Commissioning of electron cooling in CSRe

The 400 MeV/u 12C6＋ ion beam was successfully cooled by the intensive electron beam near 1 A in CSRe.The momentum cooling time was estimated near 15 s.The cooling force was measured in the cases of difierent electron beam profiles,and the difierent angles between the ion beam and electron beam.The lifetime of the ion beam in CSRe was over 80 h.The dispersion in the cooling section was confirmed as positive close to zero.The beam sizes before cooling and after cooling were measured by the moving screen.The beam diameter after cooling was about 1 mm.The bunch length was measured with the help of the signals from the beam position monitor.The difiusion was studied in the absence of the electron beam.     

实验环Betatron振荡随机冷却的模拟

随机冷却是一种基于带宽反馈系统对束流振荡进行衰减的冷却方法,更适合冷却较大发射度和动量分散的次级粒子束,与电子冷却互补,可以得到更高品质的束流。兰州重离子研究装置(HIRFL) 目前处于冷却存储环的实验环随机冷却系统的设计和建造阶段。通过对横向Betatron 振荡的模拟,得到了提高系统带宽、增加探测器(Pick-up) 和冲击器(Kicker) 的个数、降低系统噪声温度等对缩短冷却时间和减小冷却平衡值的重要作用。同时,分析了较大的动量分散或较大的放大器增益对Betatron 振荡冷却过程产生的加热现象。Stochastic cooling, based on a feedback system, aims at damping the oscillation of particles. Stochastic cooling is more suitable to cool secondary beam with larger size and momentum spread, and it is therefore can be complemented with electron cooling, in order to obtain beam of higher quality. Stochastic cooling system is being designed and constructed on the experimental Cooling Storage Ring of HIRFL. By simulation of Betatron stochastic cooling, it is obtained that the importance for shortening the cooling time and reducing cooling equilibrium by improving bandwidth, increasing the numbers of pickup and kicker, and decreasing the system noises. Meanwhile, the heating during the cooling process caused by larger momentum spread or larger gain of amplifier is analyzed.     

重离子束的随机冷却系统设计研究

随机冷却系统有助于提高兰州重离子冷却储存环（ＣＳＲ）中束流累积效率，减小束流发射度．首先通过Ｆｏｋｋｅｒ－Ｐｌａｎｃｋ方程的建立，解出了某种初始分布下粒子分布的时间演化结果，并模拟了冷却过程；然后结合ＣＳＲ物理设计参数，计算了部分典型被加速离子的冷却时间，同时比较了电子冷却和随机冷却的冷却力，得出了一些结论；最后提出了硬件设计方案. Stochastic cooling system in Cooling Storage Ring (CSR) at Lanzhou will help to cool beam phase space and increase the accumulation ratio and efficency. In this paper, a Fokker Planck eqution is described and used to simulate cooling process.According to the main parameters of CSR,cooling time of some typical ions has been calculated and the cooling forces of electron cooling and stochastic cooling are compared. Finally, A hardware designing plan is proposed.     

HIRFL—CSR实验环电子冷却装置调试

HIRFL-CSR实验环电子冷却装置采用了能够产生空心电子束的电子枪。弯曲螺线管内采用了静电偏转电极，冷却段采用了独立的高精度螺线管串联产生纵向磁场的设计。测量了沿离子束运动方向冷却段磁场分布及磁场平行度、电子枪和收集器性能、300kV高压电源相关参数。结果表明，此装置达到了预期的设计目标。: In CSRe electron cooling device， a special electron gun which can produce variable profile electron beam with different size and density distribution was adopted for decreasing ion losses. Electrostatic bending device was used for reducing electron beam losses and improving vacuum condition. The instability of the electron beam is suppressed because the secondary electrons from collector would come back to the collector in the same orbit finally. Longitudinal magnetic field with parallelism better than 10-4 was achieved by adopting of independent high precise solenoid coils at cooling section. In this case， the r.m.s deviations of the transverse magnetic field at cooling section in horizontal and vertical direction are 3.298×10-5 and 2.458×10-5 respectively. The characters of the gun and collector were investigated. The results were presented and indicate that it achieves the design purpose very well.     

