Cr–MCM–41 Molecular Sieves Crystallized at Room Temperature for Reaction of Ethane with CO2

室温晶化合成了掺杂不同Cr含量的Cr–MCM–41分子筛。应用XRD、FT-IR和DRS UV–Vis等技术对所制样品进行了表征。表征结果表明，用室温晶化法能合成较好结构的Cr–MCM–41分子筛，掺杂的Cr除了进入MCM–41分子筛骨架中，还弥散或高度分散在分子筛表面。在常压连续流动固定床反应器上考察了它们对乙烷和CO2氧化脱氢制乙烯反应的性能。实验结果表明，5%Cr-MCM-41在973K可使乙烷的转化率达到43.27%，乙烯的选择性达到86.70%、收率达到37.51%。Cr的掺杂量、反应温度等条件对该反应均有一定影响。Cr3+是催化活性中心。     

乙烷脱氢制乙烯技术研究进展及趋势

在碳中和及全球能源供需版图调整的背景下,乙烯生产原料轻质化成为主流趋势。乙烷脱氢制乙烯技术具有低能耗、低碳排、流程短、收率高、成本低等优势,但目前工业上主要通过乙烷蒸汽裂解法生产乙烯,其他方法工业化生产相对不成熟。本文简述了近年来乙烷脱氢制乙烯技术(包括直接催化脱氢、O₂辅助氧化脱氢、CO₂辅助氧化脱氢、化学链氧化脱氢、催化膜反应器脱氢等)工艺及催化剂的研究现状,同时介绍了其他新兴工艺及催化剂。乙烷脱氢制乙烯技术现阶段面临的挑战不仅在于开发更高效的催化剂及更低能耗的技术,更需要突破乙烷脱氢热力学平衡的限制设计合适的反应路径,其中催化膜反应器脱氢、化学链氧化脱氢工艺都具有非常广阔的市场和工业化发展前景。     

不同助剂掺杂的铬基催化剂的制备及其对乙烷氧化脱氢的催化性能

以硝酸盐作为前驱体,Al₂O₃为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了系列不同助剂（Mn, Co, Ce）及不同助剂含量（1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 10%）掺杂的铬基催化剂,其结构经X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)、 H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)和CO₂程序升温脱附（CO₂-TPD）表征。并考察了催化剂对乙烷氧化脱氢反应的催化性能。结果表明：添加Co助剂有利于活性组分铬的分散,10Cr₃Co/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂表现出最佳催化性能,在反应温度为650 ℃, V(CO₂) ：V(C₂H₆)=3 ：1,空速(GHSV)为3 600 mL·（g·h）^-1条件下,在该催化剂上乙烯产率为36.5%。     

乙烷与CO2制乙烯反应的热力学和动力学研究

乙烷与ＣＯ２的主要反应及其热力学研究表明，乙烷与ＣＯ２反应很复杂，提高ＣＯ２氧化乙烷脱氢生成乙烯的选择，关键在一催化剂的开发；ＣＯ２不但可提高乙灶脱氢制乙烯的热力学平衡转化率，而且可与催化剂表面的积碳发生反应，延长催化剂的使用寿命。研究了催化剂上乙烷与ＣＯ２制乙烯反应的动力学，确定了ＣＯ２氧化乙烷脱氢反应的动力学方程及参数，表明乙烷与ＣＯ２制乙烯的反应速度比乙烷热裂解制乙烯的反应速度要大得多。     

乙烷脱氢与逆水煤气变换耦合制乙烯反应--助剂对Fe/SiO2催化剂活性的影响

研究了乙烷脱氢与逆水煤气变换耦合制乙烯反应中助剂对Fe/SiO2催化剂活性的影响。结果表明，添加氧化物助剂有利于反应，Fe-Mn／K^ -SiO2催化剂显示较高的活性和选择性，在740℃时，乙烷转化率和乙烯选择性分别为37．3％和98．6％。二氧化碳的作用是消除积炭以及与氢反应以提高乙烷的脱氢反应转化率。XPs表明催化剂表面存在 3价铁和 4价锰物种。     

