兽药残留分析中样品前处理技术研究进展

样品前处理是兽药残留分析中的关键步骤,直接影响检测的结果.近年来,出现了一些新的样品前处理技术,如固相萃取、基质固相分散萃取、固相微萃取、搅拌棒吸附萃取、膜萃取、液相微萃取、超临界流体萃取、加速溶剂萃取、分子印迹、微波辅助萃取.这些技术能够有效地减少分析过程中由样品前处理过程带来的误差,具有前处理快速、简便的优点,同时可与分析仪器联用,实现分析的自动化.本文对这些新技术的基本原理、特点及在兽药残留分析中的应用进行了综述,并对样品前处理的前景进行了展望.     

基于色谱-质谱法的肉类食品中大环内酯类药物残留及其代谢产物分析方法研究进展

大环内酯类药物是食品安全检测关注的热点,该文论述了大环内酯类兽药分析检测的研究背景和现状,介绍了大环内酯类药物及其代谢产物在畜禽类动物体内的分布部位,并对国内外肉类食品中大环内酯类兽药残留的前处理方法及检测方法进行综述,同时对大环内酯类药物及其代谢产物残留分析的研究方向进行了展望。     

全自动固相萃取技术同时测定动物产品中9种磺胺药物残留

针对目前动物产品中兽药残留检测样品前处理繁琐的问题,应用全自动固相萃取技术对动物产品中9种磺胺类药物残留检测的样品前处理方法进行了系统的研究,对提取溶剂、固相萃取柱、淋洗液、洗脱溶剂及仪器分析条件进行了优化选择,建立了新型磺胺药物残留检测的全自动固相萃取净化方法.经不同检测单位验证,该方法的加标回收率为78.4%～107.8%,精密度为3.9%～11.0%检出限为0.010～0.020mg/kg,满足出口检测要求.     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物源食品中4类29种禁限用兽药残留

采用改进的QuEChERS方法提取和净化鸡肉、鸡肝、猪肉、猪肝样品,建立了4类29种禁限用兽药残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)检测方法。样品采用McIlvaine缓冲液-乙腈提取,提取液酸化、盐析后取乙腈相,用十八烷基硅烷(C18)和氨基(NH₂)吸附剂分散固相萃取净化,最后用电喷雾串联质谱仪在正离子多反应监测扫描(MRM)模式下进行测定,基质外标法定量。解决了四环素类兽药难与其他类兽药同时检测的难题。29种兽药在各自的浓度范围内,浓度与峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数不小于0.993。在29种兽药的定量限(LOQ)水平、20 μg/kg和50 μg/kg 3个添加水平下进行加标回收率试验,29种兽药的平均回收率在71.5%和93.2%之间,相对标准偏差在0.8%和7.7%之间。29种兽药的检出限为0.3~3.0 μg/kg,金刚烷胺的定量限为1.0 μg/kg,四环素类兽药的定量限为10.0 μg/kg,其他兽药的定量限均为5.0 μg/kg。该方法操作简便,净化效果好,灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合多残留检测技术的要求,可为食品检验机构对动物组织中禁限用兽药残留的日常监控提供更方便、快捷的检测方法支持。     

乳制品中兽药多种类残留的液相色谱-质谱分析研究进展

近年来,乳制品安全问题备受关注,兽药残留作为化学危害的一个重要部分使得针对其检测技术的研究一直是乳制品安全分析的热点领域,液相色谱-质谱技术因在灵敏度和选择性方面的优势已成为目前兽药残留分析的主流技术。基于液相色谱-质谱技术的兽药残留分析趋势已逐渐在向多种类、多组分发展,但由于兽药各种类之间在理化性质、残留状态、限量要求等方面差异较大,导致在样品前处理和仪器分析环节存在一定的技术困难。为进一步了解该技术领域的研究进展,该文从样品前处理、色谱-质谱检测和基质效应等方面对近几年采用液相色谱-质谱技术测定乳制品中兽药多种类残留的国内外文献进行了综述。     

