鸡肉中稳定同位素组成与饲料和饮水关系的研究

通过稳定同位素质谱技术分析了鸡肉中的稳定同位素1δ3C和2δH值、饲料中的1δ3C值,及饮水中的1δ8O值,研究鸡肉中稳定同位素组成与肉鸡的饲料和饮水的关系,从而为动物产品的溯源技术奠定基础。分别从不同地区采集鸡肉、饲料及饮水样品,测定其1δ3C、2δH及1δ8O值。结果表明:鸡肉和饲料中的1δ3C值呈极显著的正相关(相关系数达0.782,P<0.01),鸡肉中的2δH值和饮水中的1δ8O值呈高度正相关(相关系数达0.816,P<0.01)。说明可以根据鸡肉中的1δ3C、2δH值推断肉鸡的饲料和产地。     

稳定同位素碳、氮、硫、氢在鸡肉产地溯源中的应用研究

利用同位素比值质谱仪测定了来自北京、山东、湖南、广东4省9个不同地区鸡肉粗蛋白中的δ^13C、δ^15N、δ^34S、δ^2H值和相应各地饮水中的δ^180值。多元方差分析结果表明,δ^13C、δ^15N、δ^34S、δ^2H 4种稳定同位素在不同地区的鸡肉中均有显著差异（p〈0．05）;4参数同时对鸡肉产地的正确判别率达到了100％;各地饮水中的δ^18O值和鸡肉中的δ^2H值呈现显著正相关性（p〈0．01）。碳、氮同位素受饲料、气候等因素的影响,硫同位素依赖于地理位置和产地表面的地质特点。     

牛组织中稳定性同位素碳、氮随饲料变化的研究

研究了饲料组成不同时,牛不同组织中δ13C和δ15N值的变化规律.将9头12～14月龄的青年牛随机分为3组,分别饲喂C4植物含量为100%、50%、0%的饲料,132 d后屠宰.利用同位素比率质谱仪测定了牛尾毛、脱脂牛肉、粗脂肪、各种饲料的δ13C和δ15N值.结果表明,饲喂同种饲料的牛个体间碳、氮同位素组成随着时间的延长差异减小;牛尾毛、脱脂肌肉、粗脂肪中的δ13C值呈极显著相关性(P＜0.01),并均与C4植物含量呈极显著的相关性(P＜0.01);牛组织中的δ15N值并未随饲料呈现规律性变化.用牛组织中的δ13C值可以预测饲料中C4植物所占的比例,牛尾毛、脱脂肌肉、粗脂肪均可作为牛肉溯源的材料.     

基于稳定碳同位素技术的痕量动物油和植物油的区分检验研究

本文以鸡油和猪油为例,旨在运用稳定碳同位素技术建立区分痕量动物油与植物油的区分检验方法。先在实验室内制备猪油和鸡油样品,然后运用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)、气相色谱-同位素比值质谱仪(GC-IRMS)和元素分析-同位素比值质谱仪(EA-IRMS)对猪油和鸡油的脂肪酸组成与其全油和脂肪酸的稳定碳同位素比值进行了研究。结果显示:鸡油的δ13C值处于-21.58‰至-18.30‰(脂肪酸:-21.58‰~-18.30‰;全油:-19.82‰~-19.30‰)的区间;猪油的δ13C值处于-22.16‰至-16.15‰(脂肪酸:-22.16‰~-16.15‰;全油:-18.70‰~-16.83‰)的区间;鸡油和猪油的δ13C值与大多数植物油的δ13C值存在显著差异。因此,基于动物油与植物油在δ13C值方面存在的显著差异性,建立区分痕量动物油和植物油的高灵敏的检验方法。     

