六六六异构体稳定碳同位素组成分析

采用GC-C-IRMS、EA-IRMS和Dual-inlet IRMS 3种稳定同位素比值质谱仪分别对六六六的α、β和γ3种异构体的稳定碳同位素组成进行了分析。对比3种分析系统测定的碳同位素组成数据表明GC-C-IRMS系统能够准确和精确地测定六六六碳同位素组成。应用GC-C-IRMS技术分析了水样品中α-和γ-六六六的碳同位素组成,结果表明六六六在溶解、稀释、萃取、挥发等过程碳同位素组成没有分馏现象。采用GC-C-IRMS技术分析环境样品中持久性有机氯农药稳定碳同位素组成可能得到广泛应用。     

大气丙酮碳同位素组成测定方法的研究

利用气相色谱/燃烧/同位素比值质谱(GC/C/IRMS)分析技术,研究了具有不同碳同位素组成的丙酮与衍生剂2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)的液相反应及其相应的气相反应实验过程中的碳同位素效应,探讨了以该方法测定大气丙酮碳同位素组成的可行性。研究结果表明,在衍生化过程中不会产生碳同位素分馏。本实验通过测定衍生剂DNPH与相应的衍生物的碳同位素值,大气中丙酮碳同位素组成通过质量平衡方程计算而求得。采用该方法对大气丙酮碳同位素组成的初步测定结果表明,具有相同排放源的大气丙酮碳同位素比值基本不变。本方法实验重现性好,测定精度高,可以用于分析大气丙酮的排放源研究。     

气相色谱同位素比值质谱法在线测定天然气稳定碳同位素

1 引言 色谱同位素比值质谱（GC-IRMS）技术是一种在线分析天然气中轻质烃类组分的新技术。可以在分子水平上连续测定从GC流出的每个化合物的碳同位素组成。在天然气的研究中，碳同位素是一个敏感指标，可信度和测量准确度高。本实验利用GC／C／IRMS联用仪，采用在线分析技术，并在开放体系中瞬间取样，分析了新疆灰岩和四川泥岩样品热模拟气的单体烃碳同位素值，可望为GC-IRMS技术在气／源对比和油气地质勘探中的应用提供参考，如利用模拟气测试的碳同位素比值可被地质上用来进行气一源岩相关研究，判断天然气的来源及源岩的成熟度等。     

卟啉化合物碳同位素的气相色谱同位素比值质谱测定技术

 对于卟啉碳同位素的测定 ,传统方法 (用HPLC分离出单个卟啉化合物 ,然后燃烧成CO2 进行碳同位素的测定 )需要的样品量大 (几mg)、耗时长 ,限制了其在化学、地球科学中的应用。该文作者建立的方法是通过对卟啉化合物进行衍生化反应 ,以增强卟啉的挥发性 ,使其适用于气相色谱 同位素比值质谱 (GC IRMS)技术。对衍生化反应的整个过程进行了同位素测定 ,证实最终的衍生化硅卟啉与初始的自由基卟啉化合物碳同位素的差值在分析误差范围之内 ,无明显的同位素分馏。     

元素分析仪-稳定同位素比值质谱仪测定胶乳总固形物碳含量及其稳定碳同位素

应用元素分析仪和稳定同位素比值质谱仪(EA-IRMS)联用技术测定了胶乳总固形物碳含量及其碳同位素比值δ~(13)C。将所采集的新鲜胶乳预先制成胶片,称取(0.500±0.100)mg样品,按EA仪器工作条件对其碳含量进行测定。分别用碳元素基准物质(尿素、天门冬氨酸、葡萄糖、蔗糖),在EA工作条件下测其碳元素,以碳质量为横坐标,CO_2峰面积为纵坐标制得标准曲线,结果表明其线性关系良好。对EA-IRMS系统作了稳定性和线性试验,前者达到小于0.1‰的要求,后者则满足同类仪器小于0.06‰·V~(-1)的要求。此外,还对Craig校正所得样品及3种CRMs的初始校正值作进一步校准的3种校准方法作了比较,结果表明:3种方法中回归法准确度最好,适用于不同性质、不同碳同位素组成的样品;而截距法只能用于碳同位素组成与参考气相近的样品的测量数据的校准;原始回归法则不能有效地消除测定过程中~(17)O的影响和样品燃烧过程中可能存在的同位素分馏的影响而不能用于结果校准。测得胶乳样品的总固形物碳质量分数为81.83%,δ~(13)C_(s-PDB)~M(PDB为国际标准拟箭石化石)为-26.70‰(回归法校准值)。     

