d10和d0电子构型半导体光催化制氢研究进展

光催化分解水制氢是获得廉价氢源的最理想途径,光催化剂的研究是此项技术实施的关键。本文从光催化制氢的机理、光催化剂的种类,以及具有d0和d10电子构型的光催化剂的制氢性能三个方面,对目前光催化分解水制氢领域的研究进展进行了总结,提出了光催化分解水制氢存在的问题、所面临的挑战以及该领域未来发展的方向。     

Pt-M(M=Co,Ni,Fe)/g-C_3N_4复合材料构建及其高效光解水制氢性能（英文）

铂(Pt)是公认的优秀助催化剂:一方面,Pt能抑制光催化过程中光生载流子的复合;另一方面,Pt能降低光解水制氢反应过电势。尽管如此,高昂的价格和极低的丰度限制了Pt在光解水制氢中的应用。Pt基过渡金属合金在多种催化反应中呈现出卓越的催化性能,是潜在的助催化材料。在本工作中,我们利用Co、Ni、Fe等过渡金属部分取代贵金属Pt,并以乙二醇为还原剂,通过原位还原H_2PtCl_6和过渡金属盐制备了Pt-M/g-C_3N4_ (M=Co, Ni, Fe)复合材料。在可见光照射下,1%(w) Pt_(2.5)M/g-C_3N_4 (M=Co, Ni, Fe)均表现出比同样条件下Pt负载的复合材料更高或者相当的光解水制氢性能。其次,我们通过调节Pt/Co的原子比例以及Pt-Co合金的负载量进一步优化了光催化性能。结果显示:1%(w) Pt_(2.5)_Co/g-C_3N_4复合材料表现出最高的光解水制氢性能,是同样条件下Pt负载的1.6倍。电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和光致发光光谱(PL)表明光催化性能的提升得益于电子从g-C_3N_4向Pt_(2.5)Co的有效传输以及光生载流子复合被有效抑制。这一工作显示Pt基过渡金属合金在高效光解水制氢中具有潜在的应用前景,对于开发低成本、高效助催化剂具有一定的指导意义。     

银基微纳米半导体光催化应用研究进展

综述了银基微纳米半导体光催化应用研究进展.指出银基微纳米半导体在可见光辐照下表现出良好的光催化性能(光催化降解有机物或光解水制氢制氧),目前的研究主要集中在简单的含银化合物、含银的异质结构、含银的多金属氧化物和含银的固溶体这几类;并从光催化原理和能隙调节手段入手阐述了决定其光催化性能的因素.     

Ag-NaTaO_3-RGO复合物的合成及其改进的光催化制氢性能（英文）

以石墨粉,钽酸钠以及硝酸银为原料,通过三步合成法制备出一系列Ag-NaTaO_3-RGO复合材料。并对样品在紫外光照射下的光解水制氢活性进行了评价。结果表明:系列Ag-NaTaO_3-RGO复合材料均表现出较高的光解水制氢活性。其中,性能最优的0.2Ag-NaTaO_3-RGO的制氢速率分别是NaTaO_3,Ag-NaTaO_3,和NaTaO_3-RGO的5.64,1.97和1.48倍。对Ag-NaTaO_3-RGO复合材料光催化制氢性能改进的原因进行了探讨:(1)石墨烯具有优异的电子转移性能,能够有效阻止光生电子、空穴的复合。(2)银纳米颗粒充当电子陷阱,能够进一步提高电子空穴分离速率。(3)石墨烯的引入增强了复合物的光吸收性能。最后,根据所得实验数据,给出了Ag-NaTaO_3-RGO复合材料光催化制氢的反应机理。     

太阳能光催化分解水制氢※

利用太阳能光催化分解水制氢是解决能源环境问题并实现太阳能有效转化和储存最有前途的技术之一, 这一“圣杯”式反应经过几十年不懈努力取得了诸多重要研究进展. 本文将综述光催化分解水制氢体系的基本概念、活性测试方法与注意事项、光催化材料种类等; 并从光催化分解水制氢的光吸收、光生电荷分离和表面催化反应等基本过程和关键科学问题的角度总结其重要研究进展, 最后对于太阳能光催化分解水制氢的挑战和潜在的发展方向进行分析和展望. 希望通过本综述的简要介绍能让刚从事光催化分解水制氢研究的青年科技人员清晰地了解掌握该领域的一些基本概念、操作规范、研究总体进展和现状等.     

