二甲醚合成催化剂失活原因的研究

采用胶体沉积法制备了Cu-ZnO-ZrO2／HZSM-5二甲醚合成催化剂．对二甲醚合成过程中催化剂的失活原因进行了初步研究．采用BET，NH3TPD，TPD，TP0和N2O脉冲实验对催化剂使用前后比表面积，表面酸性，表面吸附物种，表面积碳和活性组分Cu比表面积的变化进行了研究．发现，在二甲醚合成过程中，催化剂表面酸性，催化剂表面吸附物种和表面积碳变化较小，不是导致催化剂失活的主要原因．而催化剂在使用过程中活性组分Cu烧结使Cu比表面积降低是催化剂失活的主要原因．     

ZnO对Ag/SiO2催化剂银的分散作用及对吲哚合成稳定性的影响

将ZnO助剂加到由苯胺和乙二醇一步合成吲哚的Ag/SiO2催化剂中,发现ZnO助剂能大大提高催化剂的稳定性.XRD和TEM表征首次得到:ZnO是结构型助剂,它能使银很好地分散在SiO2表面上,并可有效地抑制反应过程中银粒子的烧结.     

钛硅分子筛在环己酮肟气相贝克曼重排反应中的失活

 对比了不同孔径的钛硅分子筛催化剂Ti－MCM－41（Si／Ti摩尔比＝27）和TS－1（Si／Ti摩尔比＝25）对环己酮肟气相贝克曼重排反应的催化性能，分析了它们在重排反应中的积碳量和孔体积的变化．结果表明，这些钛硅分子筛催化剂的失活主要是由积碳引起的，且积碳速率受催化剂孔径的制约．在重排反应过程中，TS－1催化剂微孔孔道内的积碳量随反应时间线性增加，微孔体积随反应时间线性下降；而二次孔内的积碳量随反应时间呈指数增加，孔体积随反应时间呈指数递减．     

适用于合成气制甲烷的Ni基催化剂

合成气(CO、H_2)甲烷化是合成天然气的有效途径,Ni基催化剂是目前最具有工业化应用潜力的甲烷化催化剂。在催化反应过程中,由于高CO浓度、反应温度,以及原料气中的含硫组分,所以催化剂易发生积碳、烧结和硫中毒,从而导致失活。如何提高Ni基催化剂的抗硫性能、抗烧结和抗积碳能力仍是一个挑战。本文分别从金属-载体相互作用、催化剂表界面性质调控以及限域效应这三个方面综述了近年来在提高Ni基催化剂抗积碳、抗烧结和抗硫中毒性能领域的最新研究进展,以期为Ni基甲烷化催化剂微观结构设计及反应性能调控提供理论依据。     

镍基气凝胶催化CH4-CO2重整制取合成气反应的研究Ⅱ.制备方法对Ni/CeO2-Al2O3催化剂反应性能的影响

采用浸渍法、溶胶 凝胶过程与普通干燥、超临界干燥过程相结合的方法制备了三种 82 3K焙烧的NiO CeO2 Al2 O3 体系催化剂 ,分别为浸渍型催化剂 (iNCA5 5 0 )、干凝胶催化剂 (xNCA5 5 0 )和气凝胶催化剂 (aNCA5 5 0 ) ,考察了它们在CH4 CO2 重整反应中的催化性能及反应的稳定性 ,采用TG、TEM、XPS等手段研究了反应前后催化剂的结构性质。研究结果表明 ,在 10 73K、CH4 CO2 =1∶1、180 0 0mL h·g的反应条件下 ,三种催化剂中aNCA5 5 0在CH4 CO2 重整反应过程中的积碳量较大 ,但却具有最好的反应稳定性 ;aNCA5 5 0具有较大积碳量与其表面酸量较大、酸性较强及较大镍分散度有关 ,然而由于它具有较大的积碳容量和很强的金属抗烧结能力 ,因此保持了较好的反应稳定性。催化剂积碳和金属镍烧结导致催化剂表面活性中心数目减少是催化剂失活的主要原因。     

浆态床二甲醚合成催化剂失活因素研究

以完全液相法制备的Si-Al基二甲醚合成催化剂为研究对象,运用XRD、TEM、XPS以及XRF等方法对失活催化剂的表面结构和性质进行表征,并与传统催化剂进行对比,探讨影响催化剂寿命的本质原因。研究结果表明,传统复合催化剂失活的主要原因是反应过程中Cu组分的烧结、团聚以及催化剂比表面积降低等;而Si-Al基完全液相法催化剂失活是由于Cu组分流失所致。     

