乳制品中兽药多种类残留的液相色谱-质谱分析研究进展

近年来,乳制品安全问题备受关注,兽药残留作为化学危害的一个重要部分使得针对其检测技术的研究一直是乳制品安全分析的热点领域,液相色谱-质谱技术因在灵敏度和选择性方面的优势已成为目前兽药残留分析的主流技术。基于液相色谱-质谱技术的兽药残留分析趋势已逐渐在向多种类、多组分发展,但由于兽药各种类之间在理化性质、残留状态、限量要求等方面差异较大,导致在样品前处理和仪器分析环节存在一定的技术困难。为进一步了解该技术领域的研究进展,该文从样品前处理、色谱-质谱检测和基质效应等方面对近几年采用液相色谱-质谱技术测定乳制品中兽药多种类残留的国内外文献进行了综述。     

超高效液相-串联质谱法同时测定蜂蜜中15种喹诺酮类药物残留

建立了蜂蜜样品中15种喹诺酮类兽药残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。蜂蜜样品用磷酸盐缓冲溶液溶解提取后,用Oasis HLB固相萃取柱净化,超高效液相-电喷雾串联四级杆质谱检测,外标法定量。测定时用Acquity UPLC BEHC18色谱柱(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)分离,体积分数0.1%甲酸溶液-乙腈系统梯度洗脱,质谱测定采用多重反应监测(MRM)模式。15种喹诺酮类兽药的检出限均低于或等于1.0 ng/mL,回收率均在78.6%～112.9%范围内,相对标准偏差均在10%范围内。该方法各项指标均能满足国内外各项法规的要求,可用于蜂蜜样品中喹诺酮类药物残留的定量和定性检测。     

磁性多壁碳纳米管固相萃取/高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蜂蜜中多组分兽药残留

建立了以磁性多壁碳纳米管为吸附剂的分散固相萃取/高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法,对蜂蜜中3大类44种兽药残留进行测定。样品经pH 4.0的Na2EDTA-Mcllvaine缓冲液提取,加入自制磁性多壁碳纳米管吸附目标物。目标物经10%氨水-甲醇洗脱后,液相色谱-串联质谱MRM模式进行定性定量分析。44种药物在1~40 ng/m L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99;在3个不同浓度添加水平下,回收率为78.0%~105.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%~8.9%,检出限为0.2~2.0μg/kg。结果表明,该方法简单方便,易于操作,为蜂蜜中磺胺类、喹诺酮类以及硝基咪唑类兽药残留的测定提供了新途径。     

液相色谱-串联质谱在农药残留测定中的应用

农药残留检测已经成为全球食品安全的重要组成部分。许多国家和国际组织都制定了严格的限量标准,规定了农产品中农药最大残留限量(MRLs),保证食品安全及进出口贸易。随着农药残留被广泛重视,分析方法不断发展,液相色谱-串联质谱因其高选择性、高灵敏度成为农药残留分析中最常用的检测技术之一。本文简述了最近两年液相色谱-串联质谱在农药残留分析中的应用,介绍了固相萃取及Qu ECh ERS净化方法、液相色谱分离以及串联质谱检测技术,包括低分辨串联质谱和高分辨串联质谱。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定畜禽肉中磺胺类、喹诺酮类、硝基咪唑类兽药残留

建立了固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定畜禽肉中7种磺胺类、3种喹诺酮类及4种硝基咪唑类残留的方法。样品经乙腈提取,正己烷脱脂,MCX小柱净化后,由超高效液相色谱分离、三重四极杆质谱检测,基质外标法定量。14种兽药含量在1~50.0μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.994,加标回收率为75.2%~103.4%,检出限为0.1~0.5μg/kg,空白加标重复测定的相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.3%~12%。方法适用于畜禽肉中多种兽药残留的快速测定。     

液相色谱–质谱联用技术在水产品兽药残留检测中的应用

液相色谱–质谱联用技术逐渐成为水产品中兽药残留检测的重要手段。从技术原理、样品处理方法的改进和新方法的应用,以及多兽药残留同时分析等方面论述了液相色谱–质谱联用技术在水产品兽药残留检测中的应用与进展。     

基质固相分散-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定畜禽肉和牛奶中20种兽药残留

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定畜禽肉和牛奶中β-内酰胺,大环内酯和氟喹诺酮类20种兽药残留的方法.样品与C18填料(粒径40～75 μm)混合,进行基质固相分散提取,以甲醇洗脱待测物,氮气吹扫,流动相溶解残余物后分析.对样品前处理条件、色谱流动相、质谱参数进行了优化.各待测物回归方程的相关系数为0.9958～0.9...     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物组织中19种兽药残留量