元素分析-碳同位素比值质谱法在纯正葡萄汁掺假鉴别中的应用

采用元素分析-同位素比值质谱法(EA-IRMS)对纯正葡萄汁掺假情况进行研究。通过测定152个不同产区纯正葡萄汁的碳同位素比值(δ~(13)C值),初步建立了纯正葡萄汁的同位素数据库。检测结果表明,纯正葡萄汁中糖的δ~(13)C值(δ~(13)CS)范围为-26.92‰~-24.16‰,而有机酸的δ~(13)C值(δ~(13)CO)范围为-27.56‰~-24.99‰。根据上述两个参数,提出了纯正葡萄汁应满足的δ~(13)C值要求:有机酸和糖的差值(Δδ~(13)C_(O-S))在-1.63‰~0.72‰范围内。采用该法对85个市售葡萄汁进行检测,检出31个掺入碳-4植物糖和有机酸的阳性样品。糖浆添加实验的结果表明,该方法可以检测8%以上碳-4植物糖的掺假,能有效鉴别葡萄汁的掺假,在葡萄汁的品质保证方面有很大的实际应用潜力。     

元素分析-同位素比质谱法测定葡萄酒中乙醇δ 13C值

比较了旋转蒸发仪、全玻璃蒸馏装置和全自动蒸馏控制系统3种蒸馏方法,对葡萄酒乙醇δ13C值的影响,确定了元素分析-同位素比质谱仪(Elementary analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometer)最佳测定条件,建立了元素分析-同位素比质谱法测定乙醇δ13C值方法。在重复性和再现性条件下,对乙醇标准及葡萄酒乙醇δ13C值进行测定,标准偏差低于0.25‰。检测食品同位素分析技术-能力测试计划(FIT-PTS)两个葡萄酒样品乙醇δ13C值,与给定值相差0.2‰。采用液相色谱-同位素比质谱法(Liquid chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry)与本方法分别对16个国家和地区40个葡萄酒样品的乙醇δ13C值测定,其结果为!23.90‰~28.29‰,且两种检测方法的检测结果差值︳Δδ(EA-LC)max︳<0.3‰,具有较强的相关性(R2=0.9749)。本方法无同位素分馏,适用于葡萄酒中乙醇δ13C值测定。     

中国生物气中烷烃组分的碳同位素特征及其鉴别标志

我国生物气中烷烃气的碳同位素组成特征是:随生物气中烷烃气分子的碳原子数的增加,δ~(13)C值分布区间,主频率段分布范围均随之缩小,δ~(13)C最轻的和最重的界限值也随之变重;生物气中乙烷的碳同位素和丙烷的碳同位素之间呈线性正相关关系;δ~(13)C_1,δ~(13)C_2和δ~(13)C_3值随重烃气(C_(2+3))含量的增加有变重趋势。文中首次研究了我国生物气的δ~(13)C_1-C_(2+3)(％),δ~(13)C_2-C_(2+3)(％)和δ~(13)C_2-δ~(13)C_3的关系及其相关性回归方程,并指出,δ~(13)C_1<—55‰和C_(2+3)<0.5％是鉴别我国生物气的良好指标,δ~(13)C_2-δ~(13)C_3<-10‰可作为鉴别生物气的一项新指标。     

稳定同位素比质谱法测定苹果和浓缩苹果汁的δ13C值

用从国际原子能机构溯源得到的橄榄油标准物质[Cat No.B 2172-Batch 3130,其δ13CPDB为(-28.51±0.16)‰]作标准,应用稳定同位素比质谱法测定了苹果和苹果汁的δ13 C值,并以此确定国产苹果的δ13 C值的范围和鉴定制成的果汁的质量。苹果样品去皮后切碎,打成糊状,离心后取其上清液,在75℃加热2～3h至呈黏稠状液体,冷却至室温。此时其糖度约为70Brix。浓缩苹果汁样品是黏稠液体,其糖度一般也在70Brix左右。取2μL上述样品置于锡杯中,按方法处理后供质谱分析。标准物质的进样量为2μL。按所测得碳的稳定同位素13C与12C的比值代入所给公式计算δ13 C值。结果表明:方法的精密度较好,其相对标准偏差(n=11)均小于0.021%。根据测定结果发现,我国苹果的δ13C值在-29.1‰～-23.33‰之间。     

