Commissioning of electron cooling in CSRm

A new generation electron cooler has started operation in the heavy ion synchrotron CSRm which is used to increase the intensity of heavy ions. Transverse cooling of the ion beam after horizontal multi-turn injection allows beam accumulation at the injection energy. After optimization of the accumulation process an intensity increase in a synchrotron pulse by more than one order of magnitude has been achieved. In given accumulation time interval of 10 seconds, 10⁸ particles have been accumulated and accelerated to the final energy. The momentum spread after accumulation and acceleration in the 10^－4 range has been demonstrated in six species of ion beams. Primary measurements of accumulation process varying with electron energy, electron beam current, electron beam profile, expansion factor and injection interval have been performed. The lifetimes of ion beams in the presence of electron beams were roughly measured with the help of DCCT signal.     

强粒子束产生温稠密物质热力学状态估计

基于能量平衡原理,结合SRIM统计方法,以铝靶为例,对重离子束和强电子束产生高温高密度物质所需的束流参数进行估计,分析各自产生温稠密物质的优缺点。结果显示,从电子辐射能损和束流利用观点来看,1~10MeV电子束产生温稠密物质具有较好的均匀性和较高的利用率;而重离子束加载可以获得较宽区域的温稠密物质。     

HIRFL-CSR commissioning in 2006 and 2007

HIRFL-CSR, a new heavy ion cooler-storage-ring system at IMP, had been in commissioning since the beginning of 2006. In the two years of 2006 and 2007 the CSR commissioning was finished, including the stripping injection (STI), electron-cooling with hollow electron beam, C-beam stacking with the combination of STI and e-cooling, the wide energy-range synchrotron ramping from 7 MeV/u to 1000 MeV/u by changing the RF harmonic-number at mid-energy, the multiple multi-turn injection (MMI), the beam accumulation with MMI and e-cooling for heavy-ion beams of Ar, Kr and Xe, the fast extraction from CSRm and single-turn injection to CSRe, beam stacking in CSRe and the RIBs mass-spectrometer test with the isochronous mode in CSRe by using the time-of-flight method.     

HIRFL-CSRm冷却束流寿命

实验研究了HIRFL-CSRm中电子冷却装置对C6+,Ar15+两种束流寿命的影响。首先,通过对比实验的测量确定电子冷却可以有效提高束流寿命;其次,探究了电子冷却装置中的各项参数（主要是电子束密度分布、流强、能量、绝热展开因子）是如何影响束流寿命的,通过改变电子束参数,测量束流寿命的变化趋势和规律,并且结合电子冷却相关理论对实验结果给予解释,最终通过实验优化和确定最佳的冷却装置参数,使束流在HIRFL-CSRm上获得了较高的寿命,从而提高HIRFL-CSRm束流累积过程中的流强增益。     

兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环中电子冷却性能

为了在兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环(HIRFL-CSR)上开展一维离子束序化的研究,在CSR主环上,对6.39 MeV/u的58Ni19+离子束进行了冷却累积实验。测量了离子束与电子束之间不同的水平、垂直夹角以及不同电子束剖面的情况下,束流累积及束流寿命变化情况;重点研究了离子束衰减过程中动量分散随离子数的变化规律,拟合计算得到了动量分散随离子数按照幂函数衰减的指数;在给定离子数的情况下,动量分散随夹角、电子束剖面的依赖关系,为下一步在CSR上获得纵向一维有序化离子束的研究做准备。在实验中观测到在较大的夹角情况下,离子束出现纵向振荡和中心频率移动。     

HITFiL同步加速器剥离注入

一台新的治癌专用加速器HITFiL正在设计和建造中,其中一台同步加速器为其主加速器,以高紧凑性、高可靠性和低成本为设计目标。同步加速器的注入系统采用剥离注入方式,剥离注入与单圈注入方式相比能达到较高的注入效率,而其造价明显低于多圈注入加电子冷却的注入方式。治癌采用碳粒子束,从ECR离子源产生的C5+离子经过回旋加速器预加速后在同步加速器注入点处剥离成为C6+注入到环里。详细阐述了该注入系统的设计方案,并对整个注入过程进行了计算机模拟。在模拟过程中,对束流的注入效率、束流损失机制和粒子数增益进行了研究,得到了实空间和相空间的粒子分布和发射度增长趋势,得到了满足要求的束流流强。     

兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环

 兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环HIRFL-CSR,是一个多用途、多功能的双冷却储存环同步加速器系统,由主环CSRm和实验环CSRe构成,并以兰州重离子级联回旋加速器HIRFL作注入器。CSR利用高频变谐波的方法,将重离子束的能量从7～25 MeV/u同步加速到２00～1 000 MeV/u,同时利用重离子储存环中空心电子束冷却技术将束流品质提高１个数量级,并通过储存环的快引出及慢引出,提供多种类的重离子束以及放射性次级束(RIBs),以开展范围更广精度更高的物理实验。该装置于2007年投入运行,已取得了重要的运行结果,如实现了剥离注入与多圈注入、空心电子束对重离子束的冷却与累积、变谐波宽能区同步加速、等时性环型谱仪、RIBs的产生收集与ToF高分辨质量测量以及高能重离子束的变能慢引出等。     

HIRFL-CSR commissioning in 2006 and 2007

HIRFL-CSR, a new heavy ion cooler-storage-ring system at IMP, had been in commissioning since the beginning of 2006. In the two years of 2006 and 2007 the CSR commissioning was finished, including the stripping injection (STI), electron-cooling with hollow electron beam, C-beam stacking with the combination of STI and e-cooling, the wide energy-range synchrotron ramping from 7 MeV/u to 1000 MeV/u by changing the RF harmonic-number at mid-energy, the multiple multi-turn injection (MMI), the beam accumulation with MMI and e-cooling for heavy-ion beams of Ar, Kr and Xe, the fast extraction from CSRm and single-turn injection to CSRe, beam stacking in CSRe and the RIBs mass-spectrometer test with the isochronous mode in CSRe by using the time-of-flight method.     

感应同步加速器束团粒子纵向运动数值模拟

依据感应同步加速器验证实验中的相关数据,编写程序,实现了对感应同步加速中粒子纵向动力学过程的数值模拟。针对引起加速初期束团粒子大量丢失的多个可能因素进行了计算分析,明确了各因素对粒子丢失的影响方式和程度。以此为基础,提出了通过大幅减小加速腔体积并同时增加加速腔数量的方式来解决感应同步加速电压幅度实时调节困难的可行性建议,为感应同步加速器的性能提升提供了参考。     

Suppression of intrabeam scattering in cooled heavy ion beams

The properties of electron cooled heavy ion beams in the ESR storage ring are dominated by heating due to intrabeam scattering. For low intensity ion beams a sudden reduction of the longitudinal ion beam temperature has been detected by Schottky noise analysis. This can be interpreted as the disappearance of intrabeam scattering heating which could allow a longitudinal ordering of the ion beam.     

TRIUMF ARIEL 电子直线加速器设计

 TRIUMF 的三期升级工程(ARIEL) 计划建造一个 50 MeV 平均流强为10 mA的电子直线加速器作为注入器,通过光裂反应生成放射性核素。电子直线加速器包括两个主要部分：注入器和后加速器,注入器完成电子能量从100 keV到10 MeV的转换,随后的后加速器将电子能量从10 MeV加速到50 MeV。电子源拟采用重复频率为650 MHz的热电子枪提供初始能量为100 keV,束长为 171 ps的电子束。束流动力学模拟了几种不同的设计方案以获得最优化的设计,模拟显示通过对腔体以及聚焦元件的仔细设计以及电子枪出射电子的参数选择, 电子束能量在达到50 MeV时束长可以被聚焦到 11.75 ps (对应于1.3 GHz 频率下5.5°) ,并且可以使电子束在超导低温柜中的尺寸保持在1.26 cm以下。     

储存环内电子冷却过程模拟

考虑储存环内离子的横向振荡和纵向振荡的运动特性,模拟了HIRFL-CSR内重离子束的电子冷却过程.给出了离子束的横向发射度和纵向动量散度随时间连续变化的图象,由此分析了电子束的空间电荷效应,冷却段色散函数和横向电子束温度对冷却过程快慢的影响.     