负载型Co-Cr氧化物催化剂上CO2氧化乙烷脱氢制乙烯反应的研究

制备了一系列不同Co／Cr比例的Co-Cr／SiO2和Co-Cr／γ-Al2O3催化剂，并应用XRD等技术对所制样品进行了表征．在常压连续流动固定床石英反应器中考察了它们对CO2乙烷氧化脱氢反应的催化性能．实验结果表明，Co-Cr／SiO2和Co-Cr／γ-Al2O对CO2乙烷脱氢制乙烯都有较高的催化活性，其活性都明显高于负载单一组分的催化剂．以γ-Al2O为载体的催化剂活性明显比以SiO2为载体的催化剂活性高．1％Co-5％Cr／γ-Al2O活性最高，973K乙烷的转化率达25．57％，乙烯的选择性和收率分别达94．28％、24．10％．     

羟基化氮化硼催化乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯

乙烯是最为重要的化工原料之一,目前其工业来源主要来自于烃类的水蒸汽裂解过程.该过程本质上是一个高温均相裂解过程,温度(>800?℃)高,能耗大,碳排放严重.乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯属于放热反应,反应温度低,速率快,无积碳等限制,是一条更富有竞争力的工艺路线.然而,常用的金属或金属氧化物催化剂容易导致乙烯深度氧化,从而降低了乙烯选择性.纳米碳材料在烃类氧化脱氢反应中展现出一定的催化活性,但容易被氧化,难以用于反应温度高的乙烷氧化脱氢反应.本文报道了羟基化的氮化硼(BNOH)可高效催化乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯.氮化硼边沿羟基官能团脱氢生成了动态活性位,从而引发了乙烷的脱氢反应.BNOH对乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯显示出高选择性.当乙烷转化率在11%,乙烯选择性可高达95%;当乙烷转化率增加到40%,乙烯选择性保持在90%.重要的是,当乙烷转化率超过60%时,BNOH仍然可保持80%的乙烯选择性以及50%的乙烯收率.这些性能指标与现有工业乙烷水蒸气裂解过程运行性能相当.进一步优化反应条件,BNOH催化剂能够实现高达9.1 gC2H4 gcat-1 h-1的时空收率.经过200 h的氧化脱氢反应测试,BNOH催化剂活性和选择性基本恒定,表明其具有非常好的稳定性.X射线粉末衍射结果显示,反应前后BNOH催化剂的物相没有发生变化.透射电子显微镜测试证实,反应后BNOH催化剂的形貌和微观结构也没有明显改变.X射线光电子能谱结果显示,反应200 h后BNOH催化剂表面的氧含量仅从反应前的6.9 atom%微增到8.3 atom%.1H固体核磁共振谱测试显示,反应200 h后,BNOH催化剂上羟基含量无明显改变.结合原位透射红外光谱和同位素示踪实验,初步确定了BNOH催化剂上引发乙烷氧化脱氢反应的活性中心.氮化硼边沿的氧官能团并不能引发乙烷的氧化脱氢反应,而羟基官能团才是氧化脱氢反应发生的活性位.在乙烷氧化脱氢条件下,分子氧脱除羟基官能团上的氢原子动态生成BNO·?和HO2·?活性位.密度泛函理论计算表明,乙烷首先在BNO·?或HO2·?位活化生成乙基自由基,这些中间物进一步与气相氧物种发生反应脱氢生成乙烯.动力学测试结果也验证了上述实验和理论结果.     

ZnO-ZrO2催化剂上CO2辅助乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯的研究(英文)

以焙烧商用氢氧化锆(Zr(OH)₄)得到的ZrO₂为载体,通过沉积-沉淀法制备了ZnO-ZrO₂催化剂,并在873 K下对该催化剂上CO₂辅助的乙烷氧化脱氢反应(CO₂-ODHE)的催化性能进行了评价。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、CO₂程序升温脱附(CO₂-TPD)等技术对ZnO-ZrO₂催化剂的表面物理化学性质和形貌进行了表征。结果表明,在5%ZnO-ZrO₂催化剂上,ZnO掺入到了ZrO₂的表面晶格之中,在催化剂表面产生了高度分散的ZnO物种和氧缺陷区域。5%ZnO-ZrO₂催化剂可以选择性地剪裁乙烷C-H键,抑制C-C键的断裂,具备良好的催化性能。210μmol/(gcat·min)的C2H₄形成率可以与贵金属和过渡金属碳...     