热脱附-单体稳定同位素技术测定挥发性有机物

采用热脱附与稳定同位素质谱联用技术分析了城市不同源及大气环境中挥发性有机物排放的单体同位素特征。系统考察了样品进样量、进样方式和样品分离度对同位素分馏影响情况。使用填有Tenax TA的吸附管采集汽油车尾气、汽油挥发、柴油车尾气、柴油挥发、溶剂挥发和餐饮油烟等污染源,以及城市不同功能区的挥发性有机物(VOCs)样品,不同污染源中挥发性有机物的稳定碳同位素δ13C值不同,97#汽油车尾气的δ13 C值偏重,平均值为-25.84‰,富集13 C;餐饮油烟的δ13 C值偏轻,平均值为-30.26‰。油品挥发比燃烧后以尾气的形式排放的苯系物δ13 C值重。厦门市各功能区挥发性有机物的δ13 C平均范围在-27.03‰~-25.40‰,接近于汽油和柴油挥发及尾气中的δ13 C值,表明厦门市空气中挥发性有机物以机动车排放源为主。     

松辽盆地非生物成因气的探讨

松辽盆地为—克拉通内裂谷盆地。基底、地壳及超壳深大断裂发育。沿深大断裂发生的沉积同期和后期的岩浆活动活跃,存在着非生物成因天然气及其伴生资源的供给条件。非生物成因甲烷沿深大断裂分布,δ~(13)C为-12.8‰至-24.2‰;甲烷同系物碳同位素组成δ~(13)C值反序排列,即δ~(13)C_1>δ~(13)C_2>δ~(13)C_3;氦同位素显示了含幔源氦的同位素组成特征,~3He/~4He=2.34—2.97×10~(-6);上述事实表明,松辽盆地可能存在非生物成因天然气及其伴生资源,是裂谷型沉积盆地资源评价的重要内容。     

Investigation of the species-dependent in vitro metabolism of BAL30630 by stable isotope labeling and isotope exchange experiments analyzed by capillary liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry

The in vitro metabolic profile of BAL30630, an antifungal piperazine propanol derivative, which inhibits the 1,3-beta-d-glucansynthase, was investigated by incubation with microsomes of several species and with rat hepatocytes. For the spotting of the metabolites, mixtures of BAL30630 with a stable isotope (deuterium) labeled analogue were incubated. The metabolic pattern comprises several oxidized metabolites. Based on isotope exchange experiments, their structures could be assigned to epoxide- and hydroxylated metabolites. In hepatocyte incubations, several glucuronides formed from these oxidized metabolites could be observed. From the analysis of the metabolic pattern in microsomes, products of carbamate hydrolysis were characterized. This hydrolysis was highly species dependent. In activated incubations and in rat hepatocytes, those metabolites were further oxidized. In incubations without NADPH activation, the resulting hydrolytic metabolites could be enriched without the subsequent oxidation. Final structural elucidation of the metabolites was performed using accurate mass determination and isotope exchange experiments, in which incubations were analyzed by deuterium exchange and capillary HPLC–QTof-MS and MS/MS. The use of non-radioactive, stabile isotope labeled drug analogues in combination with isotope exchange studies was essential in particular for a defined assignment of the functional groups in the structures of the investigated metabolites.     

Cell-patterned glass spray for direct drug assay using mass spectrometry

In this work, the establishment of a glass spray mass spectrometry (GS-MS) platform for direct cell-based drug assay was described. Cell co-culture, drug-induced cell apoptosis, proliferation analysis and intracellular drug absorption measurement were performed simultaneously on this specifically designed platform. Two groups of co-cultured cells (NIH-3T3/HepG2 and HepG2/MCF-7) were cultivated and they showed high viability within 3 days. The biocompatibility of the platform facilitated the subsequent bioassays, in which, cyclophosphamide (CPA) and genistein were used as the model drugs. The distinctions of cell apoptosis and proliferation between the mono-cultured and co-cultured cells were clearly observed and well explained by in situ GS-MS measurements. A satisfactory linearity of the calibration curve between the relative MS intensity and CPA concentrations was obtained using stable isotope labeling method (y = 0.16545 + 0.0985x, R² = 0.9937). The variations in the quantity of absorbed drug were detected and the results were consistent with the concentration-dependence of cell apoptosis. All the results demonstrated that direct cell-based drug assay could be performed on the stable isotope labeling assisted GS-MS platform in a facile and quantitative manner.     

