加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-气相色谱/质谱法测定沉积物中多氯联苯和多环芳烃

建立了加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-气相色谱/三重四极杆串联质谱联用(ASE-SPE-GC-QqQ-MS/MS)法同时测定沉积物中28种多氯联苯(PCBs)和16种多环芳烃(PAHs)。对萃取、净化及仪器分析条件进行了优化。优化条件为:ASE萃取温度90℃,萃取时间6 min;净化小柱为硅胶-Florisil固相复合柱(填料自下而上为弗罗里硅土、0.7 g活化硅胶、1 g无水硫酸钠);洗脱溶液为丙酮-正己烷(1∶19,V/V)混合溶液,洗脱速率为0.6 mL/min。PCBs和PAHs在2～500μg/L和5～1000μg/L浓度范围内的线性相关系数(R2)分别为0.9987～0.9999和0.9939～0.9999;PCBs和PAHs方法检出限分别为0.001～0.08 ng/g和0.07～0.45 ng/g;定量限为0.003～0.25 ng/g和0.24～1.67 ng/g;实际样品平均加标回收率为95.6%～125.7%和70.4%～124.7%;方法相对标准偏差(n=6)为0.7%～6.4%和1.1%～12.8%。运用本方法对滇池入湖河口表层沉积物样品进行测定,该区域PCBs单体浓度为n.d.(未检出)～0.13 ng/g,PAHs单体浓度为0.79～131.12 ng/g。     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法检测土壤中14种有机氯农药方法

建立了加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱检测土壤中14种有机氯农药(OCPs)的方法。对影响OCPs回收率的主要因素进行优化,得出优化条件:1次静态萃取循环,萃取温度90℃,静态萃取时间3 min,冲洗量30%,氮气吹扫时间40 s,正己烷/丙酮(1∶1,V/V)为萃取液。在优化条件下,加标水平为10、100?g/L时,平均加标回收率为86.6%～120%、88.1%～120%,相对标准偏差(n=7)均小于10%,方法检出限(t值法)为1.03～2.64?g/L。     

母乳中多种含卤持久性有机污染物的联合检测方法

建立了母乳中多种含卤持久性有机污染物(POPs)的联合检测方法,目标化合物主要包括六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)、多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)等.样品的前处理采用液液萃取、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)净化和固相萃取(SPE)等技术,目标化合物经气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)、液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱联用仪(LC-MS/MS)和气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱联用仪(GC-MS/MS)等进行检测.样品通过GPC除去脂肪,然后经SPE柱进一步净化并进行多组分分离,极大程度地减小了生物样品中复杂基质的干扰,适合样品量相对较小的人体样本中多种超痕量POPs的分析.应用灵敏度高、选择性更好的GC-MS/MS对样品中的PCBs和OCPs等进行分析,进一步降低基质的干扰.方法经过小牛血清加标实验验证,稳定可靠.POPs的加标回收率分别为88.7％～98.8％(PBDEs), 88.5％～92.5％(HBCDs), 67.9％～82.3％(PCBs)和81.7％～116.1％(OCPs),方法检出限分别为0.13～1.8 pg/mL(PBDEs), 0.31～1.2 pg/mL(HBCDs), 0.22～1.4 pg/mL(PCBs)和0.20～1.5 pg/mL(OCPs).采用本方法对潍坊地区20例母乳样品进行分析,结果显示,潍坊市母乳中HBCDs, PBDEs, PCBs、HCHs和DDTs的中值浓度分别为2.86, 7.76, 8.84、140和503 ng/g 脂重,此浓度水平与国内其它地区人群相当.     