碳稳定同位素比质谱法对中东原油的鉴别

采用气相色谱/稳定同位素比质谱法(GC/IRMS)对具有相似化学特征的科威特、阿联酋、沙特以及伊拉克产的原油中正构烷烃(n-C10～n-C24)的碳稳定同位素比δ(13C/12C)进行了分析,通过原油单体烃分布趋势对比、主成分归类、同位素比值与诊断比例(Diagnostic ratio,DR)联用等方法对4种原油进行了鉴别。结果表明,沙特与伊拉克所产原油、科威特与阿联酋所产原油的单体烃分布趋势相似,且主成分相近,采用同位素比值与诊断比例联用法成功地对它们进行溯源。结果表明,沙特与伊拉克所产原油的δ(13C/12C)值以及DR(n-C17/pristane(Pr)、n-C18/phytane(Ph)、Pr/Ph)相近,说明它们具有相同的母质类型及沉积环境,属于同一种原油;科威特与阿联酋所产原油的δ(13C/12C)值相似,而DR明显不同,表明其母质类型及成熟度不同,属于不同种原油。本研究所采用的分析技术也适用于其它原油的溯源研究。     

气相色谱-燃烧-同位素比率质谱法测定葡萄酒中5种挥发性组分的碳同位素比值及其在产地溯源中的应用

建立了一种利用气相色谱-燃烧-同位素质谱(Gas chromatography-combustion-Isotope ratio mass spectrometers,GC-C-IRMS)测定葡萄酒中5种挥发性组分(即乙醇、丙三醇、乙酸、乳酸乙酯、2-甲基-丁醇)碳稳定同位素比值新方法。优化了GC-C-IRMS测定条件,进样量小于0.5μL,样品分析时间小于14 min。对以上5种挥发性成分标准品的测定精密度为0.08‰~0.25‰,葡萄酒样品的测定精密度为0.09‰~0.36‰,与元素分析-同位素比率质谱仪(Element analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometers,EA-IRMS)比较,其测定偏差低于0.5‰。利用该技术分析了产自法国、澳大利亚、美国和中国共54支葡萄酒中5种挥发性组分的碳稳定同位素值并进行产地溯源分析,判别分析(Discriminant analysis,DA)结果表明,仅利用以上5种挥发性组分的碳同位素比值就能有效区分以上4个产地的葡萄酒,说明葡萄酒挥发性成分稳定碳同位素可应用于葡萄酒的产地溯源。     

黑火药成分分析及来源推断的研究进展北大核心CSCD

黑火药是爆炸案件中最常见的炸药之一,其检验对于打击犯罪有重要意义。尽管黑火药的检验方法已相对成熟,但仍面临诸多挑战,如微量黑火药爆炸残留物的高灵敏度检验,以及黑火药的来源推断等。基于黑火药的成分组成、生产工艺,围绕爆炸前后的黑火药成分分析以及来源推断这两个检验目的,系统总结了黑火药中的分子(KNO_(3)、硫磺、木炭等)、离子(K^(+)、NO_(3)^(-)、S^(2-)等)以及元素(氮、氧、碳等)的检验方法,包括传统检验法、光谱法、色谱法、质谱法等,并对黑火药检验中存在的问题以及未来可能的研究方向进行了探讨,旨在为黑火药的研究和案件侦办提供参考(引用文献40篇)。     

