甲烷部分氧化制合成气:载体及助剂对Ni系催化剂活性的影响

 采用浸渍法制备了Ni系催化剂,并用程序升温还原和X射线衍射技术对催化剂进行了表征,用固定床微反装置考察了催化剂的催化活性．活性考察结果表明,在Ni担载量为8％的Ni／γ－Al2O3,Ni／δ－Al2O3,Ni／θ－Al2O3和Ni／α－Al2O3四种催化剂上,甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应的活性及产物选择性存在着明显的差异．在770℃下,甲烷转化率及CO和H2的选择性按Ni／γ－Al2O3＜Ni／δ－Al2O3＜Ni／θ－Al2O3≈Ni／α－Al2O3顺序排列．在相同的条件下,加入适量的CeO2助剂后,Ni／γ－Al2O3和Ni／δ－Al2O3上的反应活性和选择性显著提高,而Ni／θ－Al2O3和Ni／α－Al2O3上的活性和选择性却变化不大．同时,表征结果显示,Ni易与γ－Al2O3形成镍铝尖晶石NiAl2O4,加入CeO2助剂能有效地抑制该组分的生成,而Ni／α－Al2O3样品中未发现NiAl2O4．因此,不同Ni／Al2O3催化剂体系上的反应活性及选择性的差异可归结为不同结构Al2O3载体的性质不同,及CeO2对抑制镍铝尖晶石生成的效果不同．     

（Ag／Al2O3＋Cu／Ce（x）／Al2O3）组合催化剂催化乙醇选择性还原NO工及其副产物的消除

制备了Cu／Ce（x）／Al2O3（X为Ce与Al的摩尔比）系列氧化催化剂,并考察了（Ag／Al2O3＋Cu／Ce（x）／Al2O3）组合体系催化乙醇还原NO,以及氧化去除反应副产物（CO和未完全燃烧的碳氧化合物）的活性．在200～350℃温度区间,组合催化剂具有与Ag／Al2O3相似的NO,去除效率．随着Ce／Al比增加,氧化催化剂去除CO的活性逐渐提高．Cu／CeO2催化剂具有最好的氧化活性,但其对NOx的去除有较大影响．综合考虑NOx转化率以及CO和HC的去除效果,（Ag/Al2O3＋Cu／Ce（0．15）／Al2O3）是最佳的催化剂组合体系．通过对此系列氧化催化剂的BET比表面积、XRD、H2-TPR以及XPS等表征结果的分析,发现Cu和Ce之间的相互作用是催化剂氧化CO能力提高的主要原因．     

工业Mo-Ni/USY-Al2O3失活催化剂的再生行为

 用ESCA,XRD,SEM及TPR等手段表征了不同条件下再生的工业失活加氢裂化催化剂．结果表明,Mo－Ni／USY－Al2O3失活催化剂在实验室装置中快速再生优于慢速再生;再生温度对催化剂的结构与性能有影响．480℃再生能将失活催化剂中绝大部分的碳和氮烧掉,且比表面积恢复率最高;600℃再生时,催化剂的毛细孔口明显减少,且产生少量聚结态β－NiMoO4晶相．     

加氢处理催化剂的制备和表征 Ⅰ.MoNiP/Al2O3催化剂的制备及助剂的作用

 采用专利方法制备出一种新型的γ－Al2O3,并以其为载体,制备出加氢处理催化剂MoNiP／Al2O3．用PAS－CA,XPS,DRS,TPR和微型反应色谱等技术对γ－Al2O3和催化剂进行了表征,考察了Ni和P两种助剂的作用．结果表明,γ－Al2O3具有较大的孔径,集中的孔分布和较高的机械强度;活性金属Mo在γ－Al2O3表面上的化学分散量（分散阈值）可达5．04～5．82μmol／m2．因而特别适合用作高活性加氢处理催化剂的载体．引入的Ni主要是同Mo／Al2O3催化剂表面上较稳定的金属－载体相互作用复合物反应,并生成类NiMoO4化合物;在MoNi／Al2O3催化剂中引入P,有利于抑制四面体配位结构的物种Mo［T］,增加八面体配位结构的物种Mo［O］,改善催化剂的还原性能,从而提高催化剂的加氢处理活性．助剂Ni和P的最佳含量分别为w（Ni）＝4．0％和w（P）＝2．6％．     