固相萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定武汉市普通人群血清中35种有机氯农药与多氯联苯

有机氯农药(OCPs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)是两类重要的持久性有机污染物,可在环境介质中长期存在,并通过多种途径进入人体,导致人体的高暴露风险。OCPs和PCBs对人体存在诸多健康危害,精准定量人体内OCPs和PCBs的暴露水平是健康效应评价的关键。该研究基于固相萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱联用技术(SPE-GC-MS/MS)建立了同时检测100 μL血清中35种OCPs和PCBs的分析方法。血清样品经尿素沉淀蛋白后,采用Oasis^® HLB小柱净化,正己烷-二氯甲烷混合溶液(1∶1, v/v)洗脱,氮吹近干,正己烷定容,多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,内标法定量分析。结果表明,OCPs和PCBs在0.05~50.0 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,检出限在1.2~71.4 ng/L之间。35种目标分析物的加标回收率在72.6%~142%之间,相对标准偏差小于25%。利用所建立的方法检测了武汉市普通人群血清样本中OCPs和PCBs的浓度水平,结果表明武汉市普通人群广泛暴露于OCPs和PCBs,且以OCPs为主。有8种OCPs和7种PCBs检出率高于50%,其中p,p'-滴滴伊、p,p'-滴滴滴和甲氧滴滴涕检出率达100%,非类二噁英PCBs是PCBs的主要成分。血清中OCPs浓度随年龄增长呈升高趋势,在60岁以上存在性别差异;不同性别、年龄人群血清中PCBs浓度无统计学差异。该方法样本用量少,操作简便,具有较高的准确度和精密度,适用于环境健康研究中大量人群血清样本中痕量OCPs和PCBs的生物监测。     

金属-有机纳米管分散固相萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱高灵敏分析环境水样中痕量多氯联苯

采用含铅金属-有机纳米管为吸附剂,基于分散固相萃取和气相色谱-串联质谱建立了一种高灵敏分析环境水样中痕量多氯联苯的方法.采用正交设计响应面法对影响萃取效果的重要因素(如离子强度、萃取时间和吸附剂用量等)进行了优化.获得的最优条件为:离子强度4.92 %(w/V)NaCl,萃取时间4.5 min,正己烷为解吸剂,吸附剂用量62.5 mg.在优化条件下,方法的线性范围为2~1000 ng/L,检出限为0.26~0.82 ng/L. 日内和日间相对标准偏差分别为0.8%~5.5% (200 ng/L, n=6)和2.7%~7.4% (200 ng/L, n=6).将本方法应用于实际环境水样中多氯联苯的分析,回收率为78.9%~113.3%,结果满意.     

液液萃取-程序升温大体积进样-气相色谱串联质谱法测定地表水中25种痕量有机氯农药

建立了液液萃取-程序升温大体积进样-气相色谱-串联质谱分析地表水中25种有机氯农药(OCPs)的方法。样品由正己烷溶液萃取氮吹仪浓缩后,经HP-5 ms色谱柱分离,在柱流速1.2 mL/min条件下电子轰击电离源多反应监测(MRM)模式进行检测,内标法定量。结果表明,取样量为250 mL时,25种OCPs方法检出限范围为0.32～1.34 ng/L,校准曲线的相关系数范围在0.9990～0.9999之间,各组份质量浓度在0～50.0μg/L线性范围内线性良好。低中高3组加标实际样品25种OCPs和2种替代物测定结果的相对标准偏差为3.5%～13%,加标回收率为74.0%～103%。方法能够满足地表水中有机氯的检测要求。     

气相色谱-质谱法同时测定地下水中42种半挥发性有机污染物

建立了同时测定地下水中多环芳烃(PAHs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、有机氯农药(OCPs)和有机磷农药(OPPs)等42种半挥发性有机污染物的分析方法,对固相萃取、液-液萃取、萃取溶剂和色谱柱等分析条件进行优化。最终采用乙酸乙酯-正己烷(1∶4)液液萃取,DB-5MS色谱柱分离,GC-MS/SIM测定,内标法定量。结果表明,42种目标物在0.5~1 000μg/L范围内线性关系良好(r20.995);方法检出限为0.05~3.08 ng/L。在10、40、400 ng/L加标水平下,42种目标物的基体加标平均回收率为73.0%~107%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为1.4%~11.3%。将方法应用于石家庄周边地区水样检测,结果可靠。该方法灵敏、准确、简单易行,可显著提高地下水中主要有机污染物的分析效率。     