Active spot-scanning test with heavy ions at HIRFL-CSR

An active spot beam delivery system for heavy ion therapy has been developed based on the Cooling Storage Ring at HIRFL-CSR, where the pencil carbon-ion beams were scanned within a target volume transversely by a pair of orthogonal (horizontal and vertical) dipole magnets to paint the slices of the target volume and longitudinally by active energy variation of the synchrotron slice by slice. The unique techniques such as dose shaping via active energy variation and magnetic deflection constitute a promising three-dimensional conformal even intensity-modulated radiotherapy with heavy ions at HIRFL-CSR. In this paper, the verification of active energy variation and the calibration of steerable beam deflection are shown, as the basic functionality components of the active spot-scanning system. Additionally, based on the capability of creating homogeneous irradiation fields with steerable pencil beams, a radiobiological experiment like cell survival measurement has been performed aiming at comparison of the radiobiological effects under active and passive beam deliveries.     

Simulation on buildup of electron cloud in a proton circular accelerator

Electron cloud interaction with high energy positive beams are believed responsible for various undesirable effects such as vacuum degradation, collective beam instability and even beam loss in high power proton circular accelerators. An important uncertainty in predicting electron cloud instability lies in the detailed processes of the generation and accumulation of the electron cloud. The simulation on the build-up of electron cloud is necessary to further studies on beam instability caused by electron clouds. The China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS) is an intense proton accelerator facility now being built, whose accelerator complex includes two main parts: an H-linac and a rapid cycling synchrotron(RCS). The RCS accumulates the 80 Me V proton beam and accelerates it to 1.6 Ge V with a repetition rate of 25 Hz. During beam injection with lower energy, the emerging electron cloud may cause serious instability and beam loss on the vacuum pipe. A simulation code has been developed to simulate the build-up,distribution and density of electron cloud in CSNS/RCS.     

超强圆偏振激光直接加速产生超高能量电子束

研究表明, 峰值强度为10²²–10²⁵ W/cm²量级的圆偏振激光脉冲的有质动力场可以直接加速并产生GeV–TeV的单能电子束, 其中被加速电子的能量与激光脉冲的峰值强度成线性定标关系. 为了获得更高能量的电子束, 通过对一维解析模型的分析得到: 如果电子束在激光传播的方向上具一个初始能量E₀, 那么这种线性的定标关系可以被打破, 被加速电子束最终的能量可以被放大E₀倍. 这是由于具有一定初始能量的电子束不容易被激光脉冲抛在后面, 进而获得更高的加速距离. 二维粒子模拟结果显示: 当电子束的初始能量E₀为MeV量级时这个方法是有效的, 而当E₀过大时这个方法失效. 这是因为当电子的加速距离远大于激光脉冲的瑞利长度时, 激光强度的衰减使得电子束的加速错过了最佳加速场.     

空间辐射地面模拟装置(SESRI)同步加速器注入设计和模拟研究

国家"十二五"工程将在哈尔滨工业大学建造一台空间辐射地面模拟装置（SESRI）,该装置能够模拟空间辐照环境,对研究离子辐照材料、生命体等具有重要意义。SESRI主要由双ECR离子源,直线注入器,同步环和3个高能实验终端组成。周长为43.9 m的同步环作为装置的核心部分,能够向3个实验终端输送离子种类多、能量范围广的粒子束。为了保证环内有足够的粒子数,注入系统的设计至关重要,SESRI同步环采用多圈注入方案,并利用ACCSIM程序模拟粒子真实运动情况。结果表明,粒子的注入效率为85.5%,离子数增益可达17.1,可满足设计要求。Space Environment Simulation and Research Infrastructure (SESRI), which is one of the large-scale scientific projects proposed in National Twelfth Five-Year Plan of China, will be constructed in Harbin Institution of Technology. The SESRI project dedicated to space radiation consists of two ECR ion sources, a high intensity ion linac, a synchrotron and 3 research terminals. As the key part of the complex, a 43.9 m synchrotron can provide broadest energy range and variable ion beam for each terminal. To obtain required intensity in the synchrotron, the injection system is significant. A multi-turn injection scheme is adopted in the synchrotron and the injection process is simulated by ACCSIM with multi-particle tracking method. The results show that the injection efficiency and intensity gain factor can reach 85.5% and 17.1 respectively. The multi-turn injection system can meet the design requirement.     

