continuous modulation of a low-velocity intense source of cold atomic beam on the velocity or flux,which can be used in many fields, like the development of a cold atomic beam interferometer and atom lithography.     

Judd-Oflet analysis of spectrum and laser performance of Ho：YAP crystal end-pumped by 1.91μm Tm：YLF laser

The Ho:YAP crystal is grown by the Czochralski technique.The room temperature polarized absorption spectra of Ho:YAP crystal was measured on a c cut sample with 1 at% holmium.According to the obtained Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ω2 = 1.42 × 10-20 cm2,Ω4 = 2.92 × 10-20 cm2,and Ω6 = 1.71 × 10-20 cm2,this paper calculated the fluorescence lifetime to be 6 ms for 5I7 →5 I8 transition,and the integrated emission cross section to be 2.24×10-18 cm2.It investigates the room temperature Ho:YAP laser end pumped by a 1.91 μm Tm:YLF laser.The maximum output power was 4.1 W when the incident 1.91 μm pump power was 14.4 W.The slope efficiency is 40.8%,corresponding to an optical to optical conversion efficiency of 28.4%.The Ho:YAP output wavelength was centred at 2118 nm with full width at half maximum of about 0.8 nm.     

Measurement of dynamic characteristics of metal sheet under laser shock

A new approach is developed to measure the dynamic characteristics of metal sheet under laser shock,including deformation velocity,strain,and strain rate.The detecting laser beam is partially shaded by the target deformation induced by the laser action.A photodiode transforms the received beam intensity real time into an electrical signal which could record the process of the target deformation.The functional relation between the electrical signal and the deformation of the metal sheet is derived.The deformation curve of a thin aluminum and the velocity curve of its deformation are also obtained during the exper-iment.The results indicate that the average velocity of the elastic deformation of the target can reach 2.999×10 3 m/s in the central area.This new method provides an approach in the study of the effect of strain rate on deformation.     

Characterization of a velocity-tunable 87Rb cold atomic source with a high-speed imaging technology

This paper has developed and characterized a method to produce a velocity-tunable 87 Rb cold atomic source for atomic interferometry application.Using a high speed fluorescence imaging technology,it reports that the dynamic process of the atomic source formation is observed and the source performances including the flux and the initial velocity are characterized.A tunable atomic source with the initial velocity of 1.4～2.6 m/s and the atomic source flux of 2 × 10 8 ～ 6 × 10 9 atoms/s has been obtained with the built experimental setup.     

All-fiber-based laser with 200 mHz linewidth

We demonstrate the frequency stabilization of a 1.55 μm erbium-doped fiber laser by locking it to a 5-km-long optical fiber delay line(FDL). The stabilized laser is characterized via comparison with a second identical laser system. We obtain a fractional frequency stability of better than 3 × 10~(-15) over time scales of 1–10 s and a laser linewidth of 0.2 Hz, which is the narrowest linewidth of an FDL-stabilized laser observed to date.     

Dynamic Spallation in Uranium under Laser Shock Loading

The spall behavior of uranium is investigated using direct laser ablation loading experiments. The uranium targets are cut and ground to 0.05 mm, 0.1 mm, and 0.15 mm in thickness. Laser energies are varied to yield a constant peak pressure. This results in different strain rates and varying degrees of damage to the uranium targets. The spall strength is calculated and analyzed from the free surface velocity histories recorded using a line velocity interferometer for any reflections system. The spall strength increases from 4.3 GPa to 9.4 GPa with strain rates ranging from 4.0 × 10~6 s~(-1) to 1.7 × 10~7 s~(-1). Post-mortem analysis is performed on the recovered samples, revealing the twin-matrix interfaces together with the inclusions to be the primary factor governing the spall fracture of uranium.     

