加速溶剂提取-同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法测定生物样品中82种多氯联苯

我国水产品中多氯联苯(PCBs)的检测方法,主要以6种指示性PCBs和12种二噁英类共平面PCBs为主,仅涵盖有限的PCBs。为更全面地获得生物体中PCBs的浓度水平,深入探讨PCBs在生物体内的代谢和富集特征,进而准确评价PCBs对人类的暴露水平及风险,以鱼和贝类作为生物样品代表,建立了加速溶剂提取-同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱(ASE-ID-HRGC-HRMS)测定生物样品中82种PCBs的方法。比较了振荡提取和加速溶剂提取两种提取方式的回收率和重复性,最终采用正己烷-二氯甲烷(1∶1, v/v)对PCBs进行加速溶剂提取。考察了各流分淋洗液对PCBs的回收率,确定了样品提取液经8 g 44%酸性硅胶层析柱(内径15 mm), 90 mL正己烷洗脱的净化方式。样品提取液净化浓缩后进行HRGC-HRMS分析,色谱柱采用DB-5MS超低流失石英毛细管柱(60 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)。通过优化后的升温程序对化合物进行分离,以保留时间和两个特征离子精准定性,采用同位素内标法定量。结果表明,在0.1~200 μg/L范围内,平均相对响应因子(RRF)的相对标准偏差值(RSD, n=7)均≤20%,相关系数(r²)>0.99。生物样品中PCBs的方法检出限为0.02~3 pg/g;鱼类中PCBs平均加标回收率为71.3%~141%, RSD(n=7)为2.1%~14%;贝类中PCBs平均加标回收率为76.9%~143%, RSD为1.4%~11%。该方法灵敏、准确、可靠,可以更加全面具体地分析鱼和贝类等水产品受PCBs的污染情况,为国内外开展生物监测提供有效的技术支持,从而服务于相关生态环境管理及履行《斯德哥尔摩公约》。     

加速溶剂萃取-硅胶萃取净化-气相色谱/质谱法检测地表水中有机氯农药和多氯联苯

建立了加速溶剂萃取-硅胶固相萃取净化-气相色谱/质谱同时检测地表水中15种有机氯农药(OCPs)和82种多氯联苯(PCBs)的方法.对影响OCPs和PCBs回收率的主要因素进行优化,得出最优的萃取条件:3次静态萃取循环,100℃的萃取温度,丙酮/正己烷(1∶1,V/V)为萃取液,静态萃取10 min.在最优条件下,15种OCPs和82种PCBs在加标水溶液中的回收率分别为70.9％～130％和52.5％～89.1％.日内和日间相对标准偏差分别为1.7％～16.1％和2.4％ ～33.3％.OCPs和PCBs混合标样在10～ 800 μg/L范围内线性相关系数(R2)均大于0.995.OCPs和PCBs方法检测限分别为0.13 ～0.38 ng/L和0.10 ～0.32 ng/L.相比于传统萃取方法,本方法回收率高、萃取时间短、试剂用量少.应用本方法测得北京城区地表水中OCPs和PCBs的含量范围分别为n.d.～ 3.45 ng/L和n.d.～4.88 ng/L.     

母乳中多种含卤持久性有机污染物的联合检测方法

建立了母乳中多种含卤持久性有机污染物(POPs)的联合检测方法,目标化合物主要包括六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)、多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)等.样品的前处理采用液液萃取、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)净化和固相萃取(SPE)等技术,目标化合物经气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)、液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱联用仪(LC-MS/MS)和气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱联用仪(GC-MS/MS)等进行检测.样品通过GPC除去脂肪,然后经SPE柱进一步净化并进行多组分分离,极大程度地减小了生物样品中复杂基质的干扰,适合样品量相对较小的人体样本中多种超痕量POPs的分析.应用灵敏度高、选择性更好的GC-MS/MS对样品中的PCBs和OCPs等进行分析,进一步降低基质的干扰.方法经过小牛血清加标实验验证,稳定可靠.POPs的加标回收率分别为88.7％～98.8％(PBDEs), 88.5％～92.5％(HBCDs), 67.9％～82.3％(PCBs)和81.7％～116.1％(OCPs),方法检出限分别为0.13～1.8 pg/mL(PBDEs), 0.31～1.2 pg/mL(HBCDs), 0.22～1.4 pg/mL(PCBs)和0.20～1.5 pg/mL(OCPs).采用本方法对潍坊地区20例母乳样品进行分析,结果显示,潍坊市母乳中HBCDs, PBDEs, PCBs、HCHs和DDTs的中值浓度分别为2.86, 7.76, 8.84、140和503 ng/g 脂重,此浓度水平与国内其它地区人群相当.     