牛奶中碳、氮、氢和氧稳定同位素比的测定及其在产地溯源分析中的应用

应用元素分析-同位素质谱仪(EA-IRMS)和多用途气体制备-连续流稳定同位素质谱仪(GasBench-IRMS)分别测定了来自国内外7个不同国家(澳大利亚、新西兰、西班牙、德国、奥地利、意大利和中国)的83件牛奶样品中碳、氮、氢、氧的稳定同位素比值(δ13 C、δ15 N、δ2 H和δ18 O)。对所测得的数据用SPSS 20.0软件分别进行了方差分析、聚类分析以及牛奶产地的判别分析。从所得结果可见,上述4项稳定同位素比值中的每一项都可获得相关牛奶样品产地来源的若干信息,但还不足以作为相关牛奶样品的溯源地判别的充分依据。而将测试结果进行组合后,对δ13 C、δ15 N和δ2 H三项指标组合交叉检验整体判别正确率达到84.3%,据此采用3项组合指标对牛奶产地进行判别分析,并在此项组合指标的基础上建立了产自7个国家的牛奶的判别模型。对自来这7个不同国家的牛奶盲样进行判别时,可将所测得样品中上述3项稳定同位素的δ值代入所建立的模型中,并比较各模型所得的Y值的大小,其中Y值最大的,即归属于此模型所代表的国家。     

液相色谱-同位素比值质谱法研究桔橙汁中柠檬酸碳同位素比值

以国际原子能机构提供的蔗糖(δ13C为-10.449‰)作为溯源标准,建立了液相色谱-同位素比值质谱联用法(LC-IR MS)分析天然柑桔、橙汁中柠檬酸碳同位素比的方法,对不同产地个柑桔、橙子中有机酸碳同位素情况进行了研究。基于建立天然水果的柠檬酸碳同位素δ13C值的数据,提出了柑桔、橙子样品的δ13C值范围。方法将果汁用水稀释后,液相色谱-钙离子交换色谱在线制备柠檬酸,氢型离子交换柱分离柠檬酸后采用液相色谱-稳定同位素比质谱分析,柠檬酸方法检出限为5μg/m L,在2.00~100μg/m L水平时,柠檬酸响应与浓度成线性关系,相关系数为0.9997。方法日内、日间和人员比对结果相对标准偏差小于0.82%。收集不同产地161个橙子、167个柑桔测得天然桔汁中柠檬酸δ13C值在-32.87‰~-27.07‰之间,橙汁柠檬酸δ13C值在-32.73‰~26.01‰之间。采集40个市售柑桔、橙汁样品进行鉴定,检出17个掺有C4植物柠檬酸的的阳性样品,新方法可提高勾兑柠檬酸掺假果汁的鉴别能力。     

Micro structural investigations on TNT and PETN incorporated silica xerogels

Silica xerogels incorporated with trinitrotoluene (TNT) and pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PETN) were synthesized using sol–gel method. Tetramethoxysilane was used as precursor for silica. TNT and PETN content in the resulted explosive/silica xerogel was varied ranging from 50 to 90%. Infra red spectra showed that explosives were retained in the silica xerogel matrix. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal that explosives particles were uniformly distributed in xerogel matrix and the size of the PETN and TNT particles are in the range 15–18 nm. Small angle x-ray scattering showed that the sizes of the pores in the silica matrix are in the range 25–13 nm. The particles of TNT and PETN occupy the pores in the matrix resulting in gradual reduction of pore-size affecting the surface characteristics of the pore-matrix interface. Understanding of the structure of aggregates of small particles thus produced could be useful to explain the properties shown by the fine explosives. Our study suggests that particle size of explosives in the nanometer range can be achieved using the sol–gel method.     

液相色谱-同位素比质谱技术发展及应用研究进展

液相色谱-同位素比质谱（LC-IRMS）是一种特征化合物同位素分析技术,该技术利用LC IsoLink接口设备实现液相色谱与同位素比质谱的联用,通过检测目标物质的稳定碳同位素比（δ¹³C）,实现样品的产地来源与品质真实性鉴定。该文总结了IRMS与LC-IRMS技术的概况,以及过去20年LC-IRMS的发展历程;归纳整理了LC-IRMS在食品安全、生态与环境、生命科学及考古学等领域的应用情况;评述了LC-IRMS面临的技术局限、挑战及其未来的发展趋势。     

D and 18O enrichment measurements in biological fluids in a continuous-flow elemental analyser with an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer using two configurations

