土壤中铜元素的激光诱导击穿光谱测量分析

本文采用波长为532 nm的Nd:YAG单脉冲纳秒激光器诱导激发土壤(样品土壤来自蚌埠学院校园),并分析测量了土壤中铜元素的激光诱导击穿光谱特性.以铜元素的特征谱线Cu(393.3 nm)作为分析线,优化了实验参数增强型光电耦合器件(ICCD)门宽,ICCD门延迟对等离子体信号的影响,并在优化后的实验条件下测量分析了土壤中的金属元素种类.实验结果表明优化后的实验参数:ICCD门宽500ns,ICCD门延迟500 ns;在该优化条件下检测到样品土壤中含有金属元素:Fe, Cr, Ca, Mg, Cu, Al, Mn.     

不同实验条件对激光诱导等离子体的影响机理研究

常温常压下,采用波长532 nm的Nd:YAG纳秒激光器激发诱导空气中的铝合金,由高分辨率的光谱仪和ICCD对等离子体发射光谱采集和实现光电转换。研究激光能量、ICCD门延迟和聚焦透镜到样品表面的距离(lens-to-sample distance,LTSD)对谱线信号强度和等离子体电子温度的影响,并分析了产生影响的物理机制。结果表明,固定ICCD门延迟和LTSD,随着激光能量的增大,谱线强度和电子温度均增大;计算结果表明,当激光能量从20 mJ增加到160 mJ时,原子谱线Al I 396.15 nm,Mg I 518.36 nm,离子谱线Mg II 279.54 nm谱线强度相较于20 mJ分别提高了12.83,6.45,10.56倍。固定激光能量和LTSD,ICCD门延迟在100~4000 ns范围内变化时,随着延迟的增加,谱线强度和等离子体电子温度均呈指数形式衰减。固定ICCD门延迟和激光能量,采用焦距为75 mm的聚焦透镜,研究了LTSD对等离子体参数的影响机理。结果表明,聚焦透镜到样品的距离对等离子体的谱线强度和电子温度有较大的影响。等离子体的特征谱线强度和等离子体的电子温度的变化规律基本一致,分别在聚焦透镜到样品表面的距离为73 mm和79 mm处取得峰值,并在73 mm处对应最大值。     

液相射流中中Al元素单双脉冲LIBS研究

为了综合比较单双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS)在液体中重金属元素的检测效果,利用自建的液相射流单-双脉冲LIBS技术装置,对AlCl₃水溶液中的Al元素LIBS特性进行测量和分析。实验中使用两台532 nm Nd∶YAG激光器作为激发光源,等离子体辐射信号通过光谱仪和ICCD进行采集。实验研究了单脉冲下Al(396.15 nm)发射谱线的谱线强度随激光能量、ICCD门延时、门宽之间的变化关系,获得了最优化实验参数激光能量为50 mJ,ICCD门延迟为1 200 ns,门宽为150 ns。在相同的实验条件下,实验考察了Al(369.15 nm)发射谱线的谱线强度随双脉冲之间的延时,激光总能量,ICCD门延时的变化关系,获得了最优化实验参数为两双脉冲之间的延时为1 000 ns,激光总能量为50 mJ,ICCD门延时为1 100 ns。单脉冲和双脉冲条件下获得重金属Al的LIBS检测限分别为26.79和10.80 ppm,双脉冲LIBS技术使元素检测限下降2倍多。实验结果表明双脉冲可以提升LIBS技术的探测灵敏度,为LIBS技术应用于水体中重金属快速检测提供了依据。     