HIRFL-CSR电子冷却系统

建议中的兰州重离子加速器冷却贮存环（ＨＩＲＦＬ－ＣＳＲ）拟采用电子冷却方法将重离子束冷却到３００ＭｅＶ／ｕ．最高电子能量为１６５ｋｅＶ,最大电子电流密度为０．２４４Ａ／ｃｍ２．叙述了ＣＳＲ电子冷却装置的初步方案． Electron cooling technique will be applied to the proposed Lanzhou heavy ion cooler-storage ring(HIRFL-CSR).A electron cooling device with a max-imum electron energy of 165keV and maximum current density of 0.244A/cm2 is planned to cool heavy ions up to energies of 300MeV/u.The prelimnary design for the cooling system is presented.     

A new measurement method for electrode gain in an orthogonally symmetric beam position monitor

The new beam position monitor (BPM) system of the injector at the upgrade project of the Hefei Light Source (HLS Ⅱ) has 19 stripline beam position monitors. Most consist of four orthogonally symmetric stripline electrodes. Differences in electronic gain and mismachining tolerance can cause changes in the beam response of the BPM electrodes. This variation will couple the two measured horizontal positions, resulting in measuring error. To alleviate this effect, a new technique to measure the relative response of the four electrodes has been developed. It is independent of the beam charge, and the related coefficient can be calculated theoretically. The effect of electrode coupling on this technique is analyzed. The calibration data is used to fit the gain for all 19 injector beam position monitors. The results show the standard deviation of the distribution of measured gains is about 5%.     

用于聚焦离子束系统的离子源

介绍了现阶段两种用于聚焦离子束系统的离子源——液态金属离子源和气体场发射离子源的基本原理, 并对比了它们的优缺点。由于目前这两种离子源都难以满足纳米加工领域不断提高的技术要求, 因此提出了一种用于聚焦离子束的新型离子源——电子束离子源, 并介绍了电子束离子源的基本原理, 给出了设计参数、 模拟结果（20 kV的Ar+离子束, 发射度约为5.8×10-5·mm·mrad, 束斑约为1 μm）和初步的实验结果。 There are two kinds of ion sources, Liquid Metal Ion Source and Gas Field Ion Source, used to provide ion beams for the Focus Ion Beam system. The working mechanism of the two kinds of sources is presented and their advantages and disadvantages are summarized. With the rapid development in the nano technology, the requirements are hardly met with these two kinds of ion sources. Therefore, a new kind of ion source, electron beam ion source, is developed for the Focus Ion Beam system. The basic principle of the electron beam ion source is introduced and the design parameters, the result of the simulation (20 kV Ar+, extracted emittance is 5.8×10-5π·mm·mrad, raduis of the ion beam about 1 μm.) and the primary experimental results are presented     

ECR离子源外电子注入技术研究

使用电子枪对ECR（Electron Cyclotron Resonance）等离子体注入外电子束是继铝衬弧腔、偏压盘之后,对等离子体电子的额外补充的又一种手段,通过向弧腔中注入一定能量与流强的电子束,以期提高引出束流的流强与电荷态。但由于该方法可控参数繁多,经验积累与报道资料都很少,且设计与操作远不如偏压盘等手段简便,故一直未能得到深入研究。通过以三维仿真软件CST粒子工作室对注入到弧腔电子束的运动轨迹的模拟结果为依据、以18 GHz ECR蒸发冷却源为平台,进行了ECR等离子体注入电子束的实验,结果表明:在一定实验条件下,当注入电子束能量超过1 800 eV时,会产生一种引出的离子束流的激增现象。在这个现象中,脉冲与直流的流强均比未注入电子时要高,束流电荷态向高价方向移动,且可通过控制实验条件来控制这种现象。最后对于这种电子并未通过共振面,却能起到提高电荷态与流强的作用进行了分析与讨论,并认为该现象在改善直流束与脉冲束性能的方面都有着积极的意义。The injection of the electron beam into the ECR (Electron Cyclotron Resonance)plasma by electron gun is a new method for the additional supplementary of the plasma electron, following the aluminum chamber wall and the bias plate, we are expecting for the higher current and charge state of the ion beam with it. However, because of the controllable parameter's variety, the lack of the accumulation of experience and data, and the shortage of convenience in designing and experimental practicing compared by biased disk and other means,it has always not been intensively studied. In this article, we take the 18 GHz ECR Ion Source using evaporative cooling technique as experimental platform, do the experiment of injecting electron into ECR plasma base on the simulation result of the electron beam's path in ECR's chamber by the 3D simulation software CST the particle studio. It shows that a pulsing leap of the current of the extracting ion beam appears when the injecting electron's energy is above 1 800 eV. In the mean time, the top of the pulse and the average current of the ion beam rises, the ionization state moves to a higher level. This phenomenon can be turned on and off by controlling the experimental condition. At the last part of the article, we discuss this improvement of the current and charge state of the ion beam despite of the position's missing between the injection of electron beam and the resonance surface, and hold the opinion that this phenomenon is positive to both pulsed and direct beam.     