加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-气相色谱/质谱法测定沉积物中多氯联苯和多环芳烃

建立了加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-气相色谱/三重四极杆串联质谱联用(ASE-SPE-GC-QqQ-MS/MS)法同时测定沉积物中28种多氯联苯(PCBs)和16种多环芳烃(PAHs)。对萃取、净化及仪器分析条件进行了优化。优化条件为:ASE萃取温度90℃,萃取时间6 min;净化小柱为硅胶-Florisil固相复合柱(填料自下而上为弗罗里硅土、0.7 g活化硅胶、1 g无水硫酸钠);洗脱溶液为丙酮-正己烷(1∶19,V/V)混合溶液,洗脱速率为0.6 mL/min。PCBs和PAHs在2～500μg/L和5～1000μg/L浓度范围内的线性相关系数(R2)分别为0.9987～0.9999和0.9939～0.9999;PCBs和PAHs方法检出限分别为0.001～0.08 ng/g和0.07～0.45 ng/g;定量限为0.003～0.25 ng/g和0.24～1.67 ng/g;实际样品平均加标回收率为95.6%～125.7%和70.4%～124.7%;方法相对标准偏差(n=6)为0.7%～6.4%和1.1%～12.8%。运用本方法对滇池入湖河口表层沉积物样品进行测定,该区域PCBs单体浓度为n.d.(未检出)～0.13 ng/g,PAHs单体浓度为0.79～131.12 ng/g。     

同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱测定大气中有机氯农药

建立了测定大气中25种有机氯农药(OCPs)的同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱法(ID-HRGC/HRMS)。样品用正己烷/二氯甲烷(1∶1, v/v)进行加速溶剂萃取(ASE)。通过柱洗脱实验、单柱和组合柱净化实验,最终确定样品的净化方案为弗罗里硅土固相萃取柱和石墨化炭黑固相萃取柱组合净化。样品萃取液净化后进行HRGC/HRMS分析。采用平均相对响应因子(RRF)法对样品中目标物进行定量,6点校准溶液RRF的相对标准偏差(RSD)均≤20%。线性范围为0.4~800 μg/L,相关系数R²均>0.992。对空白样品依次进行100 pg、400 pg和15 ng水平下的加标试验,各添加水平下OCPs测定值的RSD为0.64%~16%,加标回收率为67.2%~135%。穿透试验表明,滤膜+聚氨酯泡沫/聚氨酯泡沫作为吸附介质的大体积主动大气采样器(AAS)在采集环境空气时,五氯苯极易发生穿透,有效采样模式待进一步研究。在上述采样模式下,六氯苯的有效采样体积较小,标准状态(101.325 kPa, 273 K)采样体积应≤30 m³,其他OCPs应≤1200 m³。以上述体积计算,25种目标化合物的检出限为0.002~0.7 pg/m³。对北京环境空气样品分析测定,结果显示除反式-环氧七氯、异狄氏剂、顺式-九氯和4,4'-滴滴滴在部分样品中未检出外,其他OCPs均为100%检出;六氯苯浓度在514~563 pg/m³之间,其他OCPs的浓度在0.01~18.9 pg/m³之间;替代标回收率为33.9%~155%。由于现有相关监测标准的仪器灵敏度较低、方法检出限较高,已无法满足目前空气中痕量OCPs的测定需求,因此亟待修订新的高灵敏度监测方法标准。该方法适用于目前大气中OCPs的超痕量水平分析,为新标准的制订奠定基础,也为国家履行相关国际公约提供有力技术指导。     

