Three-dimensional particle-in-cell with Monte Carlo collision simulation of the electron energy distribution function in the multi-cusp ion source for proton therapy

For optimization and accurate prediction of the amount of proton production in the multi-cusp ion source, analysis of the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) is necessary. A three dimensional particle-in-cell with Monte Carlo collision (PIC-MCC) code based on the CHIPIC software platform are developed. The code is applied to the multi-cusp proton source. The results show that there are two energy distributions in the discharge chamber, and a spatial non-uniformity of electron density due to the B×▽B drift of the top permanent magnets is observed.     

Point defect determination by photoluminescence and capacitance-voltage characterization in a GaN terahertz Gunn diode

Photoluminescence （PL） measurement is used to study the point defect distribution in a GaN terahertz Gunn diode, which is able to the degrade high-field transport characteristic during further device operation. PL, secondary ion mass spectroscopy （SIMS）, transmission electron microscope （TEM）, and capacitance-voltage （C-V） measurements are used to discuss the origin of point defects responsible for the yellow luminescence in structures. The point defect densities of about 1011 cm-2 in structures are extracted by analysis of C-V characterization. After thermal annealing treatment, diminishments of point defect densities in structures are efficiently demonstrated by PL and C-V results.     

Size-dependent thermal stresses in the core–shell nanoparticles

The thermal stress in a magnetic core–shell nanoparticle during a thermal process is an important parameter to be known and controlled in the magnetization process of the core–shell system. In this paper we analyze the stress that appears in a core–shell nanoparticle subjected to a cooling process. The external surface temperature of the system, considered in equilibrium at room temperature, is instantly reduced to a target temperature. The thermal evolution of the system in time and the induced stress are studied using an analytical model based on a time-dependent heat conduction equation and a differential displacement equation in the formalism of elastic displacements. The source of internal stress is the difference in contraction between core and shell materials due to the temperature change. The thermal stress decreases in time and is minimized when the system reaches the thermal equilibrium. The radial and azimuthal stress components depend on system geometry, material properties, and initial and final temperatures. The magnitude of the stress changes the magnetic state of the core–shell system. For some materials, the values of the thermal stresses are larger than their specific elastic limits and the materials begin to deform plastically in the cooling process. The presence of the induced anisotropy due to the plastic deformation modifies the magnetic domain structure and the magnetic behavior of the system.     

Status of CSNS H-ion source

A new H-ion source has been installed successfully and will be used to serve the China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS). In this paper, we report various components of the ion source, including the discharge chamber, temperature, cooling system, extraction electrodes, analyzing magnet, remote control system and so on.Compared to the previous experimental ion source, some improvements have been made to make the ion source more compact and convenient. In the present arrangement, the Penning field is generated by a pair of pole tip extensions on the 90°analyzing magnet instead of by a separate circuit. For the remote control system, F3RP61-2L is applied to the accelerator online control system for the first time. In the running of the ion source, a stable pulse H-beam with a current of 50 m A at an energy of 50 ke V is produced. The extraction frequency and pulse width is 25 Hz and500 μs, respectively. Furthermore, an emittance scanner has been installed and measurements are in progress.     

SECRAL在18GHz频率下产生强流高电荷态离子束的初步结果

A Superconducting ECR ion source with Advanced design in Lanzhou (SECRAL) was successfully built to produce intense beams of highly charged ions for Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL).The ion source has been optimized to be operated at 28GHz for its maximum performance.The superconducting magnet confinement configuration of the ion source consists of three axial solenoid coils and six sextupole coils with a cold iron structure as field booster and clamping.For 28GHz operation,the magnet assembly can produce peak mirror fields on axis 3.6T at injection,2.2T at extraction and a radial sextupole field of 2.0T at plasma chamber wall.A unique feature of SECRAL is that the three axial solenoid coils are located inside of the sextupole bore in order to reduce the interaction forces between the sextupole coils and the solenoid coils. During the ongoing commissioning phase at 18GHz with a stainless steel chamber,tests with various gases and some metals have been conducted with microwave power less than 3.2kW and it turned out the performance is very promising.Some record ion beam intensities have been produced,for instance,810eμA of O~(7 ),505eμA of Xe~(20 ),306eμA of Xe~(27 ),21eμA of Xe~(34 ),2.4eμA of Xe~(38 ) and so on.To reach better results for highly charged ion beams,further modifications such as an aluminium chamber with better cooling,higher microwave power and a movable extraction system will be done,and also emittance measurements are being prepared.     

