直接甲醇燃料电池阴极Pt／C催化剂的制备与表征制备及处理方法的影响

 对比研究了用三种液相沉积还原法制备的20％Pt／C催化剂及在900℃下用H2还原处理的催化剂，并用XRD和TEM等技术表征了催化剂的粒子大小及粒径分布．结果表明，用乙二醇还原法制备的Pt／C催化剂的平均粒径最小（约2．4nm），且分布均匀．应用旋转圆盘电极（RDE ）法和直接甲醇燃料电池单池评价了Pt／C催化剂的氧还原反应（ORR）活性，探索了单池性能与催化剂粒径大小的关系．RDE测试结果表明，用甲醛还原法制备的Pt／C催化剂具有最高的ORR活性；而单池测试结果表明，用乙二醇还原法制备的Pt／C催化剂显示出最高的ORR活性和最优的单池性能．这可能是因为直接甲醇燃料电池中所需Pt／C催化剂最优粒径更小的缘故．另外，研究了Cl－对Pt／C催化剂ORR活性的影响．结果表明，少量Cl－即会显著降低Pt／C催化剂的ORR活性．     

直接乙醇燃料电池PtSn/C电催化剂的合成表征和性能

采用多元醇法制备了n(Pt)/n(Sn)比为2:1,3:1,4:1的PtSn/C电催化剂.通过XRD,TEM、循环伏安和氢化学吸附技术对催化剂进行了表征.TEM和XRD结果表明,不同比例的PtSn/C金属粒子的平均粒径均小于4nm,且粒径分布较窄;该系列催化剂中Pt具有fcc结构;PtSn间的相互作用使Pt晶格参数增大.循环伏安和氢化学吸附实验结果表明,加入Sn可抑制Pt对氢的吸附,Pt3Sn/C对乙醇的氧化电流比Pt4Sn/C高约1倍.用不同n(Pt)/n(Sn)比的催化剂作为直接醇类燃料电池阳极电催化剂,在相同条件下,随着Sn含量的增加,单电池最大输出功率逐渐增大,当Sn含量继续增大时,单池性能反而下降.导致不同比例PtSn催化剂活性差别的原因可能是由于Sn与Pt间的合金化程度不同和催化剂粒子尺寸效应及Sn含量对电池阻抗等几方面因素所致.对40h寿命测试前后的阳极Pt3Sn/C催化剂的分析(EnergydispersiveX-rayanalysis,EDX)结果表明,PtSn含量在测试前后均有所降低,PtSn催化剂的寿命尚有待改善.     

用于CO选择氧化反应的新型Pt-Fe/Al2O3催化剂

 基于前体的概念,采用调变多元醇法制备了Pt-Fe/Al2O3催化剂,并考察了其催化CO选择氧化的性能. TEM结果表明,该方法可有效控制催化剂的金属粒子粒径为2.5～3 nm; 催化剂性能测试结果表明,在80 ℃和n(CO)/n(O2)=2的条件下,Pt-3Fe/Al2O3显示出良好的催化性能和稳定性,CO转化率达99%,CO2选择性达98%,这可能是由于Pt和Fe之间的有效相互作用所致.     

直接甲醇燃料电池阳极催化剂PtRu/C的制备和表征

用三种方法制备了PtRu/C[Pt和Ru质量分数分别为20％和10％,记为PtRu/C(20％-10％)]甲醇阳极催化剂,通过X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)考察了PtRu/C催化剂的粒子大小和晶格参数的变化,利用单电池实验考察了催化剂在直接甲醇燃料电池中的催化活性.结果表明,改变溶剂的组成提高了贵金属在活性炭表面的分散度,并改善了PtRu间的相互作用,用乙二醇/水/异丙醇混合溶剂制备的PtRu催化剂金属颗粒较小,PtRu间的相互作用较强,以该催化剂作甲醇阳极的直接甲醇燃料电池的性能较好.     