激光驱动飞片超高速发射技术实验研究

 介绍了影响激光驱动超高速发射技术的各种因素。分析了激光能量、激光光束空间分布对飞片发射速度及完整性的影响和飞片靶镀膜工艺对飞片速度及完整性的影响。结果表明：空间分布为“平顶型”的激光束有利于发射出完整的飞片。在膜与基底之间增加过渡层Cr可以大大提高膜与基底之间的附着力,从而提高飞片的发射速度。实验上利用波长1 064 nm、脉宽10 ns、能量835 mJ的激光使厚度5 μm、直径1 mm的铝飞片的发射速度达到10.4 km/s。大大提升了对微米级空间碎片速度的发射能力。     

激光驱动飞片的线面成像VISAR测速技术

以激光驱动飞片速度场诊断为例,展示线面同时成像任意反射面速度干涉仪(VISAR)技术在超高速碰撞研究中的应用前景。将传统VISAR改为成像干涉结构,用变像管扫描相机和高速光电分幅相机分别记录作为信号载体的梳状干涉条纹随时间的变化,实现靶面一条线上各点速度历程和多个时刻二维靶面上所有点速度相对分布的测量。所研制的线面同时成像VISAR具有10μm的空间分辨和约15m/s的速度分辨能力。用其测量了激光驱动铝膜飞片的速度场,直观给出飞片的演化发展过程。实验结果表明,线面同时成像VISAR技术可以为激光驱动飞片、超高速碰撞等领域的理论研究和数值模拟提供有效比对实验数据。     

神光Ⅱ上柱形黑腔辐射驱动冲击波

利用神光Ⅱ的八路三倍频激光装置，驱动柱形黑腔产生的x 射线作辐射源驱动台阶铝样品产生冲击波，获得了清晰的冲击波图像，通过冲击波过台阶样 品的时间差获得冲击波速度和压力分别为31.2km/s和17.5×10⁵MPa.采用软x射线能谱 仪通过激光注入孔测量的辐射温度与采用冲击波法测量辐射温度的结果一致. 关键词： 冲击波 辐射驱动 辐射温度     

Dynamics of high-temperature plasma formation during laser irradiation of three-dimensionally structured,low-density matter

Results are presented from an experimental investigation of the properties of the plasma produced by the action of a radiation pulse at the second harmonic of a Nd laser, with average intensity ~5·10¹⁴ W/cm² in the focal spot, on flat targets consisting of porous polypropylene (CH)_x with an average density of 0.02 g/cm³ (close to the critical plasma density) and with ~50 μm pores. The properties of the laser plasma obtained with porous and continuous targets are substantially different. The main differences are volume absorption of the laser radiation in the porous material and much larger spatial scales of energy transfer. The experimentally measured longitudinal ablation velocity in the porous material was equal to (1.5–3)·10⁷ cm/s, which corresponds to a mass velocity of (3–6)·10⁵ g/cm²· s, and the transverse (with respect to the direction of the laser beam) propagation velocity of the thermal wave was equal to ~(1–2) ·10⁷ cm/s. The spatial dimensions of the plasma plume were ~20–30μm. The plasma was localized in a 200–400μm region inside the target. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 64, No. 7, 462–467 (10 October 1996)     

Highly efficient, 0.84 slope efficiency, 901 nm, quasi-two-level laser emission of Nd in strontium lanthanum aluminate

The possibility of using direct pumping into the emitting level of the Nd3+ ion in magnesium-compensated strontium lanthanum aluminate (Sr(1-x)La(x-y)Nd(y)Mg(x)Al(12-x)O19) to improve 900 nm 4F(3/2) --> 4I(9/2) laser emission is discussed. Selection of the composition parameters x and y for optimization of laser emission and reduction of heat generation is based on the spectroscopic and crystal growth characteristics. Pumping in the 865.5 nm absorption band 4I(9/2)(Z1) --> 4F(3/2)(R1) transforms the laser process into a quasi-two-level scheme of very low (below 4%) quantum defects. A very high slope efficiency (over 84%) for 901 nm continuous-wave laser emission is demonstrated with Ti:sapphire laser pumping in this band for a crystal with x = 0.4 and y = 0.05.     