Cu－Zn／γ－Al2O3催化剂的制备及其在选择加氢反应中的催化性能

 通过浸渍法制备了不同Cu／Zn比的γ－Al2O3和改性γ－Al2O3负载的Cu－Zn催化剂，并用XRD，XPS和SEM等手段对催化剂进行了表征．XRD表征结果表明，还原活化前催化剂中的Cu和Zn分别以CuO和ZnO的形式存在；还原活化后Cu以单质的形式存在；催化剂失活后，单质Cu又转变成CuO．XPS和SEM分析结果表明，催化剂中金属的价态及颗粒的形貌在反应前后发生了变化．所制备的催化剂在糠醛加氢制糠醇反应中表现出较高的选择性．用Co改性的γ－Al2O3负载的Cu－Zn催化剂不仅具有较高的催化活性和选择性，而且还呈现出较长的寿命．催化剂中的Cu晶相是催化活性中心；催化剂中的Cu晶相转变成CuO和烧结是催化剂失活 的主要原因．     

贵金属铂对镍基催化剂上萘转化性能的影响

 在常压连续流动固定床反应器上，以萘作为生物质气化气中焦油的模型化合物，研究了Pt对Ni／Al2O3催化剂上萘的转化率、CO和H2的选择性及收率的影响，比较了Ni－Pt／Al2O3和Ni／Al2O3两种催化剂上萘的水蒸气转化所产生的积碳量和副产物的种类，并初步考察了Ni－Pt／Al2O3催化剂上萘的水蒸气转化反应的动力学．     

Ni含量及预硫化对NiW／γ—Al2O3催化剂上噻吩加氢脱硫反就活性的影响

采用连续流动微反装置考察了活性组分Ni／（(Ni＋W）原子比及预硫化条件对NiW/γ－Al2O3催化剂噻吩加脱硫（HDS）反应活性的影响，用X射线光电子能谱和电镜微区元素分析方法对硫化态催化剂进行了表征，结果表明，催化剂的组成、硫化方法、硫化度和反应条件等都影响NiW/γ－Al2O3催化剂的HDS反应活性，对于在较低温度（300℃）下硫化的催化剂，当反应温度较低（260－290℃）时，最佳Ni(Ni＋W）原子比为0．50，而当反应温度较高（330－360℃），最佳Ni（Ni＋W）原子比为0．23，当催化剂在300－500℃下硫化时，其噻吩HDS反应活性随硫化温度升高而增大，表明硫化度较高的催化剂具有较高的HDS反应活性。     

助剂CeO2对Co/Al2O3催化剂上F-T合成反应性能的影响

 在用于F－T合成的Co／Al2O3催化剂中加入少量助剂,能够提高CO转化率和C5＋烃选择性．主要考察了助剂CeO2添加量和催化剂焙烧温度等因素对F－T合成反应的影响,并通过程序升温还原、程序升温氧化及X射线衍射等手段对催化剂进行了表征．结果表明,在Co／Al2O3催化剂中加入少量CeO2（n（Ce）／n（Co）＝0．1～0．14）,能够有效提高催化剂的催化活性和C5＋烃选择性;焙烧温度则以相反的趋势控制F－T反应活性和链增长几率;助剂的加入降低了催化剂的起始还原温度,改善了催化剂的还原性能．但是,催化剂的积碳量有所增加,经10h反应后,催化剂上存在两种类型的积碳．     

K2O助剂对合成碳酸二甲酯用Cu/Ni/ZrO2-SiO2催化剂的吸附和催化性能的影响

 用等体积浸渍法制备了ZrO2－SiO2（ZrSiO）表面复合氧化物负载的Cu－Ni催化剂,并用IR,TPR,TPD及微反技术考察了K2O助剂对CO2和CH3OH在Cu－Ni／ZrSiO催化剂表面上的吸附及合成碳酸二甲酯（DMC）反应性能的影响．结果表明：加入K2O助剂使CO2在催化剂表面上的吸附增强,当n（K）／n（Cu＋Ni）＝15％时,CO2在催化剂表面上吸附后生成K2CO3;CH3OH在催化剂表面上的解离吸附态（CH3O－和H＋）的吸附减弱;CO2和CH3OH在Cu－Ni／ZrSiO催化剂表面上反应的主要产物为DMC,H2O,CO和CH2O;随着K2O助剂的加入,反应转化率及DMC选择性提高,副产物（CO和CH2O）的选择性下降．根据实验结果,探讨了K2O对催化剂表面活性中心电荷分布的影响．     

甲烷部分氧化Ni催化剂及助剂的研究

考察了不同Ni担载量的Ni／a－Al_2O_3催化剂的催化性能，以8％Ni（质量分数）最佳．XRD分析表明，8％Ni催化剂表面NiO颗粒最小．TPR分析表明，催化剂表面主要有两种不同化学环境的NiO，当Ni担载量超过12％时，表面开始出现“游离态”NiO，这部分NiO易使催化剂积碳．添加稀土Ce有利于提高Ni催化剂的活性、选择性和稳定性，并对Ce的助剂效应作了研究．     

Methane Decomposition and C2 Hydrocarbon Formation under the Condition of DC Discharge Plasma

The infrared emission spectra of methane, H, CH and C2 hydrocarbons in natural gas were measured. The processes of methane decomposition and formation of C2 hydrocarbons were studied. The experiment shows that methane decomposition can be divided into three periods as the reaction proceeds.In the first period, a large number of free radicals were formed. While in the last period, the formation of C2 hydrocarbons and the decrease of free radicals were observed. The time and conditions of methane decomposition and formation of C2 hydrocarbons are different.     