珠三角地区人群血浆中邻苯二甲酸酯的暴露水平研究

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法对珠三角地区人群血浆中16种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的暴露情况进行分析。样品预处理采用乙腈沉淀蛋白,正己烷液液萃取。结果表明,血浆中检出邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DiBP)、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DnBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)、邻苯二甲酸二环己基酯(DCHP)与邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)。其中DEHP的检出率为100%;其次为DiBP、DnBP与DMP,检出率分别为98.0%、62.0%和49.0%;DCHP与BBP的检出率最低,均为5.00%。∑PAEs的含量为12.4～1 399 ng/g,中值与平均值分别为39.8、57.7 ng/g。6种PAEs中DEHP占比最高,为90.01%～99.96%。对不同性别与年龄人群的PAEs暴露水平进行研究,发现女性与低年龄组(≤40岁)人群血浆中的PAEs浓度较高,但仅DMP存在显著性差异。     

沉积物中氯化石蜡与多氯联苯的分离及气相色谱-质谱检测

建立了沉积物中氯化石蜡(CPs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)的提取、分离和检测方法。沉积物样品用二氯甲烷索氏抽提,采用弗罗里硅土/硅胶复合柱纯化和分离。先用80 mL正己烷淋洗得到PCBs组分,再用60 mL二氯甲烷淋洗得到CPs组分,从而实现两者的有效分离。以气相色谱-低分辨质谱(负离子化学源)-选择离子监测技术测定CPs组分,气相色谱-质谱(电子轰击源)-选择离子监测技术测定PCBs,内标法定量,并对样品前处理条件和色谱质谱条件进行优化。在优化条件下,目标化合物(工业品CP52和22种PCB单体)的回收率为86%～99%,RSD<10%。24种短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)和24种中链氯化石蜡(MCCPs)的方法检出限分别为0.144～3.47 ng/g和0.530～2.24 ng/g。PCBs(一氯～七氯)的方法检出限为0.220～1.08 ng/g。应用该方法检测了东江6个沉积物中CPs和PCBs的含量,沉积物样品中SCCPs的含量为0.245～1.58μg/g(干重),MCCPs的含量为0.538～1.83μg/g,PCBs的含量为1～100 ng/g。     

凝胶渗透色谱-固相萃取净化-气相色谱-质谱法测定人血清中磷酸三酯类化合物

建立了凝胶渗透色谱( Gel permeation chromatography,GPC)去除脂肪并结合固相萃取净化,使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定人血清中7种磷酸三酯类化合物(磷酸三丁酯(TnBP)、磷酸三(2-氯)乙酯(TCEP)、磷酸三苯酯( TPhP)、磷酸三丁氧基乙酯( TBEP)、磷酸三邻甲苯酯( o-TTP)、磷酸三间甲苯酯( m-TTP)、磷酸三对甲苯酯( p-TTP))的方法。对比了凝胶渗透色谱-硅胶/氧化铝复合柱和浓硫酸-酸性硅胶两种净化方案,最终选择凝胶渗透色谱-硅胶/氧化铝复合柱对人血清样本进行净化。此净化方案不仅对磷酸三酯类化合物的结构无破坏,而且可有效去除血清样本中的蛋白质和脂肪等基质干扰。去离子水加标回收率实验表明,7种目标化合物的回收率均大于75%。人血清样本(n=9)中d12-TCEP的平均回收率为86.3%±21.6%,d15-TPhP的平均回收率为103.1%±16.5%。采用此方法测定人血清样本(n=9),TnBP、TCEP、TPhP、TBEP、m-TTP检出率大于90%, p-TTP 检出率为30%, o-TTP 在所有样本中均没有检出。在人血清样本中, TnBP、TCEP、TPhP、TBEP、m-TTP的浓度范围分别为：3.4~46.5 ng/g脂重、248.6~958.2 ng/g脂重、n. d.~4.2 ng/g脂重、n. d.~49.9 ng/g 脂重和n. d.~23.1 ng/g 脂重。     

气相色谱-质谱法同时测定地下水中42种半挥发性有机污染物

建立了同时测定地下水中多环芳烃(PAHs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、有机氯农药(OCPs)和有机磷农药(OPPs)等42种半挥发性有机污染物的分析方法,对固相萃取、液-液萃取、萃取溶剂和色谱柱等分析条件进行优化。最终采用乙酸乙酯-正己烷(1∶4)液液萃取,DB-5MS色谱柱分离,GC-MS/SIM测定,内标法定量。结果表明,42种目标物在0.5~1 000μg/L范围内线性关系良好(r20.995);方法检出限为0.05~3.08 ng/L。在10、40、400 ng/L加标水平下,42种目标物的基体加标平均回收率为73.0%~107%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为1.4%~11.3%。将方法应用于石家庄周边地区水样检测,结果可靠。该方法灵敏、准确、简单易行,可显著提高地下水中主要有机污染物的分析效率。     

