Pd/W/Si(111)双层膜界面X射线光电子能谱与俄歇电子能谱研究

利用X射线衍射（XRD），X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和俄歇电子能谱（AES）对Pd/W/Si（111）界面进行了研究。实验结果表明，当系统作低温退火时，受W膜的阻挡，未生成硅化物，但Pd/W界面和W/Si（111）界面均有互扩散。升高退火温度，Pd－W原子在Si衬底上形成互溶体，Pd原子已穿过W阻挡层而到达W/Si（111）界面处，随着退火温度的继续升高，首先在W/Si（111）界面处生成PdSi_x,WSi_x也随之生成，这样就形成Pd-W原子分布的“反转”，在薄     

Si表面离子束辅助沉积Ti纳米膜的研究

用离子束技术探讨了Si表面纳米Ti薄膜制备的可行性以及Ti薄膜组织结构与离子束工艺之间的关系。实验进行试样表面预处理、轰击离子能量、离子密度、温度、沉积时间等离子束工艺参数对单晶Si(111)表面沉积的Ti薄膜结构的影响。采用原子力显微镜(AFM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了Ti膜表面晶粒形貌，并用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和俄歇电子谱仪(AES)分析了Ti膜的结构和成分。由于残余气体的影响，Ti膜发生了不同程度的氧化，随温度升高和轰击离子强度增加氧化愈加明显。     

GaAs(100)衬底上C60单晶膜的取向生长

利用双温区真空蒸发沉积技术成功地在GaAs（100）衬底上实现了完全（111）取向的C₆₀单晶膜的生长．用扫描电子显微镜和Ｘ射线衍射技术对C₆₀单晶膜的形貌和结构进行了分析．结果表明：能实现C₆₀取向生长的衬底温度范围很窄，温度过高或过低都易造成晶粒的取向无序．对实验结果做出了合理的解释，并讨论了C₆₀单晶膜的生长机制 关键词：     

用不同的Mo靶溅射功率制备Mo/Si多层膜

 用磁控溅射法制备了周期厚度和周期数均相同的Mo/Si多层膜，用原子力显微镜和小角X射线衍射分别研究了Mo靶溅射功率不相同时，Mo/Si多层膜表面形貌和晶相的变化。随后在国家同步