制备方法对Cr/Si-2催化剂在CO2氧化乙烷脱氢制乙烯反应中的催化性能的影响

采用直接水热合成法和浸渍法制备了相同Cr含量的Cr/Si-2催化剂,并在常压固定床微反应器上,考察了它们在CO2或者N2气氛下的乙烷脱氢制乙烯反应中的催化性能及稳定性.由于存在逆水煤气反应和Boudouard反应,CO2能显著促进乙烷的脱氢反应.不论是在CO2还是在N2气氛下,直接水热法制备的催化剂均比浸渍法制备的催化剂显示出更好的催化性能.高价态的Cr物种被认为是催化剂具有高活性的关键.在CO2气氛下的乙烷脱氢制乙烯反应中,浸渍法制备的催化剂比水热法制备的催化剂失活更快,催化剂失活速率的差异可能与它们的氧化还原性质有关.然而在N2气氛下的乙烷脱氢制乙烯反应中,这两种方法制备的催化剂失活速率差异不大.     

Co掺杂ZnO/MCM-41分子筛的制备及对异戊醇的催化氧化性能

以Co掺杂的介孔分子筛MCM-41为载体, 采用等体积浸渍法制备了系列5%ZnO/xCo-MCM-41催化剂, 并用于催化分子氧氧化异戊醇合成异戊醛的反应. 通过X射线衍射(XRD), 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR), 紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS), 扫描电子显微镜(SEM), 氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD), 氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)和氮气吸附-脱附等手段对样品进行表征, 并考察了Co掺杂量对分子筛结构和催化性能的影响. 结果表明, 随着Co掺杂量的增大, 样品的比表面积和孔体积均减小, 而其平均孔径呈先增大后减小的趋势. 当Co掺杂量为0.05时, 5%ZnO/0.05Co-MCM-41仍保持了MCM-41高度有序的六方介孔结构, 具有高比表面积(989 m²/g)、较大孔径(2.88 nm)和孔体积(0.88 cm³/g), 引入的Co主要以孤立态钴离子[Single-site Co(Ⅱ)]形式存在于MCM-41骨架, MCM-41骨架中的Co可以有效提高ZnO微粒的分散度, 适度降低5%ZnO/MCM-41的表面酸性, 并大幅度提高5%ZnO/MCM-41的氧化还原性. 与5%ZnO/MCM-41相比, 5%ZnO/0.05Co-MCM-41可使异戊醛的选择性提高28.3%.     

Effects of Ce/Zr ratio on the structure and performances of Co-Ce_(1-x)Zx_xO_2 catalysts for carbon dioxide reforming of methane

The Co-incorporated Ce_(1-x)Zr_xO_2 catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation for carbon dioxide reforming of methane. The ratio of Ce to Zr was varied to optimize the performances of co-precipitated Co-Ce-Zr-O_x catalysts. The prepared catalysts were characterized by various physico-chemical characterization techniques including TPR, X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption at low temperature, XPS and CO_2-TPSR. The co-precipitated Co-Ce_(0.8)Zr_(0.2)O_2 sample containing 16% CoO exhibited a higher catalytic activity among the five catalysts, and the activity was maintained without significant loss during the reaction for 60 h. Under the conditions of 750 ℃, 0.1 MPa, 36000 ml/(h·g_(cat)), and CO_2/CH_4 molar ratio of 1 : 1, the CO_2 conversion over this catalyst was 75% while the CH_4 conversion was 67%. The cubic Ce_(0.8)Zr_(0.2)O_2 facilitated a higher dispersion and a higher reducibility of the cobalt component, and the apparent activation energy for Co-Ce_(0.8)Zr_(0.2)O_2 sample was 49.1 kJ/mol in the CO_2/CH_4 reforming reaction. As a result, the Co-Ce_(0.8)Zr_(0.2)O_2 sample exhibited a higher activity and stability for the reforming of CH_4 with CO_2.     