HIRFL-CSR实验环中束流损失机制及寿命研究

分析了在储存环中回旋的离子束与残余气体分子、 内靶和冷却电子束相互作用时的损失机制及相应的束流寿命, 针对兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环实验环内靶模式, 计算了50—500 MeV/u 12C6+, 36Ar18+, 132Xe54+和 238U92+等束流在各种损失机制影响下所对应的束流寿命和总的束流寿命。 结果表明: 影响束流寿命的主要因素是与内靶分子（原子）之间的电荷交换及与冷却电子束之间的辐射复合; 对于重离子束 132Xe54+和 238U92+, 与冷却电子束之间的辐射复合是影响其储存寿命的主要因素。The loss mechanism and lifetime of ion beams in collisions with residual gas, internal target and electrons in e cooler in heavy ion cooler storage rings were studied. The partial beam lifetimes resulting from various loss mechanisms and the total beam lifetimes of 50—500 MeV/u12C6+, 36Ar18+, 132Xe54+ and 238U92+ stored in the experimental ring of the Cooler Storage Ring at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL CSR) were calculated. The calculations indicate that the charge exchange process between ion beams and the internal target, as well as the radiative recombination process with the electrons in e cooler restrict the beam lifetime considerably. For heavy ion beams such as 132Xe54+ and 238U92+, the radiative recombination is the dominant loss mechanism     

螺线管磁场缺陷对电子束横向温度的影响

分析了直螺线管磁场缺陷的来源,考虑了电子束的空间电荷作用,采用数值方法模拟计算了磁场缺陷对电子束横向温度的影响 ,获得了电子冷却装置中直螺线管磁场的均匀性要求.结果表明,当相对磁场缺陷小于1× 1 0-3时 ,影响可以被忽略.In order to obtain the tolerance requirement for the magnetic field homogeneity of the solenoids in electron cooling device, the source of the magnetic imperfection and its influence on the transverse temperature of electron beam were investigated by means of numerical simulation, and taking the space charge effect of electron beam into account. The calculated result shows that the influence of the imperfection of magnetic field will be negligible when the relative magnetic field...     

Commissioning of electron cooling in CSRe

The 400 MeV/u 12C6+ion beam was successfully cooled by the intensive electron beam near 1 A in CSRe.The momentum cooling time was estimated near 15 s.The cooling force was measured in the cases of different electron beam profiles,and the different angles between the ion beam and electron beam.The lifetime of the ion beam in CSRe was over 80 h.The dispersion in the cooling section was confirmed as positive close to zero.The beam sizes before cooling and after cooling were measured by the moving screen.The beam diameter after cooling was about 1 mm.The bunch length was measured with the help of the signals from the beam position monitor.The diffusion was studied in the absence of the electron beam.     

储存环内电子冷却过程模拟

考虑储存环内离子的横向振荡和纵向振荡的运动特性,模拟了HIRFL-CSR内重离子束的电子冷却过程.给出了离子束的横向发射度和纵向动量散度随时间连续变化的图象,由此分析了电子束的空间电荷效应,冷却段色散函数和横向电子束温度对冷却过程快慢的影响.     

