烟草多酚的提取分离及分析研究进展

烟草中多酚类物质的种类及含量对烤后烟叶的香气品质、烟叶色泽及香吃味有重要影响,有效提取分离与确定烟草中的多酚类物质可提高烤后烟叶的品质,增加烟草制品的经济利用价值。本文详细介绍了溶剂萃取、超声辅助提取、微波辅助提取和超临界流体萃取四种提取烟草多酚的常用方法,以及高效液相色谱法(HPLC)、高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)和近红外光谱法三种测定烟草多酚的分析方法,综述了提取分离及分析烟草多酚新技术的研究现状,同时对各方法的优缺点进行比较,并探讨了当前亟待解决的问题及工业化利用前景,使烟草多酚能更广泛地应用于食用、药用等领域,增加烟草多酚的实际应用价值。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）法测定稀有多金属矿中锂铍铌钽铷铯

稀有多金属矿中的锂、铍、铌、钽、铷、铯6种元素经常伴生共存,铍的矿物大多难以被酸彻底溶解,铌、钽极易水解,准确测定这些元素需要多种方法,分析过程繁琐。本文建立了以电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）法同时测定稀有多金属矿中锂、铍、铌、钽、铷、铯的方法。称取矿石样品放入高压罐中,加入氢氟酸+硫酸+硝酸的混酸,拧紧盖子后进行微波消解,在高温高压的作用下可使样品完全溶解;消解后的样品转移到聚四氟乙烯烧杯中,用电热板赶酸,以盐酸（50 %）提取样品,再加入3滴氢氟代替常规的酒石酸抑制铌、钽的水解,定容后用ICP-MS直接测定。考察了微波消解到温后的保持时间,结果表明30 min可将样品完全溶解;考察了提取液的用量,结果表明10 mL盐酸（50%）和3滴氢氟酸可将样品完全提取;优化了仪器测试条件、选择了合适的测定同位素和内标元素,各元素的质谱信号在0～20 μg/mL浓度范围呈良好的线性关系,相关系数（r）均在0.9999以上。使用微波消解法和电热板消解法分别对6个稀有多金属矿石国家一级标准物质分别进行溶解,结果表明电热板消解法铍的测定结果明显偏低,微波消解法各元素测定结果均在认定值的误差范围内。方法检出限值为3.0～10.0 μg /g;测试范围为0.001～4.3 %;相对标准偏差RSD（n=12）为0.32 ～12.5 %。质量参数满足地质矿产实验规范要求。     

微波吸收介质管-微波辅助提取水果中的有机磷农药

使用自行设计的微波吸收介质管辅助加热样品, 建立了一种新的微波加速提取法, 并以正己烷为提取溶剂, 利用改装的便携式微波提取仪提取了水果中的4种有机磷农药. 将微波介质密封于玻璃管内制成微波介质管, 使微波介质可重复使用, 同时加快了提取速度. 提取产物无需纯化, 可直接用于气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析. 自行设计改装的交直流两用便携式微波提取仪可用于野外现场的快速样品前处理. 以水果样品为例, 对提取溶剂的种类、 料液比、 提取温度及提取时间等条件进行了优化, 结果表明该方法简便、 快速且高效. 4种有机磷农药的回收率为79.4% ~107.6%, RSD<12.20%, 检出限为0.15 ~0.42 μg/kg.     

微柱高效液相色谱法测定金银花中的多酚类物质

研究了用微柱高效液相色谱法测定金银花中的几种多酚类物质 (氯原酸、木犀草黄素、木犀草黄素 7 葡萄糖甙、木犀草黄素 7 半乳糖甙、槲皮素及槲皮素 3 葡萄糖甙)的方法。金银花样品中的多酚类物质用甲醇加热回流提取,然后以WatersXterraTMRP18 (1. 0mm×50mm, 2. 5mm)微柱为固定相, 1%的醋酸和甲醇梯度洗脱为流动相分离,在该色谱条件下,金银花中 6种多酚类成分在 4min内可达到基线分离;用紫外二极管矩阵检测器检测。方法标准回收率为 97% ~104%;相对标准偏差为 1. 6% ~2. 3%。测定了几种金银花样品中的多酚类物质,结果满意。     

川佛手中多酚类物质的微波和超声波联合提取工艺优化

采用微波和超声波提取技术,实现了川佛手中多酚类物质的有效提取.在微波功率800 W和微波提取时间40 min的条件下,通过单因素实验条件优化,考察了超声功率、乙醇浓度、提取温度、超声时间和提取料液比对提取效率的影响;通过正交试验设计,确定了最佳提取工艺条件参数,即超声功率800 W、乙醇体积分数60%、提取温度55℃、超声时间1.0 h和提取料液比1∶20 g/m L;通过验证实验,得到川佛手多酚的提取率约为20.79 mg/g.     