In doubly labelled water studies, biological sample enrichments are mainly measured using off-line techniques (equilibration followed by dual-inlet introduction) or high-temperature elemental analysis (HT-EA), coupled with an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). Here another continuous-flow method, (CF-EA/IRMS), initially dedicated to water, is tested for plasma and urine analyses.The elemental analyser configuration is adapted for each stable isotope: chromium tube for deuterium reduction and glassy carbon reactor for 18O pyrolysis. Before on-line conversion of water into gas, each matrix is submitted to a short and easy treatment, which is the same for the analysis of the two isotopes. Plasma is passed through centrifugal filters. Urine is cleaned with black carbon and filtered (0.45 microm diameter).Tested between 150 and 300 ppm in these fluids, the D/H ratio response is linear with good repeatability (SD<0.2 ppm) and reproducibility (SD<0.5 ppm). For 18O/16O ratios (from 2000 to 2200 ppm), the same repeatability is obtained with a between-day precision lower than 1.4 ppm. The accuracy on biological samples is validated by comparison to classical dual-inlet methods: 18O analyses give more accurate results. The data show that enriched physiological fluids can be successfully analysed in CF-EA/IRMS.     

Orthogonal Detection of Nitroaromatic Explosives via Direct Voltammetry Coupled to Enzyme‐Mediated Biocatalysis

This article describes a rapid and reliable electrochemical/enzymatic method of verifying the presence of nitroaromatic explosives. The new technique leverages both conventional voltammetric analysis and biocatalytic conversion of TNT. The simultaneous use of independent measurement schemes, based on two distinct processes, dramatically increases the information content and offers substantially improved reliability while minimizing the occurrence of false alarms. This has been accomplished by coupling direct voltammetric analysis with the biocatalytic conversion of the TNT substrate via nitroreductase (NR), which reduces a nitro group of TNT using NADH as an electron donor. This chemical reduction (30 s timescale) can then be observed using square‐wave voltammetry by examination of the reductive and oxidative features. This novel protocol was found to be selective for TNT, not only when compared to DNT and NT, but also to other explosive species such as RDX and PETN. This unique dual‐mode detection strategy for measuring TNT at a single device holds considerable promise for improving the probability of explosive detection and hence for diverse security screening applications.     

Direct detection of explosives on solid surfaces by mass spectrometry with an ambient ion source based on dielectric barrier discharge

Trace amounts of explosives on solid surfaces were detected by mass spectrometry at ambient conditions with a new technique termed dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI). By the needle-plate discharge mode, a plasma discharge with energetic electrons was generated, which could launch the desorption and ionization of the explosives from solid surfaces. Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) were desorbed directly from the explosives-contaminated surface by DBDI, forming the typical anions of [TNT](-), [TNT - H](-), [RDX + NO(2)](-), [PETN + ONO(2)](-), and [RDX + ONO(2)](-). The ions were transferred into the MS instrument for analysis in the negative ion mode. The detection limit of present method was 10 pg for TNT (m/z 197, S/N 8 : 1), 0.1 ng for RDX (m/z 284, S/N 10 : 1), and 1 ng for PETN (m/z 260, S/N 12 : 1). The present method allowed the detection of trace explosives on various matrices, including paper, cloth, chemical fiber, glass, paints, and soil. A relative standard deviation of 5.57% was achieved by depositing 100 pg of TNT on these matrices. The analysis of A-5, a mixture of RDX and additives, has been carried out and the results were consistent with the reference values. The DBDI-MS method represents a simple and rapid way for the detection of explosives with high sensitivity and specificity, which is especially useful when they are present in trace amounts on ordinary environmental surfaces.     

Fate dynamics of environmentally exposed explosive traces

The chemical and physical fates of trace amounts (<50 μg) of explosives containing 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) were determined for the purpose of informing the capabilities of tactical trace explosive detection systems. From these measurements, it was found that the mass decreases and the chemical composition changes on a time scale of hours, with the loss mechanism due to a combination of sublimation and photodegradation. The rates for these processes were dependent on the explosive composition, as well as on both the ambient temperature and the size distribution of the explosive particulates. From these results, a persistence model was developed and applied to model the time dependence of both the mass and areal coverage of the fingerprints, resulting in a predictive capability for determining fingerprint fate. Chemical analysis confirmed that sublimation rates for TNT were depressed by UV (330-400 nm) exposure due to photochemically driven increases in the molecular weight, whereas the opposite was observed for RDX. No changes were observed for PETN upon exposure to UV radiation, and this was attributed to its low UV absorbance.     