食品中99种兽药的一步式提取净化体系

建立了99种禁限用兽药的一步式提取净化体系,并通过高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱（UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS）对其效果进行了评价。该提取净化体系基于载体辅助液液萃取技术,通过一次性前处理,完成常见的理化性质差异很大的8大类共计99种兽药残留的提取、净化工作,同时结合四极杆静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱实现了99种兽药残留的一步式多残留筛查。采用此体系对样品禁限用兽药进行测定分析,结果表明,该方法对液态乳、猪肉、鱼类等食品基质具有较强的适用性,检测的99种兽药线性范围为0.001~0.1 μg/mL,定量限为0.5~20.0 μg/kg,加标回收率为60%~120%,相对标准偏差小于15%。该方法的前处理和仪器分析过程对不同理化性质的化合物的兼容性强,检测效率高,可操作性强,检出限能满足所有受试的目标物,并且大大降低了检测成本。     

磁性固相萃取在食品安全检测中的应用进展

本文介绍了磁性固相萃取技术,综述了近5年来磁性固相萃取技术在食品中重金属、农药、兽药、合成色素及其他有机污染物残留检测中的应用进展,并展望了磁性固相萃取技术的发展方向(引用文献56篇)。     

复合式净化体系结合实时直接分析-串联质谱测定畜禽肉中41种兽药残留北大核心CSCD

在食品安全问题屡禁不止的市场环境下,兽药残留带来的食品安全问题以及耐药性传递带来的生物安全问题备受关注。该研究建立了复合式净化体系结合实时直接分析-串联质谱(DART-MS/MS)测定畜禽肉中41种兽药残留的方法。首先采用单标溶液进样的方式优化筛选出最佳定性离子对和定量离子对,再按照欧盟2002/657准则要求对溶剂混合标准溶液和基质混合标准溶液中各兽药化合物的丰度比进行计算,确保DART-MS/MS对41种兽药化合物的准确定性,最后将QuEChERS技术的净化原料丙基乙二胺(PSA)、十八烷基键合硅胶(C18)与多壁碳纳米管相结合,形成复合式净化前处理体系,实现了对畜禽肉样品中物理化学性质差异较大的41种兽药化合物的一步净化。实验以41种兽药化合物的定量离子峰面积为判定指标,考察了DART离子源中关键性参数对其检测的影响。针对41种兽药化合物解离常数(pK_(a))的差异及各样品基质的特点,以回收率为判定指标分别对提取溶剂、基质分散溶剂、净化方式等进行了优化。确认了以1.0%甲酸乙腈溶液为提取溶剂,含50 mg PSA、50 mg C18的多壁碳纳米管为净化小柱的样品预处理方式。喹诺酮类、磺胺类、硝基咪唑类38种兽药在2~200μg/L内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9979~0.9999,检出限为0.5μg/kg,定量限为2.0μg/kg;3种氯霉素类兽药在0.5~20μg/L内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9995~0.9997,检出限为0.1μg/kg,定量限为0.5μg/kg。鸡肉、猪肉、牛肉、羊肉等不同基质样品中的41种兽药在低、中、高3个加标水平下的加标回收率为80.0%~109.6%,日内精密度为0.3%~6.8%,日间精密度为0.4%~7.0%。通过采用国家标准方法和该研究所建立的方法同时对100批次畜禽肉样品(猪肉、鸡肉、牛肉、羊肉各25批次)以及部分已知阳性样品进行测定,结果表明,3批次猪肉样品中检出磺胺嘧啶(89.2、78.1、105.3μg/kg),2批次鸡肉样品中检出沙拉沙星(56.3、102.0μg/kg),其余样品未检出;两种方法对已知阳性样品的检测结果一致。该方法具有操作快速、简单、灵敏、绿色等优点,适用于畜禽肉中多种兽药残留的同时筛查检测。     

分子烙印固相萃取技术在环境样品分析中的应用

分子烙印固相萃取技术克服了传统固相萃取技术选择性差的缺陷,实现了对复杂样品中特定分析对象或杂质的选择性提取,从而大大提高了分析测试的精度和准确性,并降低了检测限。该文对分子烙印聚合物(MIPs)作为固相萃取填料从复杂的环境样品中分离、富集和纯化微量及痕量的目标化合物进行了综述,涉及的目标化合物包括杀虫剂、除草剂、兽药等各类农药残留以及重金属离子和某些生物毒素等。     

化学发光联用技术在兽药残留分析中的应用进展

本文对近年来化学发光联用技术在兽药残留分析中的应用进展进行了评述,主要包括化学发光免疫分析、分子印迹-化学发光分析、微流控芯片-化学发光检测等,引用文献31篇.     