PtRu/C电催化剂上甲醇吸附氧化过程的电化学原位红外光谱

采用调变的多元醇法制备了高分散的Pt/C, PtRu/C和Ru/C电催化剂. XRD计算结果表明, PtRu/C电催化剂的平均粒径和合金度分别为2.2 nm和71%. 采用电化学方法和原位傅里叶变换红外反射光谱方法(in situ FTIRS)研究了甲醇在3种电催化剂上的吸附氧化过程, 发现PtRu/C对甲醇的催化活性明显高于Pt/C, Ru的加入一方面影响了甲醇在Pt上的解离吸附性能, 另一方面提供了Ru-OH物种, 从而抑制了低电位下电催化剂中毒. 红外光谱研究结果表明, 线性吸附态CO(COL)是主要毒化物种, 反应产物主要是CO2, 还有少量的甲酸甲酯. 根据实验结果讨论了甲醇在PtRu/C电催化剂上的氧化机理.     

质子交换膜燃料电池Pd修饰Pt/C催化剂的电催化性能

通过对Pt催化剂表面进行Pd修饰提高质子交换膜燃料电池阴极催化剂的氧还原反应(ORR)活性. 采用乙二醇还原法制备了不同比例的Pd修饰Pt/C催化剂. 透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)测试结果表明, 制备的催化剂贵金属颗粒粒径主要分布在1.75～2.50 nm之间, 并均匀地分散在碳载体表面. 循环伏安方法(CV)研究表明Pd修饰Pt/C催化剂的电化学活性面积低于传统的Pt/C催化剂. 但通过旋转圆盘电极(RDE)测试研究发现, 制备的催化剂具有比传统Pt/C催化剂高的ORR活性.     

碳载体的预处理对Pt/C催化剂结构和性能的影响

采用一种新的调变多元醇制备方法,通过调节碳载体热处理条件,制备得到不同的Pt/C燃料电池催化剂。采用p H计及物理吸附仪表征碳黑表面的含氧官能团和比表面积,利用电感耦合等离子光谱、X射线衍射、透射电镜和循环伏安法分别表征催化剂的成分、物相组成、微观组织形貌和电化学性能,并与进口的Johnson Matthey(JM)Pt/C催化剂的性能进行对比。结果表明:采用调变多元醇法,以400℃热处理碳黑作载体所制备的Pt/C催化剂的电化学比表面积达到83 m2·g-1,质量电流密度为49.03 A·g-1。而进口催化剂JM 20%Pt/C的电化学比表面积为77 m2·g-1,质量电流密度仅11.13 A·g-1,自制催化剂即使Pt载量降低3wt%~4wt%,其电催化活性仍优于进口催化剂。     

高分散度Pt-Ir疏水催化剂制备及氢-水液相交换催化性能研究

用乙二醇作为碳黑分散溶剂，微波辐射快速加热，1～2 MPa压力下制备了Pt/C及不同Pt、Ir比例的Pt-Ir/C催化剂，用浸渍还原法制备了Pt-Ir/C催化剂，并用XRD，TEM和XPS对催化剂进行了表征。将两种方法制备的Pt/C，Pt-Ir/C催化剂与聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)一起负载于多孔金属载体，得到疏水催化剂，考查了其对氢-水液相交换反应的催化活性。微波辐射加热法制备的Pt/C和Pt-Ir/C催化剂活性金属粒子在碳载体上分布均匀，平均粒径大小分别为2.1 nm和2.2 nm，Ir的加入改变了活性金属粒子的形状和晶相结构，Pt-Ir/C中Pt以Pt(0)，Pt(Ⅱ)和Pt(Ⅳ)形式存在，Ir以Ir(0)和Ir(Ⅳ)形式存在。浸渍还原法制备的Pt-Ir/C催化剂活性金属粒子有明显团聚，晶粒平均大小为4.8 nm。微波辐射法所得催化剂对氢-水液相交换反应有更高催化活性；Pt中掺入适量Ir，可提高单一Pt催化剂活性，Pt、Ir原子比例为4∶1时，催化剂活性最高。     

具有高活性和突出的抗中毒性能的Pt修饰Ru/C催化剂的制备和表征(英文)