液相射流中中Al元素单双脉冲LIBS研究（英文）

为了综合比较单双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS)在液体中重金属元素的检测效果,利用自建的液相射流单-双脉冲LIBS技术装置,对AlCl3水溶液中的Al元素LIBS特性进行测量和分析。实验中使用两台532nm Nd∶YAG激光器作为激发光源,等离子体辐射信号通过光谱仪和ICCD进行采集。实验研究了单脉冲下Al(396.15nm)发射谱线的谱线强度随激光能量、ICCD门延时、门宽之间的变化关系,获得了最优化实验参数激光能量为50mJ,ICCD门延迟为1 200ns,门宽为150ns。在相同的实验条件下,实验考察了Al(369.15nm)发射谱线的谱线强度随双脉冲之间的延时,激光总能量,ICCD门延时的变化关系,获得了最优化实验参数为两双脉冲之间的延时为1 000ns,激光总能量为50mJ,ICCD门延时为1 100ns。单脉冲和双脉冲条件下获得重金属Al的LIBS检测限分别为26.79和10.80ppm,双脉冲LIBS技术使元素检测限下降2倍多。实验结果表明双脉冲可以提升LIBS技术的探测灵敏度,为LIBS技术应用于水体中重金属快速检测提供了依据。     

液相基质中重金属元素激光诱导击穿光谱实验参数的优化

针对混合溶液中重金属元素的激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)测量系统,为提高测量系统的检测灵敏度,以提高混合溶液中Ca和Cr金属元素LIBS光谱线强度的信噪比为目标,对LIBS测量系统中的激光脉冲能量、液相样品流速、ICCD门宽、延时等实验参数进行了优化,得到最优化参数激光脉冲能量、样品流速、ICCD门宽、延时分别为35 m J、30 ml/min、1400 ns和2400 ns,为降低LIBS技术应用于混合溶液中痕量重金属元素的检出限提供了实验参数支撑.     

序贯试验法激光诱导击穿光谱实验条件优化

采用波长为1064 nm的Nd:YAG脉冲激光作为光源聚焦于铝合金表面产生激光诱导等离子体,使用三光栅光谱仪和门宽控制的ICCD检测光谱信号。实验分析了实验参数对Al Ⅰ 394.40 nm和Al Ⅰ 396.15 nm两条特征谱线强度和信背比的影响。研究表明,ICCD探测延时、ICCD门宽和激光脉冲能量对光谱信号和信背比有较大的影响,其中ICCD门宽变化会引起光谱信号信背比起伏变化。通过优化这些实验参数,确定了最佳实验条件,在低激光脉冲能量下获得了高光谱强度和信背比的信号,为定性和定量分析铝合金成分提供了有利条件。     

Al等离子体特征辐射时间分辨谱线线形分析

用Nd :YAG脉冲激光烧蚀Al靶获得Al等离子体 ,利用时 空分辨技术采集Al等离子体的辐射信息 ,记录了 10～ 10 0 0 0ns延迟范围内Al等离子体辐射的时间分辨谱 ,通过分析 ,获得了Al等离子体特征谱线AlⅠ 396 15和AlⅠ 394 4 0nm的时间分辨谱。分析了 80 0～ 10 0 0 0ns延迟范围内的谱线线形 ,并分别对两条特征谱线进行了Lorentz函数和Gauss函数拟合。结果发现 ,10 0 0ns延迟以后的谱线是非常规则的Lorentz线形 ;而 10 0 0ns以前的也是Lorentz线形 ,但不十分规则 ;在该延迟范围内 ,所有时间分辨特征谱线与Gauss拟合曲线相差很大 ,说明谱线不是Gauss线形的。参照Lorentz函数拟合结果 ,测量了这两条谱线的半高全宽 ,并与谱线的自然线宽理论值比较。结果发现 ,实验值远大于理论值     

激光诱导Ca等离子体温度的实验研究

 等离子体温度是激光诱导击穿光谱测量中一个重要的因素。采用Nd:YAG脉冲激光器作为光源击穿样品形成等离子体,其发射光谱由中阶梯光栅光谱仪和ICCD进行分光和光电转换。通过实验得出了300~450 nm波段的光谱图,定性分析出了Ca Ⅱ 315.9, 317.9, 393.4, 396.9 nm和Ca Ⅰ 422.7 nm等发射谱线。根据激光诱导击穿光谱定量公式,等离子体温度的变化对谱线强度有影响。先假设实验中等离子体处于局部热平衡状态,选用Ca的4条一价离子谱线,根据Boltzmann斜线法计算出了等离子体温度,并得到了等离子体温度与Ca质量分数的关系。随着Ca质量分数的增加,等离子体温度也相应增加。但当Ca质量分数小于0.50%时等离子体温度增加的幅度较小,而质量分数大于0.50%时等离子体温度的上升幅度相对较大。最后经过验证,实验中等离子体处于局部热平衡状态的假设成立。     