Freeze–thaw approach: A practical sample preparation strategy for residue analysis of multi‐class veterinary drugs in chicken muscle

Seven drugs from different classes, namely, fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, sarafloxacin), sulfonamides (sulfadimidine, sulfamonomethoxine), and macrolides (tilmicosin, tylosin), were used as test compounds in chickens by oral administration, a simple extraction step after cryogenic freezing might allow the effective extraction of multi‐class veterinary drug residues from minced chicken muscles by mix vortexing. On basis of the optimized freeze–thaw approach, a convenient, selective, and reproducible liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed. At three spiking levels in blank chicken and medicated chicken muscles, average recoveries of the analytes were in the range of 71–106 and 63–119%, respectively. All the relative standard deviations were <20%. The limits of quantification of analytes were 0.2–5.0 ng/g. Regardless of the chicken levels, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the average contents of almost any of the analytes in medicated chickens between this method and specific methods in the literature for the determination of specific analytes. Finally, the developed method was successfully extended to the monitoring of residues of 55 common veterinary drugs in food animal muscles.     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡蛋中125种兽药残留

采用冷冻脂质过滤,结合分散固相萃取净化的QuEChERS方法,建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡蛋中125种兽药残留的检测方法。样品中的11类兽药（硝基咪唑类、苯并咪唑类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类、四环素类、大环内酯类、雄激素类、孕激素类、糖皮质醇类、雌激素类、氯霉素类）用70%（v/v）乙腈-水溶液（含0.1 mol/L EDTA）提取后,提取液在-20℃冷冻处理2 h,再经分散固相萃取法净化,净化液经稀释后,以超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定,外标法定量。结果显示125种兽药的线性相关系数R²≥0.99,定量限范围为2.0~60 μg/kg,回收率在60.4%~119.3%之间,相对标准偏差在0.3%~16.1%之间。该方法前处理简单、准确、成本较低,适用于鸡蛋中兽药残留的高通量快速检测分析。     

Quantitative determination of four nitrofuran metabolites in meat by isotope dilution liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry

A confirmatory method based on isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been developed for the low-level determination of residues of four nitrofuran veterinary drugs in meat, e.g., furazolidone, furaltadone, nitrofurantoin, and nitrofurazone. The procedure entails an acid-catalysed release of protein-bound metabolites, followed by their in situ conversion into the 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (NBA) imine-type derivatives. Liquid-liquid extraction and clean-up on a polymeric solid phase extraction cartridge are then performed before LC-MS/MS analysis by positive electrospray ionisation (ESI) applying multiple reaction monitoring of three transition reactions for each compound. Reliable quantitation is obtained by using one deuterated analogue per analyte (d4-NBA derivative) as internal standard (IS). Validation of the method in chicken meat was conducted following the European Union (EU) criteria for the analysis of veterinary drug residues in foods. The decision limits (CCalpha) were 0.11-0.21 microg/kg, and the detection capabilities (CCbeta) 0.19-0.36 microg/kg, thus below the minimum required performance limit (MRPL) set at 1 microg/kg by the EU. The method is robust and suitable for routine quality control operations, and more than 200 sample injections were performed without excessive pollution of the mass spectrometer or loss of LC column performance.     

Analytical aspects of veterinary drug residues

A survey is given with respect to recent developments in the analysis of veterinary drug residues in food of animal origin. The application of solidphase extraction, immunoaffinity and matrix solid-phase dispersion as rapid clean-up and concentration techniques is discussed. Attention is paid as well to automated methods such as FAST-LC and immunoassays.     

Determination of pesticides and veterinary drug residues in food by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: A review

Monitoring of pesticides and veterinary drug residues is required to enforce legislation and guarantee food safety. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is the prevailing technique for assessing both types of residues because LC offers a versatile and universal separation mechanism suitable for non-gas chromatography (GC) amenable and the majority of GC-amenable compounds. This characteristic becomes more relevant when LC is coupled to MS because the high sensitivity and specificity of the detector allows to apply generic sample preparation procedures, which simultaneously extract a wide variety of residues with different physico-chemical properties. Determination of metabolites and degradation products, non-target suspected screening of an increasing number of residues, and even unknowns identification are also becoming inherent LC-MS advantages thanks to the latest advances. For routine analysis and, in particular, for official surveillance purposes in food control, analytical methods properly validated following strict guidelines are needed. After a brief introduction and an outline of the legislation applicable around the world, aspects such as improvement of specificity of high-throughput methods, resolution and mass accuracy of identification strategies and quantitative accuracy are critically reviewed in this article. In them, extraction, separation and determination are emphasized. The main objective is to offer an assessment of the state of the art and identify research needs and future trends in determining pesticide and veterinary drug residues in food by LC-MS.     