提出了应用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物组织中13种磺胺和6种喹诺酮类兽药残留量的方法。采用乙腈萃取动物组织中兽药成分,经Waters BEH C18色谱柱分离,外标法定量,多反应监测模式采集质谱数据。19种兽药的检出限(3S/N)均为0.5μg.kg-1。在0.01,0.05,0.20 mg.kg-13个添加水平下,19种兽药的回收率为72.0%～105.1%,相对标准偏差(n=5)为1.02%～9.13%。     

UiO-67分散固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定猪肉中6种大环内酯类兽药残留

建立了以金属有机框架材料UiO-67作为吸附剂的分散固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定猪肉中6种大环内酯类兽药残留的方法。样品经pH 6.0的磷酸盐缓冲溶液提取,加入自制金属有机框架材料UiO-67吸附目标物。经甲醇洗脱后,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱多反应监测模式（MRM）定量分析：6种大环内酯类药物在0.1～200μg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99;在3个不同浓度添加水平下,回收率为74.8%～102.5%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为4.3%～9.3%,检出限为0.05～0.5μg/kg,定量限为0.2～1.5μg/kg。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定蜂蜜中硝基咪唑类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类兽药残留

建立蜂蜜样品中硝基咪唑类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类共36种兽药残留的固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。蜂蜜样品用H3PO4溶液(体积分数0.1%)溶解后,过滤,用Oasis HLB和PSA固相萃取柱净化,外标法定量。测定时用Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm)分离,乙腈-甲醇-甲酸溶液梯度洗脱,质谱测定采用多反应监测(MRM)模式。36种兽药的检出限在0.4～4.0 ng/mL,回收率在63.2%～125.5%,相对标准偏差均低于22%。     

Rapid, accurate and precise quantitative drug analysis: comparing liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and chip-based nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectrometry

We have developed a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system capable of achieving better than 2% accuracy, routinely over a wide concentration range of 1800 ng mL-1. We demonstrate that the necessary high precision, high accuracy and rapid analysis can be achieved using LC-MS/MS technology. Automated nanoelectrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS/MS) technology can be employed to eliminate the chromatographic step completely. In this paper, nanoESI-MS/MS is evaluated and compared directly with LC-MS/MS for the quantitative analysis of two-test analytes, amitriptyline (ATT) and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MTT), in aqueous/organic mixture. Calibration curves were found to be linear over a wide concentration range of 1800 ng mL-1 for both analytes using LC-MS/MS. Using nanoESI-MS/MS ATT gave a linear response while 5-MTT gave a non-linear response using nanoESI-MS/MS over the same concentration range as in LC-MS/MS. Accuracy and precision values of quality control samples (QCs) at four concentration levels were analysed in replicates of six at each level using 5-MTT and ATT as test analytes for both techniques. The LC-MS/MS system was capable of achieving accuracy levels of 99.50101.96% for ATT and 100.17100.40% for 5-MTT. Accuracy levels using nanoESI-MS/MS were not comparable to LC-MS/MS, they ranged from 90.09100.18% for ATT and 95.95113.55% for 5-MTT. The precision values obtained for nanoESI-MS/MS were in good agreement with those obtained by LC-MS/MS.     

Switching from an analogous to a stable isotopically labeled internal standard for the LC-MS/MS quantitation of the novel anticancer drug Kahalalide F significantly improves assay performance

The importance of a stable isotopically labeled (SIL) internal standard for the quantitative LC-MS/MS assay for Kahalalide F in human plasma is highlighted. Similar results can be expected for other LC-MS/MS assays. Therefore, we emphasize the need for an SIL internal standard for accurate and precise LC-MS/MS assays of drugs in biological matrices.     

Screening flavonoid metabolites of naringin and narirutin in urine after human consumption of grapefruit juice by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS

The main flavonoids in grapefruit juice, naringin and narirutin, were quantified by LC-MS with structural differentiation by LC-MS/MS. After human consumption of grapefruit juice, urine samples were collected for 24 hours and screened for flavonoid metabolites by LC-MS. The metabolite structures (glucuronides, sulfates, and glucuronide sulfates) were then confirmed via their unique fragmentation patterns by LC-MS/MS. To further verify the identity of the common aglycon (naringenin) shared by the metabolites, enzymatic hydrolysis was performed and the resulting products were analyzed. This work demonstrates that LC-MS and LC-MS/MS techniques can be used for fast metabolite screening without extensive sample preparation.     