Photooxidation of Methane over TiO2

Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy has been employed to investigate the adsorption and photo‐oxidation of CH₄ over powdered TiO₂. The interaction between the CH₄ and TiO₂ surface is weak. It is found that no CH₄ molecules are adsorbed on the surface at 35 °C in a vacuum. Under UV irradiation, CH₄ decomposes to form CO_(a), CO_2(g), H20_(a), and HCOO_(a) in the presence of O₂. The photoreaction rate is retarded and only small amounts of CO_(a) and HCOO_(a) are formed in the absence of O₂. It is observed that the oxygen atoms of O₂ are incorporated into these photoproducts as ¹⁸O₂ is used. The major ¹⁸O‐containing products are C¹⁸O_(a), C¹⁸O_2(g), H₂ ¹⁸O_(a), HC¹⁶O¹⁸O_(a), and HC¹⁸O¹⁸O_(a) after 180 min UV irradiation. However, the extent of ¹⁸O incorporating into the adsorbed formate is dependent on UV irradiation time. In the early stage of UV irradiation HC¹⁶O¹⁶O_(a) is the major formate form indicating the involvement of TiO₂ lattice oxygens for its formation, but HC¹⁸O¹⁸O_(a) becomes the major one after 180 min indicating the involvement of ¹⁸O₂. Formate on TiO₂ further photodecomposes to CO_2(g), but not to CO_(a). CO_(a) formation is directly from CH₄ photodecomposition with the participation of TiO₂ lattice oxygens and O₂.     

Production of Hydrogen from Methane by a CO2 Emission-Suppressed Process: Methane Decomposition and Gasification of Carbon Nanofibers

Catalytic methane decomposition into hydrogen and carbon nanofibers and the oxidations of carbon nanofibers with CO₂, H₂O and O₂ were overviewed. Supported Ni catalysts (Ni/SiO₂, Ni/TiO₂ and Ni/carbon nanofiber) were effective for the methane decomposition. The activity and life of the supported Ni catalysts for methane decomposition strongly depended on the particle size of Ni metal on the catalysts. The modification of the catalysts with Pd enhanced the catalytic activity and life for methane decomposition. In particular, the supported Ni catalysts modified with Pd showed high turnover number of hydrogen formation at temperatures higher than 973 K with a high one-pass methane conversion (>70%). However, sooner or later, every catalyst completely lost their catalytic activities due to the carbon layer formation on active metal surfaces. In order to utilize a large quantity of the carbon nanofibers formed during methane decomposition as a chemical feedstock or a powdered fuel for heat generation, they were oxidized with CO₂, H₂O and O₂ into CO, synthesis gas and CO₂, respectively. In every case, the conversion of carbon was greater than 95%. These oxidations of carbon nanofibers recovered or enhanced the initial activities of the supported Ni catalysts for methane decomposition.     

甲烷在Ni/TiO_2催化剂表面的活化

考察了Ｎｉ／ＴｉＯ２催化剂甲烷部分氧化和二氧化碳重整制合成气的反应活性,实验表明,以ＴｉＯ２为载体的镍系催化剂对于甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应具有较好的活性,尤其对Ｈ２的选择性较高,对二氧化碳重整制合成气反应具有较好的低温反应活性．采用脉冲－质谱在线分析等技术,在无气相氧条件下向Ｎｉ／ＴｉＯ２催化剂脉冲ＣＨ４,发现甲烷在催化剂表面的活化（转化）及其氧化产物的选择性与金属催化剂表面氧的浓度密切相关．ＣＨ４与Ｎｉ／ＴｉＯ２催化剂作用过程中存在明显的氢溢流和氧溢流现象,可能是这种溢流效应使得Ｎ／ＴｉＯ２催化剂具有良好的反应活性和抗积碳性能．     

Kinetic Simulation of Methane and Ethane Hydroxylation by Methane Monooxygenase

According to the mechanism of alkane hydroxylation, whose main postulate is the formation of an intermediate complex containing pentacoordinated carbon, the hydroxylation of methane and ethane by methane monooxygenase was kinetically simulated by the numerical method. The published data on the kinetic isotope effects of oxidation of deuterium-substituted methane molecules (CHD₃, CH₂D₂, and CH₃D) and the distribution of products of chiral ethane (R- and S-MeCHDT) oxidation by methane monooxygenase were examined. The kinetic models proposed for the oxidation of isotopically substituted methane and ethane are in good agreement with experimental data.     