基质固相分散法与固相萃取法在检测水产品中己烯雌酚残留中的应用

分别建立了基质固相分散（MSPD）法、固相萃取（SPE）法与气相色谱/质谱联用（GC-MS）测定水产品中己烯雌酚（DES）残留量的分析方法,并对MSPD与SPE 2种样品前处理方法的效果进行了比较。MSPD法中样品以弗罗里硅土（Florisil）作为固相分散剂,经乙酸乙酯提取,再用Florisil净化;SPE法中样品经乙酸乙酯超声提取,过Florisil小柱进行净化,最后经GC-MS在选择离子监测模式下测定水产品中DES。在优化的色谱条件下,方法的线性范围为1-300 μg/L,相关系数为0.9985。M     

免疫亲和柱在兽药残留检测应用中的研究进展

免疫亲和柱(IAC)是一种有效的兽药残留检测净化技术,可以简化样品净化过程并且提高待测物的提取效率,近几年在兽药残留检测中得到广泛应用,并表现出良好的发展前景。本文简要叙述了IAC的原理、制备过程以及在各种抗微生物类兽药检测中的应用,就IAC对目前已研制出的抗微生物药的残留检测及净化效果进行综述,并展望了IAC在未来兽药残留检测应用中的发展趋势,为研究者提供参考和研发思路。     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定动物源性食品中11种禁限兽药及代谢物

建立了固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(SPE-UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测鸡蛋、液态奶、鸡肉及淡水鱼中4类(氯霉素类、硝基咪唑类、林可酰胺类与大环内酯类)8种禁限兽药与3种代谢物残留的分析方法。对样品前处理及色谱条件进行优化,样品经0.1 mol/L pH 9.0的磷酸盐缓冲液水解分散,乙腈提取,提取液经乙酸乙酯萃取后浓缩至近干,残留物用0.3 mL甲醇溶解,再加入5.7 mL磷酸盐缓冲液,混匀,溶解液经Oasis HLB固相萃取柱净化后上机分析,以甲醇与0.1%甲酸水溶液作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,经ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm)分离,采用ESI⁺和ESI^-电离,在多反应监测模式下采集,同位素内标法定量。结果表明,11种待测物在色谱柱上完全基线分离,在各自范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(R²)>0.99,方法的检出限(LOD)为0.050~0.50 μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为0.20~1.5 μg/kg。各待测物的平均回收率为65.3%~108%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.40%~21%。将该方法应用于市售样品中上述4类兽药残留的常规监测,其阳性样本的检测结果与标准方法测定结果无显著性差异。该方法灵敏度高,稳定性好,定量准确,适用于动物源性食品中多种禁限兽药及代谢物残留的同时快速测定。     

Efficient hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the multiclass analysis of veterinary drugs in chicken muscle

A simple and sensitive method has been developed for multiresidue analysis of 24 important veterinary drugs (including 3 aminoglycosides, 3 β-lactams, 2 lincosamides, 4 macrolides, 4 quinolones, 4 sulfonamides, 3 tetracyclines, and amprolium) in chicken muscle. The method involved a simple extraction using (1:1, v/v) of 2% trichloroacetic acid in water-acetonitrile, followed by removing fat with hexane, dilution of sample extract, and filtration prior to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) proved to be very effective for separation of a wide range of polar and hydrophilic compounds (providing high sensitivity and good peak shape) compared to reversed phase and ion-pair separation. The method was successfully validated according to the European Decision 2002/657/EC. Average recoveries were 53-99% at 0.5-MRL, MRL, and 1.5-MRL spiking levels, with satisfactory precision ≤15% RSD. The limit of detection of the method was 0.1-10 μgkg(-1) for 22 analytes and 20 μgkg(-1) for aminoglycosides. These values were lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by the European Union. The evaluated method provides reliable screening, quantification, and identification of 24 veterinary drug residues in foods of animal origin. It has been successfully tested in real samples (such as chicken muscle, shrimp, and egg).