Glycan analysis: scope and limitations of different techniques—a case for integrated use of LC-MS(/MS) and NMR techniques

The structure of glycans from glycoproteins is highly relevant for their function. We tightly integrate liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS), MS/MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data to achieve a complete characterization of even isobaric glycans differing in only one linkage position or in the substitution in one branch. As example, we analyzed ten desialylated underivatized glycans from bovine fibrinogen. The molecules were separated on a PGC column, and LC-MS data allowed an assignment of the compositions of the glycans. MS/MS data of the same glycans allowed elucidation of sequence and to some extent of branching and linkage. All MS/MS fragmentation methods led to multiple dissociations, resulting in several cases in ambiguous data. The MS/MS data were interpreted both by scientists and automatically by software, and the differential results are compared. Additional data from a tight integration of LC-MS and NMR data resulted in a complete structural characterization of the glycans. The acquisition of simple 1D ¹H NMR data led—in combination with LC-MS and MS/MS data—to an unambiguous assignment of the isobaric glycans. Compounds that were not separated in the chromatography could easily be assigned structurally by applying the 3D cross-correlation (3DCC) technology to arrive at NMR spectra of the pure components—without actually separating them. By applying LC-MS, MS/MS, 1D ¹H NMR, and 3DCC together, one can assign glycan structures from glycoconjugates with high confidence affording only 200 pmol of glycan material.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测饲料中7种精神类药物

建立了液相色谱-串联质谱同时检测饲料样品中7种精神类药物(硝西泮、奥沙西泮、氯丙嗪、异丙嗪、地西泮、奋乃静、硫利达嗪)的方法.通过对提取溶剂、净化等预处理条件及LC-MS/MS 分析条件的优化,可以同时检测饲料中7种违禁精神类药物.饲料样品经乙腈/水(9:1, V/V)提取后,过MCX固相萃取柱净化,氮吹至干,用1 mL乙腈/水(2:8, V/V)溶解后测定,采用SRM模式进行定性与定量分析.7种精神类药物在饲料中的回收率为53.9%～110.2%; 相对标准偏差为3.4%～18.4%;硝西泮、奥沙西泮、氯丙嗪、异丙嗪的检出限为1.0 ng/g;对地西泮、奋乃静、硫利达嗪的检出限为5.0 ng/g.结果表明,本方法可用于饲料中7种精神类药物的测定.     

Identification of microbial mixtures by LC-selective proteotypic-peptide analysis (SPA)

This paper describes a method--using a combination of LC-MS/MS of selected bacteria-specific peptides and database search--for determining the species of bacteria present in a mixture. We identified the proteotypic peptides that were associated with specific bacteria by searching protein databases for the LC-MS/MS data. The retention time windows for specific peptide markers were used as an extra constraint so that the peptide markers of many bacterial species could be analyzed in a single LC-selective proteotypic-peptide analysis (SPA). We performed LC-MS/MS analyses on the proteolytic digest of cell extracts and monitored only the selected marker peptide ions at given elution time windows. The corresponding bacterial species could be characterized when the selected peptides that eluted at expected elution windows were identified correctly from the database. We managed to identify up to eight bacterial species simultaneously during a single LC-MS/MS analysis, as well as bacteria mixed in various abundances. Two marker ions having similar values of m/z, but obtained from two different bacterial samples, which would otherwise be selected as precursors within mass tolerance and would complicate the MS/MS data, were time-resolved using LC and then used to correctly identify their bacterial sources. The coupling of selective MS/MS monitoring with separation methods, such as LC, provides a highly selective and accurate analytical method for characterizing complex mixtures of bacterial species.     

Quantification of 15-F2t-isoprostane in human plasma and urine: results from enzyme-linked immunoassay and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry cannot be compared

Quantification of F(2)-isoprostanes is considered a reliable index of the oxidative stress status in vivo. Several immunoassays and chromatography/mass spectrometry-based assays are available for 15-F(2t)-isoprostane quantification. However, it remains unclear if results of immunoassays using different assays can be compared with those of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) assays. Previous studies comparing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and more specific gas chromatography/mass spectrometry assays have already indicated that ELISAs may overestimate 15-F(2t)-isoprostane concentrations in human plasma. Concentrations of 15-F(2t)-isoprostane in 25 human plasma and urine samples were measured by three commercially available ELISA assays (Assay Designs, Cayman Chemical and Oxford Biomedical Research) and compared with the concentrations measured with a validated, semi-automated high-throughput HPLC tandem mass spectrometry assay (LC/LC-MS/MS). All three ELISAs measured substantially higher 15-F(2t)-isoprostane concentrations (2.1-182.2-fold higher in plasma; 0.4-61.9-fold higher in urine) than LC/LC-MS/MS. Utilization of solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns, especially isoprostane affinity purification columns, brought ELISA isoprostane urine concentrations closer to the LC/LC-MS/MS results. However, SPE did not have much of an effect on ELISA plasma concentrations which remained significantly higher than corresponding LC/LC-MS/MS results. A poor correlation not only between LC/LC-MS/MS and immunoassay results, but also among the immunoassays was found. Especially in plasma, ELISAs grossly overestimate 15-F(2t)-isoprostane concentrations and are not comparable with each other or with LC/LC-MS/MS. It is most disturbing that a sample with relatively high concentrations measured with one ELISA may show low concentrations with another ELISA, and vice versa, potentially affecting the conclusions drawn from such data. The use of specific mass spectrometry-based assays seems advisable.     