Status of CSNS H- ion source

A new H^- ion source has been installed successfully and will be used to serve the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). In this paper, we report various components of the ion source, including the discharge chamber, temperature, cooling system, extraction electrodes, analyzing magnet, remote control system and so on. Compared to the previous experimental ion source, some improvements have been made to make the ion source more compact and convenient. In the present arrangement, the Penning field is generated by a pair of pole tip extensions on the 90° analyzing magnet instead of by a separate circuit. For the remote control system, F3RP61-2L is applied to the accelerator online control system for the first time. In the running of the ion source, a stable pulse H^- beam with a current of 50 mA at an energy of 50 keV is produced. The extraction frequency and pulse width is 25 Hz and 500 μs, respectively. Furthermore, an emittance scanner has been installed and measurements are in progress.     

Research on ZrO2 Thermal Barrier Coatings Modified by High-Intensity Pulsed Ion Beam

We report a modification method for ZrO2 thermal barrier coatings （TBCs） by high-intensity pulsed ion beam （HIPIB） irradiation. Based on the temporal and spatial distribution models of the ion beam density detected by Faraday cup in the chamber and the ions accelerating voltage, the energy deposition of the beam ions in ZrO2 is calculated by Monte Carlo method. Taking this time-dependent nonlinear deposited energy as the source term of two-dimensional thermal conduction equation, we obtain the temporal and spatial ablation process of ZrO2 thermal barrier coatings during a pulse time. The top-layer TBC material in thickness of about 0.2 μm is ablated by vaporization and the coating in thickness of 1 μm is melted after one shot at the ion current density of 200 A/cm^2. This calculation is in reasonable agreement with those measured by HIPIB irradiation experiments. The melted top coat becoming a dense modification layer due to HIPIB irradiation seals the gaps among ZrO2 crystal dusters, and hence barrels the direct tunnel of oxygen.     

VENUS离子源的最新结果(28GHz)

The nest generation, superconducting ECR ion source VENUS (Versatile ECR ion source for Nuclear Science) has operated with 28GHz since 2004,and has produced world record ion beam intesities. The VENUS project is focused on two main objectives. First, for the 88-Inch Cyclotron,VENUS will serve as the third injector soures boosting both the energy and itensity of beams available form the facility.Seconly,VENUS also serves as the prototype injector source for a high intensity heavy ion beam driver linac for a next generation radioactive ion beam facility, where the goal is to produce intense beams of medium to low charge states ions such as 240eμA of Xe 20 or 250eμA of U28 to 34 . These high intensity ion beam requerements present a challenge for the beam transport system since the total currents extracte from the ECR ion source reach several mA. Therefore in parallel to io beam develoments,we are also enhancing our ion beam diagnostics devices and are conducting an extensive ion beam simulation effort to improve the understanding of the ion beam ransprot form the VENUS ECR ion source. The paper will give an overview of recent experiments with the VENUS ECR ion source. Since the last ECR ion source workshop in Berkeley in 2004.we have installed a new plasma chamber,which includes X-ray shielding.This enables us to operate the source reliably at high power 28GHz operation.With this new chamber several high intensity beams(such as 2.4mA ofO6 ,600eμA of Ar9 ,etc.) have been produced. In addition, we have started the developent of high intensity uranium beams. For example, 200eμA of U33 and U34 have been produced so far. In respect to high charge state ions,leμA of Ar18 ,133eμA of Ar16 ,and 4.9eμA of U47 have been measured. In addition,ion beam profile meaurements are presented with ,and without the sextupole magnetic field energized. These expeerimental results are being compared with simulations using the WARP code.     

Concentration dependent nonlinear refraction in chloroaluminum phthalocyanine/ethanol solution

Nonlinear refractive properties of chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (CAP) in ethanol solution are studied using the Z-scan technique with picosecond (ps) and nanosecond (ns) laser pulses at a wavelength of 532 nm. A transition from self-focusing to self-defocusing in CAP solution excited by 10 ns pulses is observed during the decrease of its concentration. This transition is due to co-existing excited-state refraction and transient thermal lensing effects. The experimental results are described very well using the rate-equation model and the theory of transient thermal refraction in liquids. The refractive cross sections of the excited-state are also obtained.     

Thermal analysis of DTL in the SSC-LINAC

A linear accelerator as a new injector for the Separated Sector Cyclotron at the Heavy Ion Research Facility of LAN Zhou is being designed. The Drift-Tube-Linac (DTL) has been designed to accelerate ²³⁸U³⁴⁺ from 0.140 MeV/u to 0.97 MeV/u [1]. The 3D finite element analysis of thermal behavior is presented in this paper. During operation, the cavity will produce Joule heat. The cavity will not work normally due to the high temperature and thermal deformation will lead to frequency drift. So it is necessary to perform thermal analysis to ensure the correct working temperature is used. The result of the analysis shows that after the water cooling system is put into the cavity the temperature rise is about 20 degrees and the frequency drift is about 0.15%.     

Comparison experiments of neon and helium buffer gases cooling in trapped ~(199)Hg~+ ions linear trap

The influences of different buffer gas, neon and helium, on199Hg+clock transition are compared in trapped199Hg+linear trap. By the technique of time domain’s Ramsey separated oscillatory fields, the buffer gas pressure frequency shifts of199Hg+clock transition are measured to be(d f /dPNe)(1/ f) = 1.8 × 10-8Torr-1for neon and(d f /dPHe)(1/ f) = 9.1 × 10-8Torr-1for helium. Meanwhile, the line-width of199Hg+clock transition spectrum with the buffer gas neon is narrower than that with helium at the same pressure. These experimental results show that neon is a more suitable buffer gas than helium in199Hg+ions microwave frequency standards because of the199Hg+clock transition is less sensitive to neon variations and the better cooling effect of neon. The optimum operating pressure for neon is found to be about 1.0 × 10-5Torr in our linear ion trap system.     

Discharge characteristics of the DUHOCAMIS with a high magnetic bottle-shaped field

For the purpose of producing high intensity, multiply charged metal ion beams, the dual hollow cathode ion source for metal ions （DUHOCAMIS） was derived from the hot cathode Penning ion source combined with the hollow cathode sputtering experiments in 2007. To investigate the behavior of this discharge geometry in a stronger magnetic bottle-shaped field, a new test bench for DUHOCAMIS with a high magnetic bottle-shaped field up to 0.6 T has been set up at the Peking University. The experiments with magnetic fields from 0.13 T to 0.52 T have indicated that the discharge behavior is very sensitive to the magnetic flux densities. The slope of discharge curves in a very wide range can be controlled by changing the magnetic field as well as regulated by adjusting the cathode heating power; the production of metallic ions would be much greater than gas ions with the increased magnetic flux density; and the magnetic field has a much higher influence on the DHCD mode than on the PIG mode.     

Optimization and numerical simulation for the extraction system of the H- multicusp ion source

A new ion source has been designed and manufactured for the CYCLONE30 accelerator, which has a much advanced performance compared with the original. It is expected that the newly designed ion source extraction system will transport a very large percentage of the beam without deteriorating the beam optics, which is designed to deliver an H- beam at 30 keV. The accelerator assembly consists of three circular aperture electrodes made of copper. The simulation study was focused on finding parameter sets that raise the beam perveance as large as possible and which reduce the beam divergence as low as possible. Ion beams of the highest quality are extracted whenever the half-angular divergence is minimum, for which the perveance current intensity and the extraction gap have optimum values. The triode extraction system is designed and optimized by using CST software （for Particle Beam Simulations）. The physical design of the extraction system is given in this paper. From the simulation results, it is concluded that it is possible to achieve this goal by decreasing the thickness of the plasma electrode, shortening the first gap, and adjusting the acceleration electrode voltage.     

Control system for the CSNS ion source test stand

A penning plasma surface H- ion source test stand for the CSNS has just been constructed at the IHEP. In order to achieve a safe and reliable system, nearly all devices of the ion source are designed to have the capability of both local and remote operation function. The control system consists of PLCs and EPICS real-time software tools separately serving device control and monitoring, PLC integration and OPI support. This paper summarizes the hardware and software implementation satisfying the requirements of the ion source control system.     

Radiation response of pseudo-MOS transistors fabricated in hardened fully-depleted SIMOX SOI wafers

The total dose radiation response of pseudo-MOS transistors fabricated in hardened and unhardened FD （fully-depleted） SIMOX （Separation by Implanted Oxygen） SOI （Silicon-on-insulator） wafers is presented. At 1 Mrad（Si） radiation dose, the threshold voltage shift of the pseudo-MOS transistor is reduced from -115.5 to -1.9 V by the hardening procedure. The centroid location of the net positive charge trapped in BOX, the hole-trap density and the hole capture fraction of BOX are also shown. The results suggest that hardened FD SIMOX SOI wafers can perform well in a radiation environment.     

Critical phenomena in a disc-percolation model and their application to relativistic heavy ion collisions

By studying the critical phenomena in continuum-percolation of discs, we find a new approach to locate the critical point, i.e. using the inflection point of P∞ as an evaluation of the percolation threshold. The susceptibility, defined as the derivative of P∞, possesses a finite-size scaling property, where the scaling exponent is the reciprocal of v, the critical exponent of the correlation length. A possible application of this approach to the study of the critical phenomena in relativistic heavy ion collisions is discussed. The critical point for deconfinement can be extracted by the inflection point of PQGP -- the probability for the event with QGP formation. The finite-size scaling of its derivative can give the critical exponent v, which is a rare case that can provide an experimental measure of a critical exponent in heavy ion collisions.     

Single event effect in a ferroelectric-gate field-effect transistor under heavy-ion irradiation

The single event effect in ferroelectric-gate field-effect transistor （FeFET） under heavy ion irradiation is investigated in this paper. The simulation results show that the transient responses are much lower in a FeFET than in a conventional metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor （MOSFET） when the ion strikes the channel. The main reason is that the polarization-induced charges （the polarization direction here is away from the silicon surface） bring a negative surface po- tential which will affect the distribution of carders and charge collection in different electrodes significantly. The simulation results are expected to explain that the FeFET has a relatively good immunity to single event effect.     

Modeling and assessing the influence of linear energy transfer on multiple bit upset susceptibility

The influence of the metric of linear energy transfer （LET） on single event upset （SEU）, particularly multiple bit upset （MBU） in a hypothetical 90-nm static random access memory （SRAM） is explored. To explain the odd point of higher LET incident ion but induced lower cross section in the curve of SEU cross section, MBUs induced by incident ions 132Xe and 2~9Bi with the same LET but different energies at oblique incidence are investigated using multi-functional package for single event effect analysis （MUFPSA）. In addition, a comprehensive analytical model of the radial track structure is incorporated into MUFPSA, which is a complementation for assessing and interpreting MBU susceptibility of SRAM. The results show that （i） with the increase of incident angle, MBU multiplicity and probability each present an increasing trend; （ii） due to the higher ion relative velocity and longer range of ~ electrons, higher energy ions trigger the MBU with less probability than lower energy ions.     

Transport of ions through a （6,6） carbon nanotube under electric fields

The transport of water and ions through carbon nanotubes （CNTs） is crucial in nanotechnology and biotechnology. Previous investigation indicated that the ions can hardly pass through （6,6） CNTs due to their hydrated shells. In the present study, utilizing molecular dynamics simulation, it is shown that the energy barrier mainly originating from the hydrated water molecules could be overcome by applying an electric field large enough in the CNT axis direction. Potential of mean force is calculated to show the reduction of energy barrier when the electric field is present for （Na＋, K＋, C1 ） ions. Consequently, ionic flux through （6,6） CNTs can be found once the electric field becomes larger than a threshold value. The variation of the coordination numbers of ions at different locations from the bulk to the center of the CNT is also explored to elaborate this dynamic process. The thresholds of the electric field are different for Na＋, K＋, and CI- due to their characteristics. This consequence might be potentially applied in ion selectivity in the future.     

Rapidity distributions of net protons from AGS to LHC energy regions

Taking the conservation of baryon number into account in a non-uniform flow model, the rapidity distribution of the net protons at the LHC is predicted. The energy dependence of the rapidity distribution, baryon stopping and collective flow from BNL/AGS to CERN/LHC are systematically investigated.