铬酸氢根季铵树脂对烯丙醇的选择性氧化

合成了铬酸氢根季铵盐树脂,以它作为一种选择性氧化剂应用于烯丙醇的氧化反应,考察了温度、时间、溶剂、树脂与醇的物料比对氧化反应的影响。在优化的反应条件下,即以苯为溶剂,n（树脂）：n（醇）=3．5：1,回流12h,丙烯醛产率达60．65％。实验表明,该季铵盐树脂能有效地将烯丙醇选择性地氧化为丙烯醛。     

α,β-不饱和醇的选择性氧化反应研究——两种新型聚合物载体氧化剂的合成及选择性

近年来,应用聚合物载体氧化剂进行醇类氧化反应的研究已有报道,蔡坤等人采用盐酸三甲胺为配体的三氧化铬,制成对醇类具有高度氧化选择性的氧化剂。我们将三甲胺基和四甲胺基用反应选择性较好的低交联凝胶树脂固载化,合成了未见报道的重铬酸型叔胺树脂氧化剂(Ⅰ)和不同于Cainelli氧化剂的低交联凝胶重铬酸型季铵树脂氧化剂(Ⅱ)。合成路线如下:     

硫酸氢季铵盐催化环氧化物和氮杂环丙烷的醇解反应

利用四丁基硫酸氢铵(TBAHS)和大孔树脂(D201型)支载的硫酸氢季铵盐(D201-HSO4), 分别催化环氧化合物或氮杂环丙烷与甲醇的开环反应, 以高产率得到β-甲氧基醇或β-甲氧基胺. 两种催化剂对该反应都很有效, 但大孔树脂支载的硫酸氢季铵盐(D201-HSO4)易于制备, 并可以重复使用.     

α,β-不饱和醛的一种方便合成法

α,β-不饱和醛主要合成路线是氧化对应的α,β-不饱和醇。使用的氧化剂有琼斯试剂、科林试剂、特丁基铬酸酯、吸附在阴离子交换树脂上的铬酸、四正丁基铵的铬酸盐和水合二铬酸锌。但是这些试剂多数有缺点,大部分需要比较激烈的反应条件。吸附在硅胶上的铬酸(H_2CrO_4/SiO_2)是氧化对应的醇合成饱和醛的有效试剂。浙江医     

Raney Ni催化生物基糠醛还原胺化合成糠胺

生物质衍生物糠醛还原胺化是合成糠胺的一种有效方法。本文以糠醛为原料、氨水为氨源,使用商业Raney Ni催化糠醛还原胺化合成糠胺,考察了氢压、温度、n(糠醛)/n(氨水)、溶剂、催化剂用量等条件对反应的影响。实验结果表明：在1,4-二氧六环溶剂中,0.03 g Raney Ni、n(糠醛)/n(氨水)=1/2、130 ℃、2.0 MPa H₂条件下反应3 h,糠醛转化率100%,糠胺选择性96.3%。与传统方法相比,该工艺实现了非贵金属催化剂作用下高选择性反应,具有操作简单、低成本、收率高等优点。      

三相相转移催化法制备二氧化双环戊二烯

以氯甲基化大孔聚苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯交联树脂（PS）接枝N-苄基-N,N-二甲基十二烷基季铵磷钨杂多酸盐为三相相转移催化剂,质量分数为50%的工业双氧水为氧化剂,制备了二氧化双环戊二烯（DCPDDO）。 采用FTIR和¹H NMR对产物进行表征。 考察了溶剂和催化剂用量、物料摩尔比、反应温度和时间对环氧化反应的影响。 采用正交试验法获得的最佳反应条件为（以0.05 mol双环戊二烯（DCPD）计）：1,2-二氯乙烷18 mL,催化剂2.25 g,n(DCPD)∶n(H₂O₂)=1∶2.75,反应温度60 ℃,反应时间12 h。 在此条件下,DCPDDO的收率可达89%以上,催化剂回收方便且重复使用7次未见活性明显降低。     

重铬酸烟酰胺的合成及其选择性氧化作用

吡啶及季铵[1,2]的重铬酸盐是由醇制备醛和酮的优良的氧化剂,此类氧化剂的氧化反应具有反应条件温和、选择性强,产率较高等优点.然而,所有这些氧化反应须在有机溶剂中进行,而且氧化剂用量大大超过醇[3],价格昂贵.本文报道一种新型氧化剂重铬酸烟酰胺盐,可以在水溶液中进行氧化反应,且亦能表现出上述优良氧化剂的特点.重铬酸烟酰胺是较稳定的水溶性氧化剂,其制备方便、安全、易于保存,是一种可广泛使用的氧化剂.     

负载型二乙酰氧碘苯与功能离子液体协同氧化醇为醛酮

将聚苯乙烯树脂(PS)先碘化再乙酰基化,制得了负载型二乙酰氧碘苯(PS-DIB)作为氧化剂。2,2,6,6-四甲基-N-氧自由基哌啶醇(TeMPO)与1,4-二溴丁烷反应生成4-溴丁氧基-2,2,6,6-四甲基-哌啶-1-氧化物,再与N-甲基咪唑发生季铵化反应,生成的溴化季铵盐与四氟硼酸钠进行离子交换制得氟硼酸型2,2,6,6-四甲基-N-氧自由基哌啶负载离子液体(TeMPO-IL)。室温下,以离子液体1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([bmim]BF4)为溶剂,PS-DIB为氧化剂,TeMPO-IL为催化剂,选择性协同氧化各种醇为相应的醛或酮。在实验条件范围内未检测到羧酸副产物。氧化剂、催化剂和溶剂均可循环使用,在苯甲醇的氧化中,循环使用5次,反应的转化率和收率均保持基本不变。     

三级环氧醇与PCC的非对映性氧化反应研究

报道一类新颖的氯铬酸吡啶盐(PCC)与三级环氧醇的非对映选择性氧化反应,就反应的立体选择性、化学选择性和可能的反应机理进行了讨论。该反应不仅可用于制备手性的三级环氧醇,同时还可以用于合成含有手性季碳中心的1,3-二酮。     

三级环氧醇与PCC的非对映性氧化反应研究

报道一类新颖的氯铬酸吡啶盐(PCC)与三级环氧醇的非对映选择性氧化反应,就反应的立体选择性、化学选择性和可能的反应机理进行了讨论。该反应不仅可用于制备手性的三级环氧醇,同时还可以用于合成含有手性季碳中心的1,3-二酮。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。