瑞利散射多普勒测风激光雷达的校准

 在进行实际风速测量之前,对于新研制的测风激光雷达系统进行校准,可以验证并提高风速测量的准确性。根据瑞利散射多普勒激光雷达的测量原理,提出了利用瑞利散射谱和米散射谱之间的关系,采用运动硬目标实现对瑞利散射多普勒测风激光雷达进行校准的方法。设计了对瑞利散射多普勒测风激光雷达进行校准的实验系统,并给出了详细的校准步骤。     

Rlationship between the aerosol scattering ratio and temperature of atmosphere and the sensitivity of a Doppler wind lidar with iodine filter

The sensitivity of Doppler wind lidar is an important parameter which affects the performance of Doppler wind lidar. Aerosol scattering ratio, atmospheric temperature, and wind speed obviously affect the mea- surement of Doppler wind lidar with iodine filter. We discuss about the relationship between the measurement sensitivity and the above atmospheric parameters. The numerical relationship between them is given through the theoretical simulation and calculation.     

Mach-Zehnder干涉仪条纹成像多普勒激光雷达风速反演及视场展宽技术

相对于传统多普勒鉴频器Fabry-Perot干涉仪, Mach-Zehnder干涉仪(MZI)具有透过率高、直线条纹易于探测、可进行视场展宽等优点. 本文设计了基于条纹成像MZI的非相干多普勒测风激光雷达系统, 构建了风速反演的数学模型, 利用MZI视场展宽技术优化了激光雷达系统的性能. 数值仿真实现了MZI鉴频系统干涉条纹图样的理想输出, 采用SineSqr函数拟合法获取了高精度的多普勒频移前后干涉条纹的移动距离, 并通过视场补偿减小了入射角对MZI光程差的影响, 从而实现视场展宽. 结果表明: 采用SineSqr函数拟合法可获得在±100 m·s^-1的径向风速范围内<0.45 m·s^-1的风速误差, 克服了条纹重心法反演风速不稳定性的缺点; 视场展宽技术在不降低鉴频性能的情况下, 能最大补偿1°的视场角. MZI条纹成像多普勒激光雷达应用技术的探讨将为中高层大气风速激光雷达测量系统的实际开发奠定良好的基础. 关键词： 激光雷达 条纹成像Mach-Zehnder干涉仪 风速反演 视场补偿     

多普勒测风激光雷达风场探测结果分析

为了验证自行研制的瑞利散射测风激光雷达的性能及应用价值,将激光雷达测量的风速风向廓线与探空气球测量结果进行对比,结果吻合得较好,高度10 km以下风速最大差距3.0 m/s,20 km以下最大差距4.5 m/s;风向除拐点外标准差最大32。连续探测结果显示了强劲的西风急流和风向转换特征,急流中心的高度一般在10~12 km,中心最大风速接近70 m/s,最小风速不低于30 m/s,20 km左右拐点最小风速不足1 m/s,20 km以上风速逐渐增加 ;在20 km以下风向为西风,在270左右变化,20 km以上为东风,在90左右变化。探测结果表明瑞利散射测风激光雷达既能跟踪大尺度季节性气候特征的变化规律,又能突出小尺度瞬态气候特征的形成、演化过程。     

基于双F-P干涉仪的多普勒测风激光雷达的性能分析

 自行研制了一台基于双边缘技术的多普勒激光雷达，用于测量对流层大气风场。该雷达采用具有高光谱分辨率的双Fabry-Perot干涉仪来检测气溶胶后向散射的多普勒频移量。给出了多普勒测风激光雷达的结构和参数。利用干涉仪参数讨论了雷达系统的测量精度。实验测定了双干涉仪的频谱曲线。通过计算和分析，由测量的干涉仪频谱曲线的的标准偏差引起的系统测量误差为0.5 m/s。系统的测量误差随着测量的高度和所测速度的增加在增大，在高度10 km测量50 m/s的风速时系统的测量误差小于2 m/s。     