钴基催化剂上乙烷氧化脱氢的催化作用

比较了氧化钴、氧化镍分别对乙烯、乙烷氧化的催化性能，结果发现：乙烯在氧化钴较氧化镍上更易进一步深度氧化生成CO2．通过对新制担载型Co-基催化剂随反应温度反复升、降温的乙烷氧化脱氢(ODHE)性能研究，展现了氧化钴活性相与SiO2载体相互作用对催化性能的影响．Weiss原位磁研究结果表明：SiO2担载的氧化钴催化剂较难还原，即使在反应气中氧被完全耗完时，钴仍停留在Co^2 的价态上．通过对数十个担载和未担载、不同载体、不同担载量的Co-基催化剂的ODHE性能考察表明：在Co-基催化剂上ODHE反应机理一般遵从Hetero-homogeneous机理．     

Mn-CaO催化剂上甲烷-二氧化碳共活化制C_2烃研究II.催化剂表征及反应机理研究

在Mn-CaO催化剂开展了一系列的表征,包括XRD,XPS,CO2-TPD.结合催化剂评价、表征结果,对催化反应机理进行了推测,指出Mn组分与催化剂的活性相关联而Ca组分的主要作用是提供吸附型的CO2(a)*,反应过程中形成的Mn3+/Mn2+离子对在CO2和CH4的活化过程中扮演了重要角色.     

Adsorption of NO and CO over transition-metal-incorporated mesoporous catalytic materials

Novel high-surface-area mesoporous catalysts of type Al-MCM-41 containing transition metals such as iron, nickel, cobalt, zinc, copper, and cobalt were prepared and characterized using techniques such as BET, FTIR, ICP-MS, XPS, and XRD. The XPS measurements indicated that the transition-metal particles are located in the bulk or pore channels of the Al-MCM-41 materials. A detailed in situ FTIR investigation undertaken on the adsorption and disproportionation of NO and CO over the transition-metal-Al-MCM-41 mesoporous catalysts indicated the formation of various NO/CO species or complexes with active metal sites. The structure and dynamics of the metal activated complex and reactive species formed during the CO/NO reaction together with advantages of these catalysts and the influence of reaction temperature and pressure have been studied. NO adsorption at room temperature leads to the formation of adsorbed N(2)O, NO(2), MNO(2), MNO, and [M(NO)(2)] complexes. CO adsorption at room temperature leads to the formation of physisorbed carbon dioxide and cationic Lewis acid carbonyl moieties as well as transition-metal carbonyl complexes. The copper mesoporous catalysts prepared by different procedures (ion exchanged and as-synthesized) were compared for their interactions with CO and NO probe molecules.     

Experimental investigation of fluidized-bed reactor performance for oxidative coupling of methane

Performance of the oxidative coupling of methane in fluidized-bed reactor was experimentally investigated using Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2,La2O3/CaO and La2O3-SrO/CaO catalysts.These catalysts were found to be stable,especially Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst.The effect of sodium content of this catalyst was analyzed and the challenge of catalyst agglomeration was addressed using proper catalyst composition of 2%Mn2.2%Na2WO4/SiO2.For other two catalysts,the effect of Lanthanum-Strontium content was analyzed and 10%La2O 3-20%SrO/CaO catalyst was found to provide higher ethylene yield than La2O3/CaO catalyst.Furthermore,the effect of operating parameters such as temperature and methane to oxygen ratio were also reviewed.The highest ethylene and ethane (C2) yield was achieved with the lowest methane to oxygen ratio around 2.40.5% selectivity to ethylene and ethane and 41% methane conversion were achieved over La2O3-SrO/CaO catalyst while over Mn-Na2WO4 /SiO2 catalyst,40% and 48% were recorded,respectively.Moreover,the consecutive effects of nitrogen dilution,ethylene to ethane production ratio and other performance indicators on the down-stream process units were qualitatively discussed and Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst showed a better performance in the reactor and process scale analysis.     

Influence of the pore structure of MCM-41 and SBA-15 silica fibers on atomic layer chemical vapor deposition of cobalt carbonyl