强流重离子加速器装置的增强器慢引出系统

中国科学院近代物理研究所承担的强流重离子加速器装置目前已进入了初步设计阶段。增强器作为该装置的主加速器,可利用双向涂抹技术将238U35+束的粒子数累积至1.0×1011,并将其从注入能量为17 MeV/u加速至高能量,引出能量的范围为200-835 MeV/u。为了提供s量级的准连续束以开展辐照实验,增强器中设计了慢引出系统,该系统将采用三分之一共振与RF-knockout的引出方法。同步加速器中有两种不同种类的六极磁铁,用于实现色品校正与共振驱动,并在设计中考虑了两者能同时运行并互不影响。针对增强器中不同引出能量的238U35+束,对其相应的稳定接受度模拟结果进行了比较,并给出了在引出静电偏转板处的光学匹配参数,这将为增强器中重离子束的慢引出及放射性次级束流分离器的入口光学设计提供重要的理论依据。     

不同入射角度下强流脉冲电子束能量沉积剖面和束流传输系数模拟计算

 强流脉冲电子束在材料中的能量沉积剖面、能量沉积系数和束流传输系数受其入射角的影响很大，理论计算了0.5~2.0MeV的电子束以不同的入射角在Al材料中的能量沉积剖面和能量沉积系数，并且还计算了0.4~1.4MeV电子束以不同入射角穿透不同厚度C靶的束流传输系数。计算结果表明，随着入射角的增大，靶材表面层单位质量中沉积的能量增大，电子在靶材料中穿透深度减小，能量沉积系数减小，相应的束流传输系数也减小；能量为0.5~2.0MeV的电子束当入射角在60°~70°时在材料表面层单位质量中沉积的能量较大。     

CSR电子冷却系统强流电子束包络的振荡特性

 HIRFL CSR的电子冷却系统是采用强流电子束对重离子束进行冷却。在冷却段漂移管区，由于强流电子束自身的空间电荷场和螺线管磁场的作用，使得电子束的包络发生振荡。通过求解电子束的横向包络方程，研究了强流电子束包络随电子束参数和螺线管聚焦磁场的变化关系。计算结果表明：对于不同的电子束能量和磁场，电子束包络的振荡频率也不相同；在相同的条件下，磁场越强，电子束包络振荡幅度越小，电子束能量越大，其包络的振荡频率也越快。     

重离子注入生物和药物分子的质量沉积研究技术

介绍了我国在重离子束生物学这门新兴交叉学科领域已经取得的一系列领先成果 ,首次提出了重离子束生物效应系能量沉积、质量沉积、电荷交换和动量传递四者综合作用的结果 .过去的研究已初步证实了重离子注入生物和药物小分子所引起的质量沉积过程 ,并在此基础上开展了重离子注入生物和药物分子改性的研究 .将来可先应用稳定性和放射性重离子束注入生物和药物分子 ,然后用X射线衍射、电子显微镜放射自显影和图像处理等技术对重离子注入质量沉积开展进一步的研究. Heavy ion beam biology is a jumped up scientific subdivision. China acquired a series of prior achievements and for the first time brought forward the idea that heavy ion biological effects are the integrated results of the four effects, i. e. energy deposition, mass deposition, charge exchange and momentum transfer. Researchers have validated the mass deposition process in small biomolecules and pharmic molecules induced by heavy ion implantation, and researches on modification of...