Co掺杂纳米ZnO微结构的正电子湮没研究

利用正电子湮没技术研究了10 at.% Co掺杂的Co₃O₄/ZnO纳米复合物中退火对缺陷的影响. 利用X射线衍射(XRD)测量了Co₃O₄/ZnO纳米复合物的结构和晶粒尺寸. 随着退火温度升高,Co₃O₄相逐步消失,ZnO晶粒尺寸也有显著增加. 经过1000 ℃以上退火后,Co₃O₄相完全消失,并出现了CoO的岩盐结构. 正电子湮没寿命测量显示出Co₃O₄ /ZnO纳米复合物中存在大量的Zn空位和空位团. 这些空位缺陷可能存在于纳米复合物的界面区域. 当退火温度达到700 ℃后Zn空位开始恢复,空位团也开始收缩. 900 ℃以上退火后,所有空位缺陷基本消失,正电子寿命接近ZnO完整晶格中的体态寿命值. 符合多普勒展宽谱测量也显示Co₃O₄ /ZnO纳米复合物经过900 ℃以上退火后电子动量分布与单晶ZnO基本一致,表明界面缺陷经过退火后得到消除. 关键词： ZnO 界面缺陷 正电子湮没     

真空退火对Ni80Fe20/Cu多层膜微结构的影响

用直流磁控溅射法在Si(001)衬底上制备了以Ta为缓冲层、含有15周期的Ni₈₀Fe₂₀（4nm)/Cu(6nm)多层膜.样品分别在150,250,350℃进行了真空退火处理.用低角和高角X射线衍射法研究了多层膜的微结构.结果表明,所有样品均有较好的[111] 取向,而且随退火温度或时间的增加,[111]取向程度变得更高.超晶格周期、平均面间距在退火后略有减小,表明多层膜结构在退火后变得更为致密.多层膜界面粗糙度随退火温度或时间的增加而增大,平均相关长度随退火温度或时间的增加而减小,分析认为这是由于Ni₈₀Fe₂₀/Cu界面存在严重的互扩散所导致的.模拟Ni₈₀Fe₂₀/Cu多层膜高角X射线衍射谱,发现在Ni₈₀Fe₂₀/Cu蜀面有非常厚的混合层存在,而且混合层厚度随退火温度或时间的增加而增大.模拟结果还表明,随退火温度或时间的增加,Ni₈₀Fe₂₀层面间距几乎保持不变,Cu层面间距则随退火温度的增加而略有减小. 关键词：     

L-MBE法生长ZnO薄膜的退火研究

研究了空气退火对于激光分子束外延(L-MBE)法制备的ZnO薄膜光学及结构特性的影响,报道了采用小角度X射线分析(GIXA)技术对于ZnO薄膜退火前后的表面及界面状况的定量分析结果.RHEED衍射图样表明,薄膜经过380℃及600℃原位退火后,其表面仍然较为粗糙.而XRD在面(in-plane)Φ扫描结果显示出经过800℃空气退火之后,薄膜具有更好的外延取向性.GIXA分析结果表明,800℃退火后ZnO薄膜的表面方均根粗糙度从退火前的1.13 nm下降为0.37 nm;同时ZnO/Al2O3界面粗糙度从2.10 nm上升为2.59 nm.ZnO室温PL结果显示,退火后薄膜紫外近带边发光强度比退火前增大了40倍,并出现了源于电子－空穴等离子体(EHP)复合的N带受激发射峰,激发阈值约为200 kW/cm2.     

A1/GaAs界面微结构的慢正电子束研究

基于正电子扩散方程,对于线形全吸收型等特殊的界面模型,求得了正电子湮没辐射多普勒展宽S参数与单能慢正电子入射能量E之间函数关系S(E)的解析表达式.测量不同膜厚、不同退火条件下A1/GaAs的S(E),用所得解析式拟合实验数据,发现A1/GaAs界面系统与线形全吸收型界面模型符合得很好.通过拟合,得出了界面S参数S₁及其与膜厚和退火温度的关系,由此对界面微结构及其动力学特性作了讨论.     

低压MOCVD生长参量对Ⅱ型InAs/GaSb超晶格材料表面形貌的影响

采用自制低压金属有机源化学气相沉积设备,在（100）面GaSb单晶衬底上生长了Ⅱ型InAs/GaSb超晶格材料.利用双晶X射线衍射、光学显微镜、原子力显微镜和光致发光谱等分析手段对材料特性进行了表征,获得了表面光亮的晶体质量较好的Ⅱ型InAs/GaSb超晶格材料,在77 K下得到光致发光谱峰值波长为3.25 μm.研究了生长温度、过渡层、界面层对其表面形貌的影响,得出生长温度在500 ℃~520 ℃,无过渡层,使用InAsSb界面层有利于改善材料的表面形貌.     

