基于深度学习理论的有机合成课程教学改革

有机合成既是有机化学学习中的一个独立构成部分,也是安排于有机化学课程之中的重要学习主题。在目前的有机合成课程教学中,教师的自觉性引导不足,学生容易陷入浅层学习状态,导致教学效果不佳。结合有机化学学科特点,从有机合成课程教学现状出发,围绕深度学习教学设计的四要素——深度学习目标、挑战性学习主题、深度学习活动、持续性评价,以典型的教学片段为例阐述深度学习理论在教学实践中的应用,为相关教学工作提供参考。     

"PBL"教学法在"有机合成"教学中的运用

为突破传统教学模式,提高有机化学教学质量,本文尝试在“有机化学”课程的“有机合成”部分采用“PBL”教学法模式,取得了较好的效果。“PBL”教学法是以问题为基础的教学方法,它能拓展知识面,联系不同学科中的相关知识点,加强了学生学习的主动性,训练了学生的思维能力,让知识永久的存储于学生的记忆中,使教学处于融洽的氛围中。     

研究性与系统性相结合的有机合成实验教学实践

为了培养学生的创新能力和实践能力,使学生较全面地掌握有机合成实验理论知识和实验技能,开展了有机合成实验研究性和系统性结合的教学探索和实践。在课程建设和教学过程中,贯彻以学生为主体的教学改革思路与方法。从教学内容和模式、授课方式、考核方式等多个教学环节进行探索研究,科教融合,结合实际课堂教学,倡导启发式教学方法。研究型教学模式的实施有效地调动了学生自主研究性学习的积极性,有利于提高学生的综合实践能力,促进实验教学与科学研究的衔接。     

基于建构主义理论的有机化学实验混合式教学设计与实践*

基于建构主义理论和支架式教学思想,以“北京大学有机化学实验在线学习与测试平台”为依托,探索了混合教学模式在有机化学实验课程中的应用。以薄层色谱和柱色谱实验为例,通过确立目标、分析学情、分解任务、搭建支架、教学实施、评估反馈的教学设计和实践,帮助学生掌握实验知识与技术,培养学生解决实际问题的能力,增强其实验信心。     

药学系有机合成教学体会

介绍了在普通医药院校药学系有机合成课教学中的体会。从学科特点和学生的实际出发合理处理教材 ,在教学中倡导以学生为主体、由浅入深、循序渐进、以问题为引导来启发学生思考问题 ,培养学生提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力 ,启发学生的创造性思维。     

基于PBL的物理化学实验混合教学模式的设计与实践

依托自建物理化学实验在线开放课程及网络教学资源,在物理化学实验课程中开展了线上线下混合式教学."以问题为导向,以学生为中心"设计课程教学,开展探究式学习和过程性评价.通过课前线上预习、线下课堂教学和课后答疑指导等环节,实现了学生能力的进阶式培养,提高学生的自主学习能力、综合能力和创新能力.为高等学校实验类课程线上线下混合式教学模式的探索提供了范式.     

基于深度学习的有机合成复习课教学实践*——常见高分子材料的用途与合成

基于深度学习理念,以“常见高分子材料的用途与合成”为学习主题,开展关于有机合成复习课的教学实践。指出在有机合成的复习课,开展深度学习有利于激发学生的学习需求、调动学生高阶思维、让学生迁移运用所学知识。基于深度学习的教学设计需要把握挑战性学习主题、深度学习目标、深度学习活动和持续性评价4大要素。提出课前应引导学生开展挑战性学习主题的项目调研;课上应创设引导学生深度学习的问题情境,促进学生高阶思维的发展;课后应让学生以思维导图的形式理顺有机合成的一般方法等,为教师开展基于深度学习的教学实践提供参考。     

有机合成教学改革探索

有机合成是化学及应用化学专业学生重要的一门专业课,扎实的有机合成功底对将来从事科研及工作具有重要意义。结合该课程难度较高的特点,本文分别从教学内容、教学方法、考核方式三个方面对有机合成课程教学进行了探索,积累了一些经验和体会。     

传统与半开放协同实验教学的设计与实施——以“苯佐卡因的合成”为例

以"苯佐卡因的合成"为例,探讨了传统与半开放协同教学模式在复杂有机合成实验教学中的应用。在本实验的教学过程中,既利用传统教学模式为学生奠定知识和技能基础,又引入半开放模式激发学生学习积极性和训练学生独立思考的能力。采用新的教学模式取得了更好的教学效果。这提示创新教学模式可以作为提高教学效果的可行手段。     

有机合成的“百宝箱”

20世纪所涌现的新试剂和新方法深刻地影响了有机合成的发展,其中很多开创性的成果获得了诺贝尔化学奖。这些试剂的结构不仅限于碳、氢、氧和氮这些有机合成中的基本元素,还扩充至元素周期表中其他元素。为了解这些碳、氢、氧和氮以外的元素在有机合成中的应用,本文以获得诺贝尔化学奖的有机化学相关成果为主要内容,对元素周期表中以硼、磷为代表的非金属,以锂、镁、铝为代表的主族金属,以及以钯为代表的过渡金属在有机合成中的应用作了简单梳理。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径--光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。