金属特性对激光诱导击穿光谱最佳实验参数的影响

采用波长为532nm的单脉冲激光诱导两种金属样品铜和锌，产生等离子光谱，固定激光能量40mJ、门宽100ns、光谱仪入射狭缝0.1mm、ICCD增益100等参数，研究金属样品物理化学特性对汇聚透镜焦点到样品表面距离、ICCD采集延迟等最优化实验参数的影响.实验中分别选取铜样品Cu（I）521.82nm和锌样品Zn（I）481.053nm谱线作为LIBS信号，实验测定的透镜焦点在距样品表面不同距离处的LIBS信号强度，结果表明铜和锌样品的聚焦透镜焦点分别在样品表面内距表面的距离为5mm和5.5mm时得到光谱信号强度最大；铜和锌的ICCD探测延时分别为1300ns和1100ns时等离子体光谱信号的信噪比最大并具有可观测的强度，依据铜和锌样品物理化学特性的差异对实验结果进行了合理的分析与讨论，为后续研究金属样品LIBS技术的基底效应、纳米结构增强激光诱导击穿光谱机理提供数据参考.     

土壤中铜元素的激光诱导击穿光谱测量分析

利用Nd:YAG脉冲激光器(1064nm)作为光源,以高分辨率、宽光谱段的中阶梯光栅光谱仪和ICCD为谱线分离与探测器件,测量并分析了土壤中铜元素激光诱导击穿光谱特性。以铜的327.396nm特征谱线作为分析线,在同一浓度下,固定探测器门宽,通过调节延迟时间,得到铜元素的衰变特性,确定了铜元素的最佳延迟时间为1.1μs。测定不同铜浓度下的特征谱线强度,表明在低浓度下,谱线强度随浓度的增加而增大。文章给出了铜元素的定标曲线,并计算得到铜元素的检测限为13.36μg·g-1。     

On the interpretation of the electron anomalous magnetic moment

Guided by a Compton-sized model, we demonstrate that: (a) the magnetic self-energy of the electron, as estimated initially by Rasetti and Fermi, can be directly related to both the sign and the magnitude of the electron anomalous magnetic moment; and (b) the classical expression for the magnetic self-energy of the electron exhibits the same characteristic logarithmic divergence that occurs in QED. This electron model quantitatively reproduces the spin, magnetic moment, and gyromagnetic ratio of the electron, correct to first order in = e² /c. It also relates the quantum-mechanical spin projection angle to the vanishing of the electric quadrupole moment, and it is capable of reproducing point-like scattering behavior.     

Investigation of the effect of electron cyclotron heating on runaway generation in the KSTAR tokamak

Wave enhanced runaway generation is expected to play an important role in the conversion of plasma current into runaway current during major disruptions. The fast electrons created by electron cyclotron heating (ECH) were used to study this issue in KSTAR. It is found that the fast electrons driven by ECH can enhance runaway production in the flat top phase with high loop voltage. The runaway current in disruptions was not enhanced by the ECH produced fast electron population due to the strong magnetic fluctuations which inhibited the generation of runaway electrons. It is found that a complete loss of existing REs during thermal quench has occurred in KSTAR limiter configuration discharges.     

Near threshold photodetachment cross section of negative atomic oxygen ions

A 40-target state close-coupling calculation for the photodetachment cross section of negative atomic oxygen near threshold is carried out with core－valence electron correlation by using the R-matrix method. It was shown that after considering the excitations of two electrons from the 2s shell, the electron affinity of O^- (2s^22p^5{}^2P°) agrees with the experimental result much better than that just considering the excitations of electrons only from the 2p shell as well as only one electron from the 2s shell. Total cross section as well as the main contribution of the ionization channels to the partial cross section are illustrated to show the structure near threshold clearly.     

Relaxation between electrons and surface phonons of a homogeneously photoexcited metal film

The energy relaxation between the hot degenerate electrons of a homogeneously photoexcited metal film and the surface phonons (phonon wave vectors in two dimensions) is considered under Debye approximation. The state of electrons and phonons is described by equilibrium Fermi and Bose functions with different temperatures. Two cases for electron scattering by the metal surface, namely specular and diffuse scattering, are considered.     