Methane Adsorption on Planar WS2 and on WS2-Fullerene and -Nanotube Containing Samples

Adsorption-desorption cycles were measured for methane on non-irradiated WS₂, and on irradiated WS₂ (which contained, in part, WS₂ fullerenes and nanotubes). Both types of samples were further subdivided into three sets: one set received no further treatment, another set was heated under vacuum, and the last set was acid-treated and heated. The specific surface area was determined for each set; so was the presence or absence of a hysteresis loop in the adsorption-desorption cycles. The results of these two groups of measurements were correlated with the space available for adsorption. The implications of the results for the experimental determination of the dimensionality of gas adsorbed at the interior of nanotubes are discussed.     

La2CoAlO6催化剂的制备及其甲烷催化燃烧性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法, 以柠檬酸为络合剂制备了新型稀土双钙钛矿催化材料La₂CoAlO₆, 利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、H₂-程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、比表面(BET)、扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱和磁性测试等手段对其进行了表征, 以甲烷催化燃烧反应为探针考察了其催化活性. 结果表明, 在空气气氛中, 经过1100 °C焙烧3 h后, 可以形成稳定的单相稀土双钙钛矿型化合物La₂CoAlO₆, 且该化合物表现出较好的甲烷催化燃烧活性, 起燃温度(T₁₀)和完全转化温度(T₉₀)分别为434.1和657.4 °C. 与稀土单钙钛矿型催化剂LaCoO₃和LaAlO₃相比, 其T₁₀分别降低了56.5和138.2 °C, T₉₀分别降低了84.6和108.9 °C. H₂-程序升温还原结果表明, 稀土双钙钛矿型化合物La₂CoAlO₆有较低的还原温度, 并且经过H₂-程序升温还原反应后, La₂CoAlO₆样品XRD图中的所有衍射峰均向小角度方向发生了移动. 扫描电子显微镜的结果表明, 稀土双钙钛矿型催化剂La₂CoAlO₆表现出无规则的片状形貌及较强的抗烧结性. 此外还发现稀土双钙钛矿型催化剂La₂CoAlO₆的磁滞回线较为特殊.     

H2S‐Mediated Thermal and Photochemical Methane Activation

Sustainable, low‐temperature methods for natural gas activation are critical in addressing current and foreseeable energy and hydrocarbon feedstock needs. Large portions of natural gas resources are still too expensive to process due to their high content of hydrogen sulfide gas (H₂S) mixed with methane, deemed altogether as sub‐quality or “sour” gas. We propose a unique method of activation to form a mixture of sulfur‐containing hydrocarbon intermediates, CH₃SH and CH₃SCH₃, and an energy carrier such as H₂. For this purpose, we investigated the H₂S‐mediated methane activation to form a reactive CH₃SH species by means of direct photolysis of sub‐quality natural gas. Photoexcitation of hydrogen sulfide in the CH₄+H₂S complex resulted in a barrierless relaxation by a conical intersection to form a ground‐state CH₃SH+H₂ complex. The resulting CH₃SH could further be coupled over acidic catalysts to form higher hydrocarbons, and the resulting H₂ used as a fuel. This process is very different from conventional thermal or radical‐based processes and can be driven photolytically at low temperatures, with enhanced control over the conditions currently used in industrial oxidative natural gas activation. Finally, the proposed process is CO₂ neutral, as opposed to the current industrial steam methane reforming (SMR).     

氧化铈负载CuO催化材料对甲烷燃烧的催化作用

以甲烷催化燃烧为目标反应, 考察了CuO/CeO2催化材料的催化活性, 研究了催化材料中铜含量, 制备方法及焙烧温度对催化活性的影响. 结果表明, CuO/CeO2催化材料对甲烷燃烧反应呈现出较高催化活性, 适当温度下焙烧催化剂有利于提高催化剂的催化活性. 随着催化剂中氧化铜含量的改变, 甲烷完全燃烧的温度改变较大. 对于浸渍法样品, 当CuO% (质量分数)>13.0% 时, 复合物本体有CuO晶相出现, 而不是以高分散形式分布在复合物表面, 导致催化活性下降, 完全燃烧温度升高. 最佳CuO含量CuO% 约为8.0%.