超声辅助萃取气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定室内灰尘中的39种多氯联苯

建立了测定室内灰尘样品中39种多氯联苯(PCBs)的分析方法。样品经吸尘器采集、正己烷-二氯甲烷(1：1,v/v)超声萃取、浓缩后,利用气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法(GC-MS/MS)在选择反应监测(SRM)模式下测定。结果表明,39种PCBs在30 min内得到了很好的分离,在0.1~100 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9910~0.9999,方法的加标回收率为57.2%~120.3%,日内测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.3%~24.7%,日间测定的RSD为0.6%~29.9%,检出限(信噪比为3)为0.0003~0.2080 ng/g。本方法灵敏度高、准确度和精密度好,简便快速,溶剂消耗量少,适用于灰尘中多种多氯联苯的同时测定。     

An overview on the accumulation, distribution, transformations, toxicity and analytical methods for the monitoring of persistent organic pollutants

Recent years have seen an upsurge of interest in developing low cost and reliable methods for the detection and precise determination of ultra-trace concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), because of their bioaccumulation, transformation and toxicity. Therefore, a comprehensive review with 108 references referring to the distribution, source, accumulation, transformation, types and toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) is presented. The review also aims to highlight on the current best practices for the analysis of PCBs and OCPs. Moreover, with the signing of the Stockholm convention on POPs and the development of global monitoring programs, there is an increased need for laboratories in developing countries to determine such class of chemicals. A major focus revealed the need for low cost methods that can be implemented easily in developing countries such as electrochemical techniques.     

贻贝中有机氯农药和多氯联苯标准物质的研制及同位素稀释高分辨质谱法定值

建立了贻贝中有机氯农药(OCPs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)标准物质的研制和定值方法,该研究对我国开展环境生物标准物质的研制具有重要的方法学借鉴价值。该标准物质样品为采自大连湾海域的贻贝,其定值目标物包括18种OCPs和16种PCBs,采用的定值测量方法是目前世界上最权威、最准确的同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱联用法(ID-HRGC/HRMS)。所研制的标准物质具有定值目标物种类多、不确定度较小(约10%)等特点。该标准物质是目前国际上唯一一种采用同位素稀释高分辨质谱法进行定值的底栖生物中OCPs标准物质,于2012年3月通过了国家一级标准物质的终审,并于2012年6月被国家质量监督检验检疫总局批准为国家一级标准物质(GBW10069)。该标准物质可用于食品安全控制、环境监测、质量检测等领域相关分析方法的评价、测量质量控制及技术仲裁检验等。     

Analytical methods for PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in environmental monitoring and surveillance: a critical appraisal

Analytical methods for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are widely available and are the result of a vast amount of environmental analytical method development and research on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) over the past 30–40 years. This review summarizes procedures and examines new approaches for extraction, isolation, identification and quantification of individual congeners/isomers of the PCBs and OCPs. Critical to the successful application of this methodology is the collection, preparation, and storage of samples, as well as specific quality control and reporting criteria, and therefore these are also discussed. With the signing of the Stockholm convention on POPs and the development of global monitoring programs, there is an increased need for laboratories in developing countries to determine PCBs and OCPs. Thus, while this review attempts to summarize the current best practices for analysis of PCBs and OCPs, a major focus is the need for low-cost methods that can be easily implemented in developing countries. A “performance based” process is described whereby individual laboratories can adapt methods best suited to their situations. Access to modern capillary gas chromatography (GC) equipment with either electron capture or low-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) detection to separate and quantify OCP/PCBs is essential. However, screening of samples, especially in areas of known use of OCPs or PCBs, could be accomplished with bioanalytical methods such as specific commercially available enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays and thus this topic is also reviewed. New analytical techniques such two-dimensional GC (2D-GC) and “fast GC” using GC–ECD may be well-suited for broader use in routine PCB/OCP analysis in the near future given their relatively low costs and ability to provide high-resolution separations of PCB/OCPs. Procedures with low environmental impact (SPME, microscale, low solvent use, etc.) are increasingly being used and may be particularly suited to developing countries. Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

Exposure to persistent organic pollutants as potential risk factors for developing diabetes

Persistent organic pollutants(POPs),such as dioxins,polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) ,and organochlorine pesticides(OCPs),which are synthetic chemicals or by-products with an intrinsic resistance to natural degradation processes,are released into the environment,resulting in the widespread dispersal and accumulation in the environment,as well as in human and ecological food chains.Due to their ubiquity in the environment and lipophilic properties,there is emerging concern over the potential risks of human ex...     