构建光催化氧化-还原体系的研究进展

光催化氧化-还原体系能够同时驱动光催化氧化反应和还原反应,产生协同效应,从而提高光催化反应的活性。在此,提出了构建光催化氧化-还原体系的原则,并介绍了光催化还原硝基芳烃耦合氧化有机物、光催化还原重金属离子协同氧化有机物、光解水制氢协同氧化有机物三个方面的实例。接着,阐述了光催化氧化-还原体系的反应机理,期望通过构建光催化氧化-还原体系,更有利于太阳能转化并缓解环境和能源问题。     

异腈氮杂配铜配合物的合成及光解水制氢性能

设计、合成了供电子性能的异腈二齿配体,可与铜(Ⅰ)和1,10-菲咯啉衍生物发生反应,形成一类异腈氮杂配铜光敏剂4a~4h,并在光解水制氢体系研究了其光催化活性。实验结果表明,2,2′-二异腈基二苯硫醚与2,9位具有取代基的菲咯啉形成的杂配铜配合物具有一定的光敏活性,光解水制氢TON达168。结合这类配合物的光物理性能和光电性能研究,对这类配合物作为光敏剂的构效关系及其内在机理进行了初步地解释与探讨。     

表面反应在半导体光催化水分解过程中的重要性

利用光解水制氢将太阳能直接转化并储存为氢和氧的化学能是解决能源危机和环境污染的有效途径之一。光解水制氢过程中光生载流子在材料表面处发生的氧化还原反应尤为复杂,由于表面反应拥有较高的过电位以及缓慢的气体脱附速率而成为整个光解水过程中的速控步骤,因此得到了研究者的重点关注和研究。本文就催化剂表面反应过程调控的科学问题进行简要总结和展望。结合光催化水分解基本原理,(i)阐述了促进表面水分解反应速率的主要方法;(ii)介绍了表面助催化剂的作用和分类;(iii)讨论了材料表面态的钝化和保护层的包覆对表面水分解反应的影响。最后对光催化水分解表面反应研究的未来发展方向提出了若干设想。     

异腈氮杂配铜配合物的合成及光解水制氢性能

设计、合成了供电子性能的异腈二齿配体,可与铜（Ⅰ）和1,10-菲咯啉衍生物发生反应,形成一类异腈氮杂配铜光敏剂4a~4h,并在光解水制氢体系研究了其光催化活性。实验结果表明,2,2''-二异腈基二苯硫醚与2,9位具有取代基的菲咯啉形成的杂配铜配合物具有一定的光敏活性,光解水制氢TON达168。结合这类配合物的光物理性能和光电性能研究,对这类配合物作为光敏剂的构效关系及其内在机理进行了初步地解释与探讨。     

可见光化的半导体光催化剂

光解水制氢能否实用化取决于太阳光的有效利用率, 研究开发可见光化的光催化剂成为当前光催化剂研究中的重要课题.本文介绍了利用 光解水制氢的反应机理,综述了近年来半导体光催化剂在利用可见光方面的研究进展,重点描述了这些光催化剂的结构,并对该领域今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

Solar hydrogen production with semiconductor metal oxides: new directions in experiment and theory

An overview of a collaborative experimental and theoretical effort toward efficient hydrogen production via photoelectrochemical splitting of water into di-hydrogen and di-oxygen is presented here. We present state-of-the-art experimental studies using hematite and TiO(2) functionalized with gold nanoparticles as photoanode materials, and theoretical studies on electro and photo-catalysis of water on a range of metal oxide semiconductor materials, including recently developed implementation of self-interaction corrected energy functionals.     

Inorganic Photocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting

Photocatalytic water splitting using semiconductor photocatalysts has been considered as a “green” process for converting solar energy into hydrogen. The pioneering work on electrochemical photolysis of water at TiO₂ electrode, reported by Fujishima and Honda in 1972, ushered in the area of solar fuel. As the real ultimate solution for solar fuel‐generation, overall water splitting has attracted interest from researchers for some time, and a variety of inorganic photocatalysts have been developed to meet the challenge of this dream reaction. To date, high‐efficiency hydrogen production from pure water without the assistance of sacrificial reagents remains an open challenge. In this Focus Review, we aim to provide a whole picture of overall water splitting and give an outlook for future research.     

太阳能光催化制氢研究进展

随着人类社会的快速发展和传统能源的急剧消耗,能源紧缺和环境污染已经成为制约人类社会可持续发展的重要因素,构建清洁的环境友好的可再生新能源体系是当前各国高度关注的焦点和重大战略.在众多绿色环保、可持续新能源选项中,半导体光催化制氢因其可利用清洁可再生的太阳能制取高效清洁氢能,有望完全解决能源紧缺和环境污染问题,成为最有应用前景的技术之一. 本文通过概述半导体光催化制氢原理、半导体光电化学及光电稳定性、半导体光催化制氢效率,重点介绍半导体光催化剂、光生电荷分离及光催化制氢体系等方面若干新进展,并对太阳能光催化制氢技术的发展加以评述和展望.     

The InSe/g-CN van der Waals hybrid heterojunction as a photocatalyst for water splitting driven by visible light

Designing and developing the highly efficient photocatalysts is full of significance to achieve spontaneous photolysis water. In this work, using the first-principles calculations, we have performed a systematic theoretical study of water splitting photocatalytic activity of the InS e/g-CN heterojunction. It is concluded that the In Se/g-CN heterojunction is a typical type-II semiconductor, whose electrons and holes can be effectively separated. And the potential of the conduction band minimum（C...     