超声波萃取-分散固相萃取净化-气相色谱电子捕获法测定土壤或底泥中的多氯联苯

采用超声波萃取、分散固相萃取净化结合气相色谱电子捕获检测法,建立了快速测定环境土壤或底泥中7种指示性多氯联苯(Polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)的方法.根据提取液的颜色,灵活选择是否增加浓H2SO4净化步骤,并对分散固相萃取净化过程中吸附剂的种类和用量进行了优化.当提取液颜色基本无色透明时,仅选用150 mgⅣ-丙基乙二胺(Primary secondary amire,PSA)吸附剂进行分散固相萃取净化(即一步净化),否则提取液先经过浓H2SO4净化,再采用100 mg PSA吸附剂进行分散固相萃取净化(即两步净化).整个分散固相萃取净化过程不超过5min,前处理时间显著缩短.结果表明,在1.25 ～ 100 μg/L浓度范围内,7种PCBs峰面积与浓度呈线性相关,相关系数为0.9990 ～0.9999,检出限为0.02 ～0.03 μg/kg,样品经两步净化和一步净化时,7种PCBs不同浓度加标水平回收率分别为72％ ～ 107％和88％ ～ 115％,相对标准偏差分别为3.5％ ～5.8％和3.7％～6.9％(n=5),已成功应用于舟山朱家尖某菜地土壤样品和岱衢洋海域底泥样品检测,且检测结果与国家标准方法保持一致.本方法简单快速,高效,基体干扰小,灵敏度、准确度、精密度均满足土壤或底泥中PCBs的定量分析要求.     

液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定水中46种半挥发性有机物

半挥发性有机物主要包括多环芳烃类(PAHs)、邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)、有机氯农药类(OCPs)和硝基苯类(NBs)等化合物,这些物质多具有致癌、致畸、致突变作用,以及内分泌干扰效应。因此,快速准确测定水中半挥发性有机物非常重要,目前国内尚无水中半挥发性有机物的检测标准。该研究从氮吹温度、水样pH值和萃取时间3个方面进行了优化,旨在建立一种液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱(LLE-GC-MS)同时测定水中46种半挥发性有机物的方法。结果表明:氮吹温度对46种半挥发性有机物的回收率影响不大,考虑回收率及浓缩效率,将氮吹温度设定为35 ℃;水样在中性环境下萃取效果好于碱性环境下的效果;萃取时间由7 min增加至10 min时,回收率也随之提高,但时间增加至15 min时,17种(占比37%)化合物回收率有所增加,29种(占比63%)化合物回收率则呈降低趋势。因此,将萃取时间设定为每次10 min。采用气相色谱-质谱仪进行检测,内标法定量。该方法在20.0~2000 μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数(r ²)≥0.9916, 46种SVOCs检出限为0.28~16.55 ng/L,定量限为0.92~55.16 ng/L;在0.02、0.2、0.4 μg/L 3个加标水平下的平均回收率为63.6%~125%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.03%~17.0%。采用该方法检测了黄河流域济南段的27个地表水样品,检出的物质以PAEs和PAHs为主,2种OCPs在部分点位有检出,NBs均未检出。该方法操作简单,通用性强,准确度及精密度良好,检出限低,适用于地表水及地下水中46种半挥发性有机物的同时检测。     

气相色谱/质谱法测定水和沉积物中雄激素与孕激素

建立了气相色谱/质谱联用(GC-MS)技术同时测定水和沉积物中雄激素二氢睾酮、睾丸激素、雄烯二酮和孕激素孕酮的分析方法.分别确定了沉积物微波辅助萃取条件(萃取溶剂、萃取温度和萃取时间)和水样固相萃取条件(固相萃取柱、洗脱溶剂和水样pH值).结果表明:微波辅助萃取最优条件是乙酸乙酯为萃取溶剂,在120℃萃取15 min;以Oasis HLB为固相萃取柱,水样调节至pH4,采用乙酸乙酯为洗脱溶剂,固相萃取效果佳.以三甲基碘硅烷为催化剂,N-甲基-N-三甲基硅基三氟乙酰胺为衍生化试剂,将目标化合物分子结构上的羟基和酮基同步衍生化,并确定了衍生化过程的最佳反应温度为40℃,反应时间为20 min,满足了GC-MS分析该类物质的要求.水和沉积物中4种目标化合物检出限分别为0.1 ～ 0.5 ng/L和0.6 ～ 0.8ng/g,定量限分别为0.4 ～ 1.8 ng/L和1.9 ～2.6 ng/g,加标回收率分别为89.3％ ～ 101.4％和77.3％ ～92.1％,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于9％.采用本方法对洱海水和沉积物样品进行了分析.     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.