低能电子显微术及其应用

低能电子显微术是新发展起来的一种显微探测技术。它的特点是利用低能（１－３０ｅＶ）电子的弹性背散射使表面实空间实时成像，具有高的横向（１５ｎｍ）和纵向（原子级）分辩率，且易与低能电子衍射及其他电子显微术相结合。近年来它已有效地应用于金属和半导体表面的形貌观测、表面相变、吸附、反应及生长过程的研究。     

Commissioning of electron cooling in CSRe

The 400 MeV/u 12C6＋ ion beam was successfully cooled by the intensive electron beam near 1 A in CSRe.The momentum cooling time was estimated near 15 s.The cooling force was measured in the cases of difierent electron beam profiles,and the difierent angles between the ion beam and electron beam.The lifetime of the ion beam in CSRe was over 80 h.The dispersion in the cooling section was confirmed as positive close to zero.The beam sizes before cooling and after cooling were measured by the moving screen.The beam diameter after cooling was about 1 mm.The bunch length was measured with the help of the signals from the beam position monitor.The difiusion was studied in the absence of the electron beam.     

Commissioning of electron cooling in CSRm

A new generation electron cooler has started operation in the heavy ion synchrotron CSRm which is used to increase the intensity of heavy ions. Transverse cooling of the ion beam after horizontal multi-turn injection allows beam accumulation at the injection energy. After optimization of the accumulation process an intensity increase in a synchrotron pulse by more than one order of magnitude has been achieved. In given accumulation time interval of 10 seconds, 108 particles have been accumulated and accelerated to the final energy. The momentum spread after accumulation and acceleration in the 10-4 range has been demonstrated in six species of ion beams. Primary measurements of accumulation process varying with electron energy, electron beam current, electron beam profile, expansion factor and injection interval have been performed. The lifetimes of ion beams in the presence of electron beams were roughly measured with the help of DCCT signal.     

Commissioning of electron cooling in CSRe

The 400 MeV/u 12C6+ion beam was successfully cooled by the intensive electron beam near 1 A in CSRe.The momentum cooling time was estimated near 15 s.The cooling force was measured in the cases of different electron beam profiles,and the different angles between the ion beam and electron beam.The lifetime of the ion beam in CSRe was over 80 h.The dispersion in the cooling section was confirmed as positive close to zero.The beam sizes before cooling and after cooling were measured by the moving screen.The beam diameter after cooling was about 1 mm.The bunch length was measured with the help of the signals from the beam position monitor.The diffusion was studied in the absence of the electron beam.     

The effects of self-fields on the electron trajectory in a two-stream free electron laser with a helical wiggler and an axial guiding magnetic field

A theory for the two-stream free-electron laser(TSFEL) with a helical wiggler and an axial guide magnetic field is developed.In the analysis,the effects of self-fields are taken into account.An analysis of the two-stream steady-state electron trajectories is given by solving the equation of motion.Numerical calculations show that there are seven groups of orbits in the presence of self-fields instead of two groups reported in the absence of self-fields.The stability of the trajectories is studied numerically.     

多晶体二次电子的角度分布

 根据二次电子发射的主要物理过程,推导了内二次电子到达多晶表面并逸出的几率的角度分布、斜射入多晶的高能原电子产生的二次电子的角度分布和由背散射电子产生的二次电子的角度分布。同时,推导了高能原电子轰击多晶产生的二次电子的角度分布公式,该公式表明多晶的二次电子遵循余弦分布,且与原电子的入射角无关。分析结果表明: 在内二次电子最大逸出深度范围内,如果由射入多晶的原电子和背散射电子产生的内二次电子数是常数, 则多晶的二次电子的角度分布遵循余弦分布;如果由射入多晶的原电子和背散射电子产生的内二次电子数越来越少,则多晶的二次电子发射角度分布随出射角减少得比出射角的余弦值更慢;如果由射入多晶的原电子和背散射电子产生的内二次电子越来越多,则多晶的二次电子发射角度分布随出射角减少得比出射角的余弦值更快。