Comparison of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, ELISA, and phosphatase assay for the determination of microcystins in blue-green algae products

More than 100 samples of blue-green algae products (consisting of Aphanizomenon, Spirulina, and unidentified blue-green algae) in the form of pills, capsules, and powders were collected from retail outlets from across Canada. The samples were extracted with 75% methanol in water and centrifuged to remove solids. Aliquots of the extracts along with spiked blank sample extracts were sent to each participating laboratory and independently analyzed for microcystins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), protein phosphatase inhibition assay, and by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after sample cleanup using C18 solid-phase extraction. The results obtained by ELISA and LC-MS/MS agreed very well over a concentration range of about 0.5-35 microg/g. The colorimetric phosphatase results generally agreed with the other 2 methods. While the 2 biochemical assays measured total microcystin content compared with a standard of microcystin LR, the LC-MS/MS method measured specific microcystins (LA, LR, RR, YR) using external standards of these for identification and quantitation. Microcystin LR was found in all positive samples by LC-MS/MS. Microcystin LA was the only other microcystin found in the samples analyzed. These 2 microcystins represent essentially all the microcystins that were present in the extracts. Otherwise, the LC-MS/MS results would have been significantly lower than the results of the biochemical assays had other unknown microcystins been present.     

Certification of NIST standard reference material 2389a, amino acids in 0.1 mol/L HCl—quantification by ID LC-MS/MS

An isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID LC-MS/MS) measurement procedure was developed to accurately quantify amino acid concentrations in National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2389a—amino acids in 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid. Seventeen amino acids were quantified using selected reaction monitoring on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. LC-MS/MS results were compared to gravimetric measurements from the preparation of SRM 2389a—a reference material developed at NIST and intended for use in intra-laboratory calibrations and quality control. Quantitative mass spectrometry results and gravimetric values were statistically combined into NIST-certified mass fraction values with associated uncertainty estimates. Coefficients of variation (CV) for the repeatability of the LC-MS/MS measurements among amino acids ranged from 0.33% to 2.7% with an average CV of 1.2%. Average relative expanded uncertainty of the certified values including Types A and B uncertainties was 3.5%. Mean accuracy of the LC-MS/MS measurements with gravimetric preparation values agreed to within |1.1|% for all amino acids. NIST SRM 2389a will be available for characterization of routine methods for amino acid analysis and serves as a standard for higher-order measurement traceability. This is the first time an ID LC-MS/MS methodology has been applied for quantifying amino acids in a NIST SRM material.     

Harnessing the power of electrophoresis and chromatography: Offline coupling of reverse phase liquid chromatography-capillary zone electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of host cell proteins in monoclonal antibody producing CHO cell line

Host cell proteins (HCPs) are widely regarded as a critical quality attribute for a biotherapeutic product. Bottom up MS is the present gold standard for HCP analysis but suffers from incomplete protein identification due to complex nature of the HCP mixture and limited separation efficiency of the preceding LC-based systems. In this paper, we present for the first time an application involving use of LC-CE-MS/MS platform for analysis of HCPs. It has been demonstrated that the proposed platform has been able to successfully identify 397 HCPs from the supernatants of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells, twice and thrice the number of proteins identified by the state-of-the-art LC-MS/MS (189 HCPs) and CE-MS/MS (128 HCPs) analyses, respectively. Of these, 225 HCPs were unique to the LC-CE-MS/MS approach and were not identified by either LC-MS/MS or CE-MS/MS. It is observed that the LC-CE-MS/MS platform combines the benefits of LC-MS/MS and CE-MS/MS techniques and identifies peptides in a wider range of size, pI, and hydrophobicity. Additionally, LC-CE-MS/MS also identified more HCPs associated with cellular components, molecular functions, biological processes, peptidases, and secretory proteins. The proposed approach would thus be a useful addition in HCP analysis and secretome studies of mAb-producing Chinese hamster ovary cells.