采用两步浸渍-还原法制备了一种具有高Pt利用效率,高性能的Pt修饰的Ru/C催化剂(Ru@Pt/C).对于甲醇的阳极氧化反应,该催化剂的单位质量铂的催化活性分别为Pt/C、自制PtRu/C和商业JMPtRu/C催化剂的1.9、1.5和1.4倍;其电化学活性比表面积分别为Pt/C和自制PtRu/C的1.6和1.3倍.尤为重要的是该催化剂对甲醇氧化中间体具有很好的去除能力,其正向扫描的氧化峰的峰电流密度(If)与反向扫描氧化峰的峰电流密度(Ib)之比可高达2.4,为Pt/C催化剂的If/Ib的2.7倍,表明催化剂具有很好的抗甲醇氧化中间体毒化的能力.另外,Ru@Pt/C催化剂的稳定性也高于Pt/C、自制PtRu/C和商业JMPtRu/C催化剂的稳定性.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对催化剂进行了表征,Pt在Ru表面的包覆结构得到了印证.Ru@Pt/C的高铂利用效率、高性能和高抗毒能力使其有望成为一种理想的直接甲醇燃料电池电催化剂.     

碳载Pt-Ni催化剂对直接甲醇燃料电池阴极氧电还原性能的影响

采用间歇式微波法制备了不同Pt、Ni原子比的碳载Pt-Ni催化剂。XRD结果表明,用这种方法制备的催化剂分散得比较好,具有较小的平均粒径,其中Pt-Ni/C(3∶1)催化剂的粒径最小。在旋转圆盘电极上进行氧的还原测试结果表明,当电解质溶液中没有甲醇和有甲醇存在时,Pt-Ni/C(3∶1)催化剂对氧的催化还原活性都很高,说明Pt-Ni/C(3∶1)催化剂对氧的催化还原受甲醇的影响较小。     

Highly efficient AuPd–WC/C electrocatalyst for ethanol oxidation

A composite material of AuPd–WC/C has been rapidly prepared by the intermittent microwave heating (IMH) method. The material is nanostructured and well dispersed on carbon according to the SEM and TEM measurements. The activity of the AuPd–WC/C electrocatalyst for the oxidation of ethanol in alkaline solution is significantly higher than that of Pt/C at the same total electrocatalyst loadings. The onset potential shifts towards negative side for 200 mV and the peak current density increases ∼3 times for the ethanol oxidation reaction on AuPd–WC/C electrocatalysts as compared to that on Pt/C. In addition, the AuPd–WC/C electrocatalyst is more stable under constant current density polarization than that of Pt/C. It indicates that no strongly adsorbed species formed during the oxidation of ethanol on AuPd–WC/C because the cleavage of the C–C bond of the ethanol is difficult on this Pt-free electrocatalyst. The high activity makes AuPd–WC/C electrocatalyst a potential candidate for the application in direct ethanol fuel cells and ethanol sensors.     

Supercritical,Freezing and Thermal Drying Process of Resorcinol‐Formaldehyde Polymer based Nano‐carbons and their Highly Loaded PtRu Anode Electrocatalyst for DMFC

The capillary condensation is affected by micropore and nanopore of catalyst layer on fuel cell. Due to limitation of sluggish mass transport and electrocatalytic activity, to retain the pore skeleton of carbon and metal nanoparticles are very significant for enhanced utilizations of pore structure in electrochemical reaction. Besides, thickness of electrocatalyst layer is very crucial due to one of the factor affected by cell performance of direct methanol fuel cell. Highly loaded four Pt?Ru anode catalysts supported on resorcinol‐formaldehyde (RF) polymer based on meso‐porous carbons (80 wt.% Pt?Ru/carbon cryogel, 80 wt.% Pt?Ru/carbon xerogel and 80 wt.% Pt?Ru/carbon aerogel) and conventional carbon (80 wt.% Pt?Ru/Vulcan XC‐72) were prepared by colloidal method for direct methanol fuel cell. These catalysts were characterized by X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM) and X‐ray photoemission (XPS). The results of CO stripping voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and single cell test performed on DMFC show that Pt?Ru/carbon cryogel and Pt?Ru/carbon aerogel exhibits better performances in comparison to Pt?Ru/carbon xerogel and Pt?Ru/Vulcan XC‐72. It is thus considered that particle size, oxidation state of metal and electrochemical active surface area of these catalysts are important role in electrocatalytic activity in DMFC.     

Niobium oxide-supported platinum ultra-low amount electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction

We demonstrate a new approach to synthesizing high-activity electrocatalysts for the O(2) reduction reaction with ultra low Pt content. The synthesis involves placing a small amount of Pt, the equivalent of a monolayer, on carbon-supported niobium oxide nanoparticles (NbO(2) or Nb(2)O(5)). Rotating disk electrode measurements show that the Pt/NbO(2)/C electrocatalyst has three times higher Pt mass activity for the O(2) reduction reaction than a commercial Pt/C electrocatalyst. The observed high activity of the Pt deposit is attributed to the reduced OH adsorption caused by lateral repulsion between PtOH and oxide surface species. The new electrocatalyst also exhibits improved stability against Pt dissolution under a potential cycling regime (30,000 cycles from 0.6 V to 1.1 V). These findings demonstrate that niobium-oxide (NbO(2)) nanoparticles can be adequate supports for Pt and facilitate further reducing the noble metal content in electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction.     

PtxCuy/C电催化剂甲醇氧化反应性能及机理研究

直接甲醇燃料电池（DMFC）是一种将甲醇燃料的化学能直接转化为电能的能量转换装置,具有能量转化效率高、环境友好、燃料来源丰富等优势,在移动电源等领域具有广泛应用前景,但阳极铂基电催化剂的性能及成本制约着DMFC的发展。本论文通过简单的液相浸渍还原法,制备了系列PtCu/C纳米电催化剂,电化学性能测试结果表明,电催化剂对甲醇氧化反应（MOR）活性顺序为商品Pt/C < Pt₃Cu/C < PtCu₄/C < PtCu/C < PtCu₃/C,且活性最高的PtCu₃/C电催化剂表现出较为优异的电化学稳定性。结合物相表征、电化学测试及DFT计算,阐释了PtCu₃/C催化剂中存在的少量CuO相能够促进水分子解离产生*OH,通过双功能机制促进类CO反应中间物种氧化为CO₂。因此,相比于商品Pt/C,虽然PtCu₃/C电催化剂的ECSA不足其一半,但质量比活性和面积比活性分别提高1.88倍和3.74倍。     

PEMFC催化剂的研究：自制Pt/C电催化剂的性质

研究了一种用于质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的自制Pt/C电催化剂(标记为THYT-1)的物理化学和电化学性质.将THYT-1电催化剂与E-TEK公司的同类电催化剂的组成、形态及电催化性能进行了比较.单电池测试结果显示, THYT-1的电催化性能优于E-TEK电催化剂. CV测试结果表明CO在这两种电催化剂上的电氧化性能相近；TEM分析表明两种催化剂上Pt晶粒在炭载体上呈均匀分布，平均粒径均为2～3 nm； XPS和XRD测试结果表明两种催化剂中Pt主要以金属态存在.这些数据表明THYT-1催化剂的物理化学性质与E-TEK公司的相类似.     

Preparation of Pt／C Catalyst with Solid Phase Reaction Method

The Pt/C catalyst was prepared with solid phase reaction method (Pt/C(S)) for the first time.Its Performances were compared with that prepared by the traditional liquid phase reaction method. The results demonstrate that the electrocatalytic activity of Pt/C catalyst with solid phase reaction method for methanol oxidation is higher than that with liquid phase reaction method. XRD and TEM measurements indicate that the Pt/C(S) possesses low crystalline extent and small particle size.     

Pt/RuO2/CNTs纳米催化剂中RuO2含量对甲醇电催化氧化性能的影响

制备了一种新的甲醇直接燃料电池Pt/RuO2/CNTs阳极催化剂,在相同Pt负载量下,其甲醇电催化氧化活性是Pt/CNTs的3倍.采用循环伏安法研究发现Pt/RuO2/CNTs纳米催化剂中RuO2含量对甲醇电催化氧化活性有明显影响,当Pt和RuO2在碳纳米管上含量分别为15%和9.5%时,Pt/RuO2/CNTs催化剂具有最佳的甲醇电催化氧化活性.RuO2负载在碳纳米管上比电容的变化,反映了水合RuO2结构中质子与电子传输平衡的能力,分析表明,催化剂中RuO2含量不同导致电容的变化是影响甲醇电催化氧化活性的主要原因.当催化剂结构中质子与电子传输达到平衡时,催化剂比电容最大,电催化氧化活性最高.这种基于电容关联电催化剂的观点对甲醇直接燃料电池阳极催化剂的设计非常有意义.     

Platinum covering of gold nanoparticles for utilization enhancement of Pt in electrocatalysts

This work attempts to enhance platinum utilization in a Pt-based electrocatalyst by the tuned covering of gold nanoparticles with small Pt entities. Reductive deposition of Pt on Au nanoparticles of two size ranges (Au-I: 10 +/- 1.2 nm, Au-II: 3 +/- 0.6 nm) up to different atomic Pt : Au ratios (m) was used to prepare two series of samples named Pt(m)insertion markAu-I and Pt(m)insertion markAu-II particles, respectively. The obtained Pt(m)insertion markAu particles were characterized with TEM, XPS, UV-Vis and XRD techniques, and then loaded on conventional Vulcan XC-72 carbon to make Pt(m)insertion markAu/C electrocatalysts. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements showed that the electrochemical active surface area (EAS) and Pt utilization (U(Pt)) in Pt(m)insertion markAu/C were enhanced remarkably at m< or = 0.2 for Pt(m)insertion markAu-I/C or m< or = 0.5 for Pt(m)insertion markAu-II/C, in comparison to conventional Pt/C electrocatalyst. In particular, U(Pt) was enhanced to nearly 100% in Pt(m)insertion markAu-I/C catalysts at m< or = 0.05 and in Pt(m)insertion markAu-II/C at m< or = 0.1. In the CV measurement of methanol electro-oxidation, the specific mass activity of Pt in Pt(m)insertion markAu/C catalysts was found in proportional to U(Pt), confirming that the enhancement of Pt utilization is essential for the development of highly active Pt-based electrocatalysts. The highly dispersed Pt entities on Au nanoparticles proved to be stable during the electro-oxidation of methanol. Our study also showed that the use of smaller Au nanoparticles is advantageous for the generation of more active Pt catalyst at higher atomic Pt : Au ratios.     

Ultrafine Pt Nanoclusters for the Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Reactions

Controlling the size of Pt nanomaterials can be an effective route to improve their catalytic activity on a mass basis for the reactions of direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). In this work we demonstrated the synthesis of ultrafine platinum nanoclusters based on the replacement reaction between Ag nanoparticles and Pt(IV) precursors. All the reactions were carried out in the presence of commercial carbon powders. The Pt/C thus formed could be directly used for catalyzing the DMFC reactions. By comparing with the commercial Pt catalysts from E-Tek, the Pt nanoclusters exhibit higher catalytic activity toward the methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction, the two key reactions in DMFC, due to their relative smaller sizes.     

以金属有机骨架为前驱体的高活性氧还原非贵金属催化剂制备

The development of a non‐precious metal electrocatalyst (NPME) with a performance superior to commercial Pt/C for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is important for the commercialization of fuel cells. We report the synthesis of a NPME by heat‐treating Co‐based metal organic frameworks (ZIF‐67) with a small average size of 44 nm. The electrocatalyst pyrolyzed at 600 °C showed the best performance and the performance was enhanced when it was supported on BP 2000. The resulting electrocatalyst was composed of 10 nm Co nanoparticles coated by 3–12 layers of N doped graphite layers which as a whole was embedded in a carbon matrix. The ORR performance of the electrocatalyst was tested by rotating disk electrode tests in O2‐saturated 0.1 mol/L KOH under ambient conditions. The electrocatalyst (1.0 mg/cm2) showed an onset potential of 1.017 V (vs. RHE) and a half‐wave potential of 0.857 V (vs. RHE), which showed it was as good as the commer‐cial Pt/C (20μgPt/cm2). Furthermore, the electrocatalyst possessed much better stability and re‐sistance to methanol crossover than Pt/C.