软X射线Mo/B_4C多层膜应力和热稳定性研究

为了实现7nm波段Mo/B4C多层膜反射镜元件的制备,研究了不同退火方式对Mo/B4C多层膜应力和热稳定性的影响。首先,采用直流磁控溅射方法分别基于石英和硅基板制作Mo/B4C多层膜样品,设计周期为3.58nm、周期数为60,Mo膜层厚度与周期的比值为0.4。其次,采用不同的退火方式对所制作的样品进行退火实验,最高退火温度500℃。最后,分别采用X射线掠入射反射、X射线散射和光学干涉仪的方法对退火前后的Mo/B4C多层膜的周期、界面粗糙度和应力进行测试。测试结果表明采用真空退火方式能够有效降低Mo/B4C多层膜的应力,且退火前后Mo/B4C多层膜的周期和界面粗糙度无明显变化,证明Mo/B4C多层膜在500℃以内具有很好的热稳定性。     

低温退火的X射线W/Si多层膜应力和结构性能

W/Si多层膜反射镜在硬X射线天文望远镜中有重要应用. 为减小其应力对反射镜面形和望远镜分辨率的影响, 同时保证较高的反射率, 采用150, 175和200 ℃ 的低温退火工艺对采用磁控溅射镀制的W/Si周期多层膜进行后处理. 利用掠入射X射线反射测试和样品表面面形测试对退火前后W/Si多层膜的应力和结构进行表征. 结果表明, 在150 ℃ 退火3 h 后, 多层膜1级峰反射率和膜层结构几乎没有发生变化, 应力减少约27%; 在175 ℃ 退火3 h后, 多层膜膜层结构开始发生变化, 应力减少约50%; 在200 ℃退火3 h 后, 多层膜应力减小超过60%, 但1级布拉格峰反射率相对下降17%, 且膜层结构发生了较大变化. W, Si界面层的增大和相互扩散加剧是应力和反射率下降的主要原因.     

低压MOCVD生长参量对Ⅱ型InAs/GaSb超晶格材料表面形貌的影响

采用自制低压金属有机源化学气相沉积设备,在(100)面GaSb单晶衬底上生长了Ⅱ型InAs/GaSb超晶格材料.利用双晶X射线衍射、光学显微镜、原子力显微镜和光致发光谱等分析手段对材料特性进行了表征,获得了表面光亮的晶体质量较好的Ⅱ型InAs/GaSb超晶格材料,在77 K下得到光致发光谱峰值波长为3.25 μm.研究了生长温度、过渡层、界面层对其表面形貌的影响,得出生长温度在500 ℃～520 ℃,无过渡层,使用InAsSb界面层有利于改善材料的表面形貌.     

生长中断法生长InAs/GaSbⅡ型超晶格材料表面形貌的研究

利用分子束外延技术,基于控制快门开关顺序的生长中断法,在GaSb衬底上生长了10周期和20周期的InAs(10 monolayer, 10 ML)/GaSb(10 ML)Ⅱ型超晶格材料。实验中,基于软件模拟对生长参数进行调控分析,实现了As-Sb高效的置换,有效地降低了界面的应力。通过双晶X射线衍射和原子力显微镜对超晶格样品表面形貌进行测试和表征,应变分别减少到0.64%和0.56%,均方根粗糙度仅为0.81 nm和0.45 nm,为后续器件的制备提供了基础。     

第一原理研究界面弛豫对InAs/GaSb超晶格界面结构、能带结构和光学性质的影响

通过广义梯度近似的第一原理全电子相对论计算, 研究了不同界面类型InAs/GaSb超晶格的界面结构、电子和光吸收特性. 由于四原子界面的复杂性和低对称性, 通过对InAs/GaSb超晶格进行电子总能量和应力最小化来确定弛豫界面的结构参数. 计算了InSb, GaAs型界面和非特殊界面(二者交替)超晶格的能带结构和光吸收谱, 考察了超晶格界面层原子发生弛豫的影响.为了证实能带结构的计算结果, 用局域密度近似和Hartree-Fock泛函的平面波方法进行了计算. 对不同界面类型InAs/GaSb超晶格的能带结构计算结果进行了比较, 发现界面Sb原子的化学键和离子性对InAs/GaSb超晶格的界面结构、 能带结构和光学特性起着至关重要的作用.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.