18O稳定同位素标记定量蛋白质组研究技术的建立与优化

建立了18O稳定同位素标记方法,用于复杂体系蛋白质相对定量分析。对影响蛋白质标记稳定性的实验条件进行了比较和优化。结果表明,采用酶切后标记的方法,酶切肽段在胰酶催化下,在pH 5.0的K2HPO4/KH2PO4缓冲体系中,37℃18O标记反应16 h,绝大部分肽段即可达到100%的标记效率。对多个16O/18O成对肽段峰强度的动态范围及定量准确度进行了考察。结果表明,18O标记方法是一种简便、稳定、可靠的相对定量方法,10倍动态范围内,标记率相对标准偏差在18.4%以内,16O/18O峰强度呈很好的线性关系。本实验考察了标记后的肽段在不同溶液体系中的稳定性,为复杂样品的预处理和预分离的溶液条件提供了依据。     

热表面电离同位素质谱在人体钙同位素示踪研究中的应用

研究了用热表面电离质谱测量经同位素示踪的人尿中钙同位素丰度比的方法。方法主要涉及生物样品的化学前处理程序和质谱测量技术,并就不同的样品前处理方法等因素对测量结果的影响进行了讨论,测量结果用于钙吸收率的计算。     

Quantitative mass spectrometry in proteomics: a critical review

The quantification of differences between two or more physiological states of a biological system is among the most important but also most challenging technical tasks in proteomics. In addition to the classical methods of differential protein gel or blot staining by dyes and fluorophores, mass-spectrometry-based quantification methods have gained increasing popularity over the past five years. Most of these methods employ differential stable isotope labeling to create a specific mass tag that can be recognized by a mass spectrometer and at the same time provide the basis for quantification. These mass tags can be introduced into proteins or peptides (i) metabolically, (ii) by chemical means, (iii) enzymatically, or (iv) provided by spiked synthetic peptide standards. In contrast, label-free quantification approaches aim to correlate the mass spectrometric signal of intact proteolytic peptides or the number of peptide sequencing events with the relative or absolute protein quantity directly. In this review, we critically examine the more commonly used quantitative mass spectrometry methods for their individual merits and discuss challenges in arriving at meaningful interpretations of quantitative proteomic data.     

Direct infusion electrospray ionization–ion mobility–mass spectrometry for comparative profiling of fatty acids based on stable isotope labeling

A rapid method for fatty acids (FAs) comparative profiling based on carboxyl-specific stable isotope labeling (SIL) and direct infusion electrospray ionization–ion mobility–mass spectrometry (ESI–IM–MS) is established. The design of the method takes advantage of the three-dimensional characteristics of IM–MS including drift time, m/z and ion intensity, for comparison of d0-/d6-2,4-dimethoxy-6-piperazin-1-yl pyrimidine (DMPP)-labeled FAs. In particular, without chromatographic separation, the method allowed direct FAs profiling in complex samples due to the advantageous priority of DMPP in signal enhancement as well as the extra resolution that IM–MS offered. Additionally, the d0-/d6-DMPP-labeled FAs showed expected features, including very similar drift times, 6 Da mass deviations, specific reporter ions, similar MS responses, and adherence to the drift time rule regarding the influence of carbon chain length and unsaturation on relative drift times. Therefore, the introduction of isotope analogs minimized the matrix effect and variations in quantification and ensured accurate identification of non-targeted FAs by those typical features. Peak intensity ratios between d0-/d6-DMPP-labeled ions were subsequently used in relative quantification for the detected FAs. The established strategy has been applied successfully in the rapid profiling of trace free FAs between normal and cancerous human thyroid tissues. Sixteen free FAs were found with the increased level with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to the normal tissue samples. The integrated SIL technique and ESI–IM–MS are expected to serve as an alternative tool for high-throughput analysis of FAs in complex samples.     