水和甲醇混合溶剂氢键相互作用及对高分子链溶解能力的理论研究

用密度泛函理论对水和甲醇混合溶剂体系的氢键结构进行了详细研究.通过构象和频率分析发现在水团簇中五聚体和六聚体环状结构最为稳定,同时发现一个全新的特征,即甲醇分子能与水五聚体和六聚体形成双氢键.根据各相互作用的稳定化能,分析了水和甲醇混合溶剂对PNIPAM溶解能力的影响,并对实验现象给予了合理解释.     

Photolysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">ortho</Emphasis>-azidophenol in various solvents

The photolysis of ortho-azidophenol in water, ethanol, acetonitrile, chloroform, and benzene was studied by IR and electronic spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography. It was found that an equilibrium between ortho-azidophenol and its quinonoid form occurred in benzene. In the photolysis of ortho-azidophenol in benzene, intramolecular hydrogen bonding facilitates the degradation of the azido group through the mechanism of formation of intermediate triazene structures. In the other solvents, which exclude intramolecular hydrogen bonding, the nitrene mechanism of photolysis yielding ortho-aminophenol, ortho-iminoquinone, and an azo compound is operative. The rate of formation of photolysis products depends on the nature of the solvent.     

Photolysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on water and ice surfaces

Laser-induced fluorescence detection was used to measure photolysis rates of anthracene and naphthalene at the air-ice interface, and the kinetics were compared to those observed in water solution and at the air-water interface. Direct photolysis proceeds much more quickly at the air-ice interface than at the air-water interface, whereas indirect photolysis due to the presence of nitrate or hydrogen peroxide appears to be suppressed at the ice surface with respect to the liquid water surface. Both naphthalene and anthracene self-associate readily on the ice surface, but not on the water surface. The increase in photolysis rates observed on ice surfaces is not due to this self-association, however. The wavelength dependence of the photolysis indicates that it is due to absorption by the PAH. No dependence of the rate on temperature is seen, either at the liquid water surface or at the ice surface. Molecular oxygen appears to play a complex role in the photolytic loss mechanism, increasing or decreasing the photolysis rate depending on its concentration.     

水电解制氢非贵金属催化剂的研究进展

氢能作为零碳排放能源是被公认的最清洁能源之一,如何有效可持续地产氢是未来人类步入氢能经济首先要解决的问题。电解水技术基于电化学分解水的原理,利用可再生电能或太阳能驱动水分解为氢气和氧气,被认为是最有前途和可持续性的产氢途径。然而,无论是光解水还是电解水,均需要高活性、高稳定性的非贵金属氢析出和氧析出催化剂以使水电解反应经济节能。本文介绍了我们研究所近三年在水电解方面的研究进展,其中着重介绍了：（ⅰ）氢析出催化剂,包括利用低温磷化过渡金属（氢）氧化物的方法制备过渡金属磷化物,同时过渡金属硫化物、硒化物以及碳化物等均被成功合成并被应用为有效的阴极析氢催化剂;（ⅱ）氧析出催化剂,主要包括金属磷化物、硫化物、氧化物/氢氧化物等;（ⅲ）双功能催化剂,主要包括过渡金属磷化物、硒化物、硫化物等。最后,总结展望了发展水电解非贵金属催化剂所面临的挑战与未来发展方向。     

UV photolysis products of propiolic acid in noble-gas solids

Photolysis (193 nm) of propiolic acid (HCCCOOH) was studied with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in noble-gas (Ar, Kr, and Xe) solid matrixes. The photolysis products were assigned using ab initio quantum chemistry calculations. The novel higher-energy conformer of propiolic acid was efficiently formed upon UV irradiation, and it decayed back to the ground-state conformer on a time scale of approximately 10 min by tunneling of the hydrogen atom through the torsional energy barrier. In addition, the photolysis produced a number of matrix-isolated 1:1 molecular complexes such as HCCH...CO2, HCCOH...CO, and H2O...C3O. The HCCH...CO2 complex dominated among the photolysis products, and the computations suggested a parallel geometry of this complex characterized by an interaction energy of -9.6 kJ/mol. The HCCOH...CO complex also formed efficiently, but its concentration was strongly limited by its light-induced decomposition. In this complex, the most probable geometry was found to feature the interaction of carbon monoxide with the OH group via the carbon atom, and the computational interaction energy was determined to be -18.3 kJ/mol. The formation of the strong H2O...C3O complex (interaction energy -21 kJ/mol) was less efficient, which might be due to the inefficiency of the involved radical reaction.     

Photoexcitation and photoionization dynamics of water photolysis

Despite the importance of water photolysis in atmospheric chemistry, its mechanism is not well understood. Two different mechanisms for water photolysis have been proposed. The first mechanism is driven by water photoexcitation, followed by the reaction of the active hydrogen radical with water clusters. The second mechanism is governed by the ionization process. Both photoexcited and photoionized mechanisms are complementary, which is elucidated by using excited-state ab initio molecular dynamics simulations based on complete active space self-consistent field approach and unrestricted M?ller-Plesset second-order perturbation theory based Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations.