黄原胶分子形貌的电镜研究

本文用扫描电镜研究了温度、超声波处理及浓度对黄原胶分子形貌的影响,并用透射电镜研究了黄原胶单分子的形貌及分子量。认为黄原胶分子在一般情况下具有较规则的二、三、四级结构,论述了其初、高级结构之间的关系,得出了黄原胶分子是由40余个亚基组成的右手双螺旋这一结论,计算出其分子量为6×10~6至25×10~6。     

黑木耳酸性杂多糖溶液性质研究

从黑木耳子实体提取出的酸性杂多糖,通过重沉淀分成8个级分,用小角激光光散射和膜渗透压法测得试样在0.5mol/L NaCl/10％镉乙二胺饱和液(C)中的M_w(5.88×10~5)、M_n(1.43×10~5)和A_2值.研究了各个分级试样在3种水溶液中30℃的粘度行为,确立了Mark-Houwink方程为:(A)0.5mol/L NaCl,[η]=0.235 M_w~(0.48);(B)0.2mol Na_2SO_4/0.01 mol/L 磷酸盐缓冲液,[η]=7.61×10~(-2)M_w~(0.57);(C)[η]=6.44×10~(-2) M_w~(0.59).无扰尺寸(S~2)_0/M及K_8为12.9×10~(-18)cm~2·mol/g及0.175cm~3/g.确证该多糖分子在溶液中呈稍刚硬的柔性无规线团状态.     

6-疏基嘌呤,硫唑嘌呤,8-氮杂鸟嘌呤的滤纸基质室温燐光法研究

建立了 6 巯基嘌呤、硫唑嘌呤和 8 氮杂鸟嘌呤 3种抗癌嘌呤化合物的滤纸基质室温光分析新方法。详细探讨了影响其室温光发射的各种因素。该方法的线性范围、检出限、精密度分别为 6 巯基嘌呤2 0～ 4 .0× 10 2 μmol/L ,1.3μmol/L ,4 .1% ;硫唑嘌呤 2 .0～ 6 .0× 10 2 μmol/L、1.2 μmol/L、3.8% ;8 氮杂鸟嘌呤1.1～ 2 .2× 10 2 μmol/L、7.4× 10 -2 μmol/L、1.3%。用该方法进行尿液中嘌呤化合物的回收测定 ,回收率为 96 .2 %～ 10 1.7% ;进行 6 MP在药片中的回收测定 ,回收率为 96 .2 %～ 10 2 .1%。     

聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的苯溶液粘度对切变速度的依赖性 Ⅱ.用光散射法测定特性粘数分子量关系

在不同外加水压下作者等用毛细管粘度计测定了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯五个分级试样的苯溶液粘度,并用光散射法在丙酮溶液中测定了重均分子量,得到下列特性粘数、分子量关系式(25°)。不加外压时:[η]=3.80×10~(-3)M~(0.79)毫升/克S_R=55达因/厘米~2:[η]_s=12.6×10~(-3)M~(0.70)D_R=5000秒~(-1):[η]_D=8.37×10~(-3)M~(0.73) 适用于分子量范围0.2—4.5×10~6。并指出用实验数据验证性粘数理论时,α值的切变速度依赖性有重要的影响。粘度数据中斜度系数 k′或β值,无论对 S_R 或 D_R 都没有显著的影响,与前人的结果有不同。对光散射测定所用仪器加以叙述并从光散射数据得到了试样的 A_2和<~2>_z 的数值。     

锡-芦丁极谱络合吸附波的研究

在pH3.9的HCOOH～HCOONa缓冲溶液中,用单扫示波极谱法可获得灵敏的Sn(Ⅳ)-芦丁(Rt)络合吸附波.在1.0×10~mol/L～6.0×10~mol/L范围内锡浓度与波高呈正比关系,检测下限可达6.0×10~(-9)mol/L.应用该法测定了罐头菠萝汁中的锡.测得电活性络合物的组成为Sn(Ⅳ):Rt=1∶1,条件稳定常数为2.7×10~4。对p_1波测得电极反应的表面电极反应速率常数(k_)_1=95s~(-1)。对P_2波测得电子转移系数α=0.60,表面电极反应速率常数(K_)_2=3.8s~(-1).     

氯醇橡胶溶液性质的研究

氯醇橡胶具有优良的耐油、耐热、耐寒和耐老化等性能。其溶液性质已有报道,并订定了一些Mark-Houwink方程。过去所用试样分子量一般偏低,也未见用小角激光光散射法测定其分子量的报道。本文介绍高分子量((?)=7.0×10~5～1.3×10~6)无定形氯醇橡胶的溶液性质。     

流动注射化学发光法测定叶酸

建立了用高锰酸钾 -硫酸 -甲醛 -叶酸化学发光体系测定叶酸的新方法。方法的检出限为 2 .4× 10 -8mol/ L,叶酸浓度在 1.0× 10 -7～ 1.0× 10 -5 mol/ L范围内与化学发光强度呈良好的线性关系。对 4.0× 10 -6 mol/ L叶酸进行 11次平行测定 ,方法的相对标准偏差为 1.7%。该法用于叶酸片剂中叶酸含量的测定 ,结果与药典标准方法测得值一致 ,回收率为 97.3%～ 10 3.8%。     

共振光散射比浊法测定钾

近年来共振光散射技术已成功用于生化、环境、食品等分析领域[1 5]。本文基于四苯硼钠与钾作用产生难溶盐,使用表面活性剂使悬浊液保持稳定,共振光散射比浊法试验发现在pH=8 78的缓冲溶液、2mL浓度为5×10-3mol/L的四苯硼钠溶液,8mL乙二醇作为分散剂的条件下,该体系空白溶液的RLS较弱,当加入一定量的钾离子后体系RLS强度明显增强,且体系在0 0～4 6×10-4mol/L范围内线性关系良好,回归方程为:I=3 828cK+-0 071　R=0 9969检测限以3δ计算为0 124×10-6mol/L。该法用于尿液中钾含量的测定简便快捷,回收率92 6～103 5%之间,相对误差0 …     

诺氟沙星-锰络合体系的单扫描极谱法研究

采用单扫描极谱法研究了金属锰与诺氟沙星形成络合物的条件及反应机理。在pH 9.2 0NH3 NH4Cl缓冲体系中 ,诺氟沙星与锰络合并在 - 1.85V(vs.SCE)处产生一个灵敏的还原波 ,其峰高与NFX浓度在 8.0× 10 -6～ 1.9× 10 -5mol/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系 ,r =0 .995 4 ;检出限为 4 .0× 10 -6mol/L ;测得锰与诺氟沙星的配位比为 1∶2 ,表观稳定常数为 6 .37× 10 12 。     

吸附在银溶胶表面的2种卟啉化合物的荧光分析

研究了银溶胶对2种卟啉化合物——5,10,15,20-四对羟基苯基卟啉(简称T(4-HP)P)和5-羟基苯基-10,15,20-三苯基卟啉(HPTPP)的荧光猝灭行为,在5.0×10~6mol/L的T(4-HP)P,HPTPP溶液中分别加入1.5×10~(-4)mol/L的银胶后,两者的荧光猝灭效率都达90%以上,通过荧光猝灭曲线求得这2种卟啉与银胶之间表观作用常数分别为3.16×10~4(mol/L)~(-1),2.79×10~4(mol/L)~(-1),文中还讨论了银胶对T(4-HP)P,HPTPP荧光猝灭过程的动力学及2种卟啉分子与银胶之间的作用机理.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。