星载激光多普勒测风雷达鉴频系统仿真(Ⅱ):基于Fabry-Perot标准具的Rayleigh通道大气风速反演研究

基于星载激光多普勒测风雷达工作原理,构建了基于连续双通道Fabry-Perot(F-P)标准具的鉴频仿真系统,仿真研究了Rayleigh通道大气风速反演算法,系统分析了Rayleigh-Brillouin效应和Mie干扰信号对Rayleigh通道反演大气视线(LOS)风速的影响,并利用无线电探空数据集仿真结果统计分析了Rayleigh通道大气水平视线(HLOS)风速反演误差.结果表明,基于连续双通道F-P标准具的Rayleigh通道可反演中高层大气风速;Rayleigh-Brillouin效应和Mie干扰信号影响Rayleigh通道LOS风速反演精度;Rayleigh通道风速反演对温度精度要求最高,在晴空条件下可忽略Mie干扰信号的影响;不考虑Brillouin效应时,高度2 km以下Rayleigh通道无法反演HLOS风速,高度2 km以上Rayleigh通道反演的HLOS风速误差小于0.4 m·s-1,风速标准差在1—4 m·s-1之间;同Mie通道一样,气溶胶和云的分布影响Rayleigh通道HLOS风速反演误差.研究结果对发展星载激光雷达测风技术具有重要参考意义.     

星载激光多普勒测风雷达鉴频系统仿真(I):基于Fizeau干涉仪的Mie通道大气风速反演研究

研究了星载激光多普勒测风雷达系统结构,构建了基于Fizeau干涉仪的鉴频仿真系统,仿真研究了Mie通道风速反演算法,并利用无线电探空数据集仿真结果统计分析了Mie通道大气水平视线(HLOS)风速反演误差.仿真和统计结果表明,基于Fizeau干涉仪的Mie通道可反演低对流层大气风速;低对流层HLOS风速误差和标准差分别小于1 m·s-1和2 m·s-1;气溶胶和云的分布影响星载激光多普勒雷达测风误差,可使风速最大偏差增大一倍.     

相干多普勒测风激光雷达

 鉴于多普勒测风激光雷达在航空航天、遥感遥测、气象观测等军事及民用领域中的广泛应用,结合相干探测工作原理,介绍了国外几种典型波段相干多普勒测风激光雷达系统,重点分析了激光发射机/接收机、空间扫描、数据处理等关键技术,并对相干多普勒激光雷达的广阔应用前景进行了展望。指出国内相干多普勒测风激光雷达研究已取得的一些重要进展。     

Noise reduction in LOS wind velocity of Doppler lidar using discrete wavelet analysis

The line of sight (LOS) wind velocity can be determined from the incoherent Doppler lidar backscattering signals. Noise and interference in the measurement greatly degrade the inversion accuracy. In this paper, we apply the discrete wavelet denoising method by using biorthogonal wavelets and adopt a distance-dependent thresholds algorithm to improve the accuracy of wind velocity measurement by incoherent Doppler lidar. The noisy simulation data are processed and compared with the true LOS wind velocity. The results are compared by the evaluation of both the standard deviation and correlation coefficient. The results suggest that wavelet denoising with distance-dependent thresholds can considerably reduce the noise and interfering turbulence for wind lidar measurement.     

Frequency stabilization of a single-frequency all-solid-state laser for Doppler wind lidar

The master laser of an injection-seeded laser for Doppler wind lidar is frequency stabilized to a FabryPerot (FP) cavity using Pound-Drever-Hall technique. The FP cavity is specially designed to gain high temperature stability with Zerodur cavity and spacer. A computer based controller is used to sample and process the error signal. After the master laser is locked, the relative frequency drift is±25 kHz in 1 s,and ±55 kHz in 1 h, which can satisfy the need of Doppler wind lidar.     