HIRFL-CSR主环电子冷却模拟计算

以¹⁶O⁸⁺为例,用电子冷却模拟程序计算了冷却时间随离子能量、初始发射度、初始动量分散、离子流强以及离子电荷态的变化规律,研究了储存环在冷却段的β函数和色散函数对冷却时间的影响.     

强流脉冲电子束位置测量探头标定结果不确定度分析

根据探测器测量原理和标定方法、特点,分析其位置测量的不确定度主要来源于测量过程的A类不确定度、B类不确定度和最小二乘法引入的拟合不确定度,确定了各个不确定度的计算方法,得到了探测器的合成不确定度,对于应用于神龙二号直线感应加速器的电阻环和磁探测器,其合成不确定度约为0.1 mm。     

兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环中电子冷却性能

为了在兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环(HIRFL-CSR)上开展一维离子束序化的研究,在CSR主环上,对6.39 MeV/u的58Ni19+离子束进行了冷却累积实验。测量了离子束与电子束之间不同的水平、垂直夹角以及不同电子束剖面的情况下,束流累积及束流寿命变化情况;重点研究了离子束衰减过程中动量分散随离子数的变化规律,拟合计算得到了动量分散随离子数按照幂函数衰减的指数;在给定离子数的情况下,动量分散随夹角、电子束剖面的依赖关系,为下一步在CSR上获得纵向一维有序化离子束的研究做准备。在实验中观测到在较大的夹角情况下,离子束出现纵向振荡和中心频率移动。     

Commissioning of electron cooling in CSRm

A new generation electron cooler has started operation in the heavy ion synchrotron CSRm which is used to increase the intensity of heavy ions. Transverse cooling of the ion beam after horizontal multi-turn injection allows beam accumulation at the injection energy. After optimization of the accumulation process an intensity increase in a synchrotron pulse by more than one order of magnitude has been achieved. In given accumulation time interval of 10 seconds, 108 particles have been accumulated and accelerated to the final energy. The momentum spread after accumulation and acceleration in the 10-4 range has been demonstrated in six species of ion beams. Primary measurements of accumulation process varying with electron energy, electron beam current, electron beam profile, expansion factor and injection interval have been performed. The lifetimes of ion beams in the presence of electron beams were roughly measured with the help of DCCT signal.     

强流脉冲束流位置探测器标定装置物理设计

从强流脉冲电子直线感应加速器电子束流位置探测器测量原理出发,进行了标定装置物理设计,确定标定装置采用同轴结构,对束流探测器位置测量精度和测量范围、偏心同轴线对位置标定结果的影响进行了理论分析,并根据分析结果确定同轴结构内外导体相对位置调节范围、同轴线长度和特性阻抗。电路模拟和实验测量结果验证了在非匹配传输条件下可以得到满足位置标定要求的快脉冲信号波形。     

HIRFL-CSR电子冷却系统空心电子束性能研究

 电子冷却系统中冷却力的大小与电子束的温度密切相关。由于强流电子束自身产生的空间电荷场,使得电子束的速度离散,增加了电子束温度,降低了冷却效率。为了减小空间电荷效应,HIRFL CSR的电子冷却系统将首次采用空心电子束对储存环中的重离子束流进行冷却。通过分析实心电子束和空心电子束的空间电荷场,研究了其对电子束速度和温度的影响。     

A spatial electrostatic beam splitter for polar molecules in weak-field-seeking states

A spatial electrostatic beam splitter composed of six charged poles for polar molecules in weak-field-seeking states is proposed. First, the schematic diagram is given. With the help of finite element software the spatial distribution of the electrical field is calculated. The dynamic process of the loading and splitting polar molecules is simulated using the classical Monte Carlo method. The influences of the longitudinal velocity of the incident molecular beam and the voltages on the loading efficiency are studied. Two output arms of the beam splitter can be cut off at a certain position to adjust the splitting ratio of the molecular beam. Then the influences of the voltages and cutting positions on the splitting ratio are investigated. The results indicate that the splitting ratio can be manipulated conveniently from 0% to 100%.