Compound-specific stable isotope analysis of organic contaminants in natural environments: a critical review of the state of the art,prospects, and future challenges

Compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) using gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS) has developed into a mature analytical method in many application areas over the last decade. This is in particular true for carbon isotope analysis, whereas measurements of the other elements amenable to CSIA (hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen) are much less routine. In environmental sciences, successful applications to date include (i) the allocation of contaminant sources on a local, regional, and global scale, (ii) the identification and quantification of (bio)transformation reactions on scales ranging from batch experiments to contaminated field sites, and (iii) the characterization of elementary reaction mechanisms that govern product formation. These three application areas are discussed in detail. The investigated spectrum of compounds comprises mainly n-alkanes, monoaromatics such as benzene and toluene, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and chlorinated hydrocarbons such as tetrachloromethane, trichloroethylene, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Future research directions are primarily set by the state of the art in analytical instrumentation and method development. Approaches to utilize HPLC separation in CSIA, the enhancement of sensitivity of CSIA to allow field investigations in the µg L^–1 range, and the development of methods for CSIA of other elements are reviewed. Furthermore, an alternative scheme to evaluate isotope data is outlined that would enable estimates of position-specific kinetic isotope effects and, thus, allow one to extract mechanistic chemical and biochemical information.Abbreviations BTEX benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes - MTBE methyl tert-butyl ether - PAHs polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - VOCs volatile compounds - PCBs polychlorinated biphenyls - CSIA compound-specific (stable) isotope (ratio) analysis - GC-IRMS, GC/IRMS or GCIRMS gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry - GC-C-IRMS, GC/C/IRMS or GCC-IRMS gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry - irmGC/MS isotope ratio monitoring gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry - GC/P/IRMS gas chromatography-pyrolysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (used for D/H) - KIE kinetic isotope effect - PSIA position-specific isotope analysis (for intramolecular isotope distribution) - SNIF-NMR site-specific natural isotopic fractionation by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy     

Characterization of explosives by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization and parent-ion scanning techniques

Analytical techniques for the detection of small amounts of explosives (in the picogram range) are now involved in various application. Some of them concern soil, water and air monitoring in order to face environmental problems related to improper handling procedures either in stocking or in wasting of the explosive products. Other areas are strictly related to forensic analysis of samples coming either from explosion areas where the matrix is various (metal, glass, wood, scraps), or from explosives transportation related to international terrorism. Generally speaking, for these applications the bulk of the matrix seriously interferes in the detection of the explosive analyte, which is usually present at trace levels. Unfortunately, despite some improvements, analytical techniques developed up today in this domain are still faced to two main constraints: the introduction of new products with unanticipated chemico-physical properties and the requirement of a routine and fast analytical method which can handle any matrix with a minimal clean-up and performing a sensitivity compatible either with the ever-decreasing demanded detection limit and with the ever-decreasing available specimen amount. These requirements can be fulfilled now by the new LC-MS and LC-MSMS techniques: mass spectrometry (MS) is likely an universal detector but even specific, especially when implemented in tandem MS (MSMS); LC is by far the most suitable technique to handle such a kind of compounds. Moreover, of a particular concern are some explosives which are reported to be thermally stable but difficult to dissolve. Some of the experiments on characterization of explosives [Octagen (HMX), Ethyleneglycol dinitrate (EGDN), Exogen (RDX), Propanetriol trinitrate (NG), Trinitrotoluene (TNT), N-Methyl-N-tetranitrobenzenamine (TETRYL), Dintrotoluene (DNT), Bis-(nitrooxy-methyl) propanediol dinitrate (PETN), Hexanitrostilbene (HNS), Triazido-trinitrobenzene (TNTAB), Tetranitro-acridone (TENAC), Hexa-nitrodiphenylamine (HEXYL), Nitroguanidine (NQ)] by LC-MS and LC-MSMS with the API-IonSpray source and using the Parent-Scan technique are presented.     

Thermal Analysis of Binary Systems. Explosive – lead compound

The thermal decomposition of explosives: pentaerythrol tetranitrate (PETN), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene(TNT), cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitroamine (RDX) and their two-component mixtures with 40% of lead compounds [PbO, Pb₃O₄, Pb(NO₃)₂] were performed. The simple method of determination of stability changes in the mixtures described above, in comparison with pure explosives was presented. The lead oxides accelerated significantly the thermal decomposition of explosives. Pb(NO₃)₂ acts as a catalyst in the mixture containing TNT degradation, but not in a case of PETN and RDX. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.