机载光纤多普勒测风激光雷达风场反演及实验验证

通过分析1 550 nm全光纤机载多普勒测风激光雷达系统的测量模式特征,给出飞机速度校正方法、机载系统风场反演模型和算法,实现了机载大气三维风场的反演和显示软件。利用机载激光雷达的飞行试验数据,结合实时测量的小球测风数据,进行了风场信息的反演和结果的对比印证,统计4个架次的风廓线测量结果,两者的水平风速标准偏差小于1.4 m/s,风向标准偏差小于10°,相关系数都达到0.95以上,从实验结果上验证了激光雷达的工作性能和数据反演算法的准确性。     

Low tropospheric wind measurement with Mie Doppler Lidar

A double edge Mie Doppler lidar at 1064 nm was developed in Hefei, China in 2005 for low tropospheric wind measurement. Intercomparison experiments with a wind profiler and a wiresonde were held. Intercomparisons of concurrent lidar and other instrument observations show good agreement with expected measurement accuracy. The examples of validated lidar wind profiles obtained during these experiments as well as an example of continuous wind observations are presented. The instrument has demonstrated the capability of atmospheric wind field measurement from 0.2 to 5 km altitude, achieving below 2 m/s accuracy with 1 min averaging and 21.2 m vertical resolution.     

Design and performance simulation of a molecular Doppler wind lidar

A mobile molecular Doppler wind lidar at an eye-safe wavelength of 355 nm based on double-edge technique is being built in Hefei （China） for wind measurement from 10-to 40-km altitude. The structure of this lidar system is described. A triple Fabry-Perot etalon is employed as a frequency discriminator whose parameters are optimized. The receiver system is designed to achieve compactness and stability by putting in a standard 19-inch socket bench. Simulation results show that within the wind speed dynamic range of ±100 m/s, the horizontal wind errors due to noise are less than 1 m/s bdow 20-km altitude for 100-m vertical resolution, and less than 5.5 m/s from 20 km up to 40 km for 500-m vertical resolution with 400-mJ laser energy, 30-min temporal resolution, and a 45-cm aperture telescooe.     

地基激光测风雷达的光束扫描及风场反演

 激光测风雷达通过多普勒频移来确定激光束视线方向上的大气风场的速度矢量。由这些测得的矢量可反演大气风场群速的速度矢量。在本文中,我们将讨论利用单一LDV系统,激光束的扫描方式采用圆锥扫描,在扫描圆锥的垂直截面上取四个正交点上的多普勒风速矢量。通过这四个矢量,利用空间解析几何的知识,最终推导出观测视场上风场的水平和垂直方向的矢量分量。     

Lidar observations of wind over Xin Jiang,China: general characteristics and variation

The mobile Rayleigh Doppler lidar based on a Fabry–Perot etalon is developed for wind measurement. The structure and technical parameters of this lidar system are described in brief. The 1740 wind profiles from 8 to 40 km altitudes by the lidar in Xinjiang, China, were obtained in 2010 and 2011, and were used to analyze the characteristics and variations of wind. The results shown that the wind velocity is within a three-layer structure: westerly jet layer (9–14 km), quasi-zero velocity layer (18–22 km) and gale layer (22–40 km). In August and September, the wind direction is within a three-layer structure: zonal westerly wind layer (5–18 km) where wind direction is west, zonal wind reverse layer (18–22 km) where wind direction is unstable and easterly wind layer (22–40 km) where wind direction is east. In October, wind direction is west (8–40 km). Wind observations by lidar are a realistic offset to the rawins.     