激光诱导Al等离子体中的Doppler效应

用Nd:YAG脉冲激光烧蚀Al靶产生等离子体,利用时间分辨技术采集Al等离子体辐射的时间分辨信息,使用光学多道分析系统(OMA Ⅲ)记录Al等离子体辐射光谱,从而获得激光诱导Al等离子体时间分辨光谱。分别利用Lorentz函数、Gauss函数以及这两种函数的线性叠加函数(后简称叠加函数),对Al原子共振双线Al Ⅰ 396.15 nm,Al Ⅰ 394.40 nm进行拟合分析,解析出实验谱线所含的Lorentz和Gauss线形成分。通过对比这两种线形成分发现,实验谱线主要由Lorentz线形成分所组成,Gauss线形成分相对少得多。通过对比Lorentz函数与叠加函数对实验谱线的拟合曲线,给出了Doppler效应展宽谱线的直观图像,估算了Doppler效应导致谱线的增宽量。结果发现,Doppler效应引起的Al共振谱线增宽约2×10-3～8×10-3 nm,这与理论计算结果6.7×10-3 nm符合得很好。因此,通过拟合分析与理论计算,对激光诱导Al等离子体中的Doppler效应给以圆满解释。     

聚四氟乙烯动态特性的实验研究

 在10~55 GPa的高压范围用化爆装置、采用阻抗匹配法测得了聚四氟乙烯（初始密度ρ₀=2.19 g/cm³）的冲击波速度D和波后粒子速度u之关系为：D=2.10+1.62u（mm/μs）。在0.2~3 GPa的低压范围用气炮装置、采用电磁速度计测量了材料内加、卸载过程的拉格朗日粒子速度波形，获得的冲击加载D-u关系为：D=1.24+3.72u-1.94u²（mm/μs）。实测卸载曲线和加载冲击绝热线接近一致，残余应变似乎不存在或者说很小；弹性区段很不明显，聚四氟乙烯本质上呈现出塑性性质。     

激光烧蚀Al靶产生的等离子体中辐射粒子的速度及激波

在低真空条件下(5Pa),通过测量脉冲激光烧蚀平面Al靶产生的等离子体辐射谱的时间分辨特征,得到辐射粒子速度的空间分布.在激光脉冲宽度为10ns,烧蚀斑直径为200μm,靶面上功率密度分别为1.91×10¹⁰,5.10×10¹⁰和7.64×10¹⁰W/cm²时,测得辐射粒子Al的速度均在10⁶cm/s量级,且随着靶面径向距离的增大而近似呈指数衰减.在距靶面的相同距离处,激光功率密度的增大反而使速度减小.利用激波模型(shockwave model)较好地解释了实验结果,并得出激波的波面基本为柱对称 关键词： 激光等离子体 平面Al靶 粒子速度分布 激波     

激光驱动准等熵压缩透明窗口LiF的透明性

LiF在激光驱动高压实验中是比较常见的窗口材料, 其在冲击下透射或反射可见诊断光是作为窗口材料的重要特性. 在神光III原型激光装置上开展了带LiF窗口的铝样品准等熵压缩实验, 采用任意反射面速度干涉仪诊断获得准等熵压缩样品(CH/Al/LiF)的反射率. 实验结果表明在准等熵压缩后期反射率诊断出现致盲现象. 为此, 建立了带透明窗口的样品对诊断光的反射率模型, 模型考虑了窗口LiF压缩后透明性变化. 模型计算的CH/Al/LiF样品对可见光的反射率时间演化过程与实验结果符合较好. 研究结果表明: LiF中压缩波追赶逐渐形成强冲击波, 显著降低了LiF的透明性, 并最终发生致盲现象; 第一性原理方法所给出的LiF的能带间隙偏低1–2 eV; 该实验中, LiF的透明性完全消失时, LiF中波头处的温度约为1 eV, 压力为2–3 Mbar.     

A “comb” structure measurement of a micrometer displacement in laser plasma propulsion

A “comb” structure of beam intensity distribution is achieved to measure target displacements at the micrometer level in laser plasma propulsion experiments. Compared with single-beam and double-beam detection, the “comb” structure is more suitable for a thin film targets with a velocity lower than 10^?2 m/s. Combined with a light-electric monitor, the “comb” structure can be used to measure a velocity range from 10^?3 to 1 m/s. Using this “comb” structure, the coupling coefficient of aluminum ablated by nanosecond pulse laser in air is determined and compared. The results indicate that this “comb” structure is an effective experimental approach.