微波辅助-旋转回流提取仪的组装及其在叶下珠有机酸提取中的应用

组装了一种新型的微波辅助旋转回流装置,该装置的基本原理与微波辅助溶剂萃取的原理相同,但采用了旋转的技术以加速提取.应用该装置以正交实验筛选优化叶下珠中有机酸的提取工艺,并利用毛细管电泳技术分离测定了提取液中有机酸的含量以评价提取效果.最佳提取工艺:乙醚为溶剂,微波功率800 W,提取时间4 min,溶剂用量300 mL.在该提取条件下,平行5次提取叶下珠中丁二酸、原儿茶酸、没食子酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸的平均含量分别为42.2、103.5、436.2、123.8、67.4 μg/g,相对标准偏差为0.87% ～3.7%,加标回收率为94% ～104%.将该法与常规的微波辅助提取法及回流提取法进行比较,结果表明,微波辅助旋转回流提取法提取效率明显优于其它2种方法.     

葡萄酒中10种多酚类物质的高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道高分辨质谱测定方法研究

利用高分辨质谱的定性鉴别能力,建立了葡萄酒中10种多酚类物质含量的高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道高分辨质谱(HPLC-QE HRMS)分析方法。样品经酸化后乙酸乙酯提取,ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)分离,全扫描和目标离子二级扫描定性,外标法定量。10种多酚类物质的定量下限为0.000 5~0.002 5 mg/L,加标回收率为82.0%~109.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于10%。     

王水水浴消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定土壤中10种重金属元素

采用王水提取电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定土壤重金属元素具有快速简便等优点,但不同文献中标准物质测定结论不一,本文采用王水水浴法消解样品,以Rh为内标,优选测试同位素并消除质谱干扰,建立了ICP-MS测定土壤中V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mo、Cd和Pb等10种重金属元素的方法。校准曲线的相关系数为0.9995~0.9999,各元素的检出限为0.01 μg?g-1 ~ 0.96 μg?g-1,测定的相对标准偏差（RSD,n=10）为0.6% ~12.3%,加标回收率为95%~106%。通过测定30种农用地土壤成分标准物质,考察王水法的提取能力。结果表明,提取率与元素种类有关,各元素的提取率中位数排列为V（51%）、Cr（51%）、Ni（82%）、Co（86%）、Mn（91%）、Mo（92%）、Cu（93%）、Pb（94%）、Zn（96%）和Cd（100%）;提取率还与样品基体及重金属含量有关,不同土壤标准物质的提取率差别较大,元素含量越高,提取率有升高趋势,因此方法质控不宜使用全量分析标准物质。     

微波辐射溶剂提取-分光光度法测定农吉利中的总黄酮

采用微波辐射溶剂法提取农吉利中的总黄酮。研究了微波功率、微波辐射时间、提取溶剂用量、提取温度、提取时间等实验条件。以牡荆素作为目标物表征,利用UV法测定了提取液中总黄酮。实验结果表明:与常规溶剂回流提取相比,在相同的提取条件下用微波辐射处理药材后再进行提取,其提取率明显提高,山东和广西样品中总黄酮的提取率分别提高48.3%和23.2%。该方法的加标回收率为94.2%~105.5%,重复测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.1%(n=6)。该法用于农吉利中总黄酮的提取和测定,处理方法简单,测定结果可靠。     

白花蛇舌草中黄酮、多酚、多糖提取工艺及抗氧化研究

本研究利用水浴-回流法提取,分光光度法分析了云南不同产地白花蛇舌草样品中黄酮、多酚、多糖含量;同时,分别研究了不同乙醇体积分数、液料比、提取温度、时间对样品中这3类物质提取效率的影响;此外,利用清除DPPH·自由基的方法,分析了提取液的抗氧化活性,以期为白花蛇舌草资源的利用提供理论和实践指导。结果表明,白花蛇舌草中这3类物质最佳提取条件为乙醇体积分数60%、液料比1:35、温度80℃、时间2. 5 h;不同产地23个样品提取液抗氧化活性IC_(50)(DPPH半数清除率浓度)在0. 18～0. 58 mg·mL~(-1)之间,平均值为0. 35 mg·mL~(-1);相关性分析表明,这些样品中黄酮、多酚含量和IC_(50)值之间呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0. 852和-0. 886(p0. 01),多糖含量与IC_(50)无显著相关性。以上结果表明,水浴-回流法可同时提取白花蛇舌草中黄酮、多酚、多糖三类物质;不同产地样品中这3类物质含量存在差异,这可能与生态因素不同有关;白花蛇舌草中最主要的抗氧化活性物质为黄酮和多酚。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。     

黄酮化合物的合成研究进展

黄酮化合物是一类具有多种生物活性的天然产物,其经典的合成方法主要为查耳酮路线和β-丙二酮路线.近年来出现了许多新技术、新方法.本文介绍了2'-羟基查尔酮的氧化关环法、黄烷酮氧化法、改进的Baker-Venkataraman法及其他合成黄酮化合物的方法.