米散射多普勒激光雷达性能改进

介绍了自行研制的米散射多普勒激光雷达的系统结构。针对系统存在的问题,对接收机子系统、工作时序、扫描方式等方面作了改造。实验结果表明:改造后系统光学鉴频器的频谱稳定性提高了2.8倍;消除了系统近距离的探测盲区;在0~2.5 km的高度范围内,当垂直距离分辨力为21.2 m、脉冲累积数为9 000发时,改造后的米散射多普勒激光雷达系统连续30 min测量的水平风速大小和方向的标准偏差的最大值分别小于1 m/s和18.3°,平均值分别小于0.43 m/s和7.7°;与探空仪的风场对比测量结果吻合得很好;当每个径向脉冲累积数为1 000发时,采用四波束扫描获得的2 km以下东西方向径向风速的相关系数为0.99,偏差为-0.038 m/s,标准偏差为1.34 m/s。     

Wind measurements with 355-nm molecular Doppler lidar

A Doppler lidar system based on the molecular double-edge technique is described. The system is mounted in a modified van to permit deployment in field operations. The lidar operates with a tripled Nd:YAG laser at 355 nm, a 45-cm-aperture telescope, and a matching azimuth-over-elevation scanner to permit full sky access. Validated atmospheric wind profiles were measured from 1.8 to 35 km with a 178-m vertical resolution. The range-dependent rms deviation of the horizontal wind speed is 0.4-6 m/s. The measured wind speed and direction are in good agreement with the rawinsonde wind measurements made simultaneously from the same location.     

Performance comparison of Fabry–Perot and Mach–Zehnder interferometers for molecular Doppler lidar based on fringe-imaging technique

Fringe-imaging Fabry–Perot interferometer (FIFPI) and fringe-imaging Mach–Zehnder interferometer (FIMZI) used as frequency discriminator for incoherent molecular Doppler lidar were analyzed, respectively. For a pure molecular backscattered signal, performances (wind measurement sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio) of both FIFPI and FIMZI systems were simulated based on the U.S. standard atmospheric model. Comparisons of two systems were made under the same emitting and receiving parameters with certain wind speed dynamic range. Simulated results show that, though relatively lower sensitivity to Doppler shift, the single-channel FIMZI system provides a factor of 1.3 times smaller error in the horizontal wind velocity than that of FIFPI at a range of 20 km. We expect that the FIMZI frequency discriminator would provide an effective technique to improve the measurement accuracy for incoherent molecular Doppler lidar.     

Correction of temperature influence on the wind retrieval from a mobile Rayleigh Doppler lidar

A mobile Rayleigh Doppler lidar based on double-edge technique is implemented for simultaneously observing wind and temperature at heights of 15 km-60 km away from ground.Before the inversion of the Doppler shift due to wind,the Rayleigh response function should be calculated,which is a convolution of the laser spectrum,Rayleigh backscattering function,and the transmission function of the Fabry-Perot interferometer used as the frequency discriminator in the lidar.An analysis of the influence of the temperature on the accuracy of the Une-of-sight winds shows that real-time temperature profiles are needed because the bandwidth of the Rayleigh backscattering function is temperature-dependent.An integration method is employed in the inversion of the temperature,where the convergence of this method and the high signal-to-noise ratio below 60 km ensure the accuracy and precision of the temperature profiles inverted.Then,real-time and on-site temperature profiles are applied to correct the wind instead of using temperature profiles from a numerical prediction system or atmosphere model.The corrected wind profiles show satisfactory agreement with the wind profiles acquired from radiosondes,proving the reliability of the method.     

High spatial and temporal resolution mobile incoherent Doppler lidar for sea surface wind measurements

A mobile Doppler lidar based on an injection-seeded diode-pumped Nd:YAG pulsed laser with a high repetition rate was developed to measure the sea surface wind (SSW) with high spatial and temporal resolution. The system was operated during the 2007 Qingdao International Regatta to measure the distribution of SSW in the racing area in real time with 50-100 m horizontal resolution and 2-10 min temporal resolution. An observation of nonuniform distribution of SSW is presented. The lidar results are compared with both buoy and wind tower measurements, which show good agreement. This lidar can be used advantageously for the 2008 Olympic sailing games as well as for observing mesoscale and microscale meteorology processes.