Pd－La／镁铝尖晶石催化剂上气相胺化法合成2，6－二异丙基苯胺

 采用硝酸铝和硝酸镁混合溶液浸渍氧化铝，干燥后高温焙烧制得尖晶石载体，再用氯化钯和硝酸镧混合溶液浸渍该载体，制成Pd－La／尖晶石催化剂．研究了该催化剂上的气相胺化合成2，6－二异丙基苯胺．采用BET孔结构测试和XRD，TG，FT－IR及SEM等手段对新鲜及失活催化剂进行了表征，考察了胺化反应前后催化剂性质的变化．结果表明，失活催化剂上的积碳分别沉积在金属和载体上，这两种不同性质的积碳可分别在242和324℃燃烧，积碳中含有芳环、脂环、烷基、稠环芳烃和胺基物．催化剂的失活是由于气相胺化反应产物2，6－二异丙基苯胺和中间产物2，6－二异丙基环己胺均为碱性的大分子物质，它们容易吸附在催化剂的酸性载体上，并进一步生成更大的分子而形成积碳．     

Ga2O3/HZSM-5催化剂在乙烷脱氢反应中的积碳行为和MgO的修饰作用

研究了Ga₂O₃/HZSM-5催化剂在乙烷脱氢反应中的积碳、再生以及MgO的修饰作用. 通过激光拉曼、TG-MS和NH₃-TPD等表征手段对反应过程的积碳种类和速率进行研究. 实验结果表明, 催化剂强酸中心上容易发生乙烷裂解生成甲烷的副反应并产生积碳, 其中石墨型积碳在反应过程中难以消除, 是导致催化剂失活的主要原因. MgO修饰可以减少催化剂强酸中心的量, 对乙烷裂解生成甲烷的副反应活性起到显著抑制作用, 并使积碳速率得到有效控制, 从而提高了催化剂的稳定性和乙烯的选择性. 催化剂再生时, 在空气气氛中加入水蒸气能够提高脱除石墨化碳的效率, 经420 ℃再生后催化剂的活性得到明显恢复.     

稀土Ce对制合成气用Ce-Ni/Al2O3催化剂活性和稳定性的影响

 用浸渍法制备了Ni／Al2O3和Ce－Ni／Al2O3催化剂,并用BET,TGA－DTA和XPS技术对催化剂进行了表征,考察了稀土Ce对催化剂性能的影响,探讨了催化剂失活的原因．结果表明,在甲烷部分氧化和二氧化碳重整反应中,稀土Ce存在有部分还原变价过程（Ce4＋→Ce3＋）,不仅抑制了催化剂的积碳,而且改善了催化剂的水热稳定性和催化性能．经过较长时间反应的Ce－Ni／Al2O3催化剂,其比表面积下降,活性物种Ni和助剂Ce向体相迁移或部分流失,以及Ni晶粒的烧结聚集长大可能是造成催化剂逐渐失活的主要原因．     

加压条件下MgO/BaCO_3催化剂上甲烷氧化偶联反应性能及失活 Ⅰ.压力对催化剂表面结构的影响

考察了ＭｇＯ／ＢａＣＯ３催化剂上加压条件下甲烷氧化偶联反应的性能．结果表明，加压下甲烷转化率及Ｃ２选择性都明显下降，且当压力再恢复至常压后，其性能仍不能恢复，说明催化剂已经失活．ＸＲＤ谱表明，加压失活催化剂表面有部分ＭｇＣＯ３生成．但是，活性相ＭｇＯ部分碳酸化转变为ＭｇＣＯ３不是导致催化剂失活的主要原因，因为ＭｇＣＯ３的分解温度远低于反应温度，常压下其性能应当恢复．ＳＥＭ结果表明，加压失活催化剂的颗粒增大．ＸＰＳ表征结果表明，加压失活催化剂中的ＢａＣＯ３向表面富积，致使催化剂表面活性相ＭｇＯ的浓度和催化剂比表面积降低．根据以上结果可以认为，催化剂中的ＢａＣＯ３向表面富积的过程中会部分覆盖活性相ＭｇＯ，从而会使催化剂中ＭｇＯ与ＢａＣＯ３之间的协同作用遭到破坏，导致催化剂失活．     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.