Mesoporous high surface area MCM-41 and SBA-15 type silica materials with fibrous morphology were synthesized and used as support materials for the ALCVD (atomic layer chemical vapor deposition) preparation of Co/MCM-41 and Co/SBA-15 catalysts. Co/MCM-41 and Co/SBA-15 catalysts were prepared by deposition of Co2(CO)8 from the gas phase onto the surfaces of preheated support materials in a fluidized bed reactor. For both silica materials, two different kinds of preparation methods, direct deposition and a pulse deposition method, were used. Pure silica supports as well as supported cobalt catalysts were characterized by various spectroscopic (IR) and analytical (X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, elemental analysis) methods. MCM-41 and SBA-15 fibers showed considerable ability to adsorb Co2(CO)8 from the gas phase. For MCM-41 and SBA-15 silicas, cobalt loadings of 13.7 and 12.1 wt % were obtained using the direct deposition method. The cobalt loadings increased to 23.0 and 20.7 wt % for MCM-41 and SBA-15 silicas, respectively, when the pulse deposition method was used. The reduction behavior of silica-supported cobalt catalysts was found to depend on the catalyst preparation method and on the mesoporous structure of the support material. Almost identical reduction properties of SBA-15-supported catalysts prepared by different deposition methods are explained by the structural properties of the mesoporous support and, in particular, by the chemical structure of the inner surfaces and walls of the mesopores. Pulse O2/H2 chemisorption experiments showed catalytically promising redox properties and surface stability of the prepared MCM-41- and SBA-15-supported cobalt catalysts.     

低镍催化剂上CO和CO_2加氢反应的对比研究

采用ＣＯ和ＣＯ＿２对比加氢活性测试，ＸＲＤ及ＴＰＲ方法研究了两个不同Ｎａ助剂含量的低镍Ｎｉ／Ａｌ＿２Ｏ＿３体系的性能。实验发现，在低镍催化剂上ＣＯ＿２在较低温度下就可加氢生成甲烷，而ＣＯ则需要更高的温度，ＣＯ＿２无需先经逆变换生成ＣＯ，然后再加氢，它可直接加氢生成ＣＨ＿４。在同一催化剂上，ＣＯ＿２加氢生成ＣＨ＿４的表现活化能要低于ＣＯ加氢生成ＣＨ＿４反应的表现活化能。晶相ＮｉＯ还原后形成的活性相对ＣＯ＿２加氢反应的活性明显高于它对ＣＯ的加氢活性，非晶相镍氧化物还原后形成的活性相对ＣＯ的加氢反应特别有利。Ｎａ助剂的含量不同会造成Ｎｉ氧化物物种的分配不同，从而导致ＣＯ、ＣＯ＿２的加氢活性及其随温度的变化也不相同，催化剂对ＣＯ、ＣＯ＿２加氢反应作用的本质是不相同的。     

The thermodynamics analysis and experimental validation for complicated systems in CO_2 hydrogenation process

Catalytic conversion of CO_2 into chemicals and fuels is an alternative to alleviate climate change and ocean acidification.The catalytic reduction of CO_2 by H_2 can lead to the formation of various products:carbon monoxide,carboxylic acids,aldehydes,alcohols and hydrocarbons.In this paper,a comprehensive thermodynamics analysis of CO_2 hydrogenation is conducted using the Gibbs free energy minimization method.The results show that CO_2 reduction to CO needs a high temperature and H_2/CO_2 ratio to achieve a high CO_2 conversion.However,synthesis of methanol from CO_2 needs a relatively high pressure and low temperature to minimize the reverse water-gas shift reaction.Direct CO_2 hydrogenation to formic acid or formaldehyde is thermodynamically limited.On the contrary,production of CH_4 from CO_2 hydrogenation is the thermodynamically easiest reaction with nearly 100%CH4 yield at moderate conditions.In addition,complex reactions with more than one product are also calculated in this work.Among the considered carboxylic acids(HCOOH,CH_3COOH and C_2H_5COOH),propionic acid dominates in the product stream(selectivity above 90%).The same trend can also be found in the hydrogenation of CO_2 to aldehydes and alcohols with the major product of propionaldehyde and butanol,respectively.In the process of CO_2 hydrogenation to alkenes,low temperature,high pressure,and high H_2 partial pressure favor the CO_2 conversion.C_4H_6 is the most thermodynamically favorable among all considered alkynes under different temperatures and pressures.The thermodynamic calculations are validated with experimental results,suggesting that the Gibbs free energy minimization method is effective for thermodynamically understanding the reaction network involved in the CO_2 hydrogenation process,which is helpful for the development of high-performance catalysts.     

Mn-CaO催化剂上甲烷-二氧化碳共活化制C2烃研究Ⅰ.反应性能的研究

考察了不同组成Mn-Ca0催化剂上甲烷一二氧化碳转化制C2烃反应性能，同时考察了反应温度，CO2分压对反应性能的影响及催化反应性能随时间的变化。