Determination of persistent organohalogenated pollutants in human hair reference material (BCR 397): an interlaboratory study

A human powdered hair material (BCR 397) was tested for its content in persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Using different methods, three laboratories (two from Canada and one from Belgium) analysed a powdered hair sample to evaluate some methodologies and to obtain consensus values for selected POPs. Measured values for all PCB congeners and p,p-DDE were within a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 15%. These first results contribute to the accuracy and precision for POPs quantification in hair and render test results more comparable among different laboratories.     

Determination of pesticides and PCBs in honey by solid-phase extraction cleanup followed by gas chromatography with electron-capture and nitrogen–phosphorus detection

A multiresidue method for determination of 15 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), six polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and seven organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) is implemented for routine determinations of residues in honey. The method involves solid-phase extraction cleanup and determination by GC–ECD/NPD. Quantitation limits ranged from 0.1 to 0.6 g kg^–1 honey for OCPs and PCBs, and from 5.0 to 25.0 g kg^–1 honey for OPPs. Recoveries of OCPs ranged between 77.4 and 94.0%; for PCBs they were from 63.8 to 73.5%. Recovery assays for OPPs varied from 66.7 to 98.1%. The method was applied to the analysis of 111 honey samples from Aragón, Spain. The results obtained indicated a low level of contamination by pesticide residues and PCBs, which can contribute to ensuring the consumer has a safe wholesome supply of honey.     

Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in fatty foods: a critical review on the analytical methods and their testing capabilities

Organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in foods have been of concern for several decades. However, the analysis of some of the OCPs and their metabolites or derivatives, such as endrin aldehyde, endrin ketone, nonachlor, etc. in fatty foods (including foods of animal and plant origin), was not commonly included in routine monitoring programme. Recently, the Stockholm Convention introduced nine plus one new persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that included chlordecone and some other OCPs. Is there a method available that can analyze both traditional OCPs, together with their metabolites and derivatives in fatty foods? Furthermore, is there a suitable method that can monitor OCPs and the newly added POPs including chlordecone in fatty foods together in a pot? This review aims to provide some background information to answer these questions.     

Evaluation of microwave-assisted extraction for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in fish

The efficiency of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was evaluated for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in fish. An isotope dilution method was used for quantification via analysis of the samples by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. MAE solvent, temperature, and time were optimized, and observed concentrations were compared. The MAE results were also compared to those of other extraction techniques (Soxhlet extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, saponification, and homogenization). Concentrations of PCBs and OCPs obtained by MAE at 120 degrees C for 10 min were comparable to those by the other techniques. The results suggest that MAE can be used for the analysis of PCBs and OCPs in fish.     

Trace-level analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls,organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human plasma or serum by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

A method to determine 8 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 23 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was described using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) of a small amount of plasma or serum sample and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). The appropriate selection of the extraction solvent and dispersing solvent contributes to a high extraction yield and a clean extract. To verify the developed method, the interference, linearity of the calibration curve, detection limit, precision and accuracy were evaluated. The calibration curves were linear by 2–3 orders of magnitude with correlation coefficients above 0.997 in all cases. The LODs of PCBs, OCPs and PAHs were measured in the ranges of 0.0006–0.0029, 0.001–0.029 and 0.0002–0.012 ng/mL. The intraday precision achieved by this method was 2.19–10.3% (PCBs), 1.65–14.3% (OCPs) and 0.91–12.8% (PAHs), and the intraday accuracy 1.56–7.37% (PCBs), 2.34–19.6% (OCPs) and 1.49–15.7% (PAHs). The advantage of this method is that the analysis of PCBs, OCPs, and PAHs can be performed in a single chromatographic run, and the low detection limit enables monitoring of target substances in low exposure general public samples, and the analysis procedure is relatively simple and fast.