Improved quality control in gas chromatography interfaced to stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry by application of derivative chromatography

Compound-specific isotope analysis using gas chromatography interfaced to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) is a versatile technique for applications ranging from source appointment and the elucidation of biochemical pathways. When δ¹³C values are going to be determined, the sample is combusted to CO₂ and the resulting gas is analyzed relative to a standard with known stable carbon isotope ratio. With the combustion step any information on the identity of a peak is lost. Co-eluting compounds can no more be identified which can lead to significant alterations of the δ¹³C value of the analyte. For improvement of the QA/QC protocols in GC-IRMS, we used first, second, and third order derivative chromatography. The suitability of the technique was studied using mixtures of 2,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-heptachloro-1′-methyl-1,2′-bipyrrole (Q1) and 2,2′,4,5,5′-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 101). By application of different GC oven programs four scenarios ranging from baseline separation to full co-elution were obtained. Derivative chromatography enabled identification of the interference of Q1 with PCB 101 even when both peaks fully co-eluted. Although the δ¹³C values could not be determined from interfered scenarios, the use of derivative spectroscopy will help to prevent acceptance of incorrect data due to co-elutions. Derivative chromatography was finally used to study the peak purity of 2,2′,3,4,4′-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 85) in technical pentabromo diphenyl ether (DE-71). Already the first order derivative demonstrated that this key-BDE congener was interfered by a compound identified as 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 155).     

Playing tag with quantitative proteomics

There is steady need for new proteomic strategies on quantitative measurements that provide essential components for detailing dynamic changes in many cellular functions and processes. Stable isotope labeling is a rapidly evolving field, which can be used either after protein extraction with chemical labeling, or in cell culture with metabolic incorporation. In this review, we explore the most frequently utilized quantitation techniques with particular attention paid to chemical labeling using different isotopic tags, including a recent labeling strategy—soluble polymer-based isotopic labeling (SoPIL)—that achieves efficient labeling in homogeneous conditions. Special care should be devoted to the selection of appropriate quantitation approaches according to the needs of the sample and overall experimental design. We evaluate recent advances in quantitative proteomics using stable isotope labeling and their applications to current insightful biological inquiries. Figure Chemical modules of isotopic tags for quantitative proteomics.     

Surfactant protein B amount and kinetics in newborn infants: an optimized procedure

Surfactant protein B (SP‐B) plays a key role in surfactant homeostasis affecting its biophysical properties and physiological function. Recently, a method to measure SP‐B amount and kinetics from tracheal aspirates (TAs) became available. The main objective of this study was to improve the critical steps of the procedure to obtain a better SP‐B sensitivity. We administered a 24 h continuous infusion of 1 mg/kg/h of 1¹³ C‐leucine to ten newborn infants. SP‐B was isolated from serial TAs and its fractional synthesis rate, secretion time, peak time and half life were derived from ¹³ C enrichment curves obtained by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. SP‐B amount in TAs was also assessed. During the extraction step, acidification and organic solvent ratio optimization doubled the recovery of SP‐B from TAs, so did the elongation of the propylation time (from 20 min to 1 h) with enhanced leucine derivatization yield. Measurement of ¹³ C leucine enrichments, and therefore all SP‐B kinetics parameters, were successfully calculated in all TAs samples due to the increase of SP‐B yield. SP‐B amount was 0.29 (0.16–0.41) % of total phospholipids with a minimum value of 0.08% belonging to one of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) patients. In conclusion, this new procedure enables accurate determination of SP‐B kinetics even in the presence of low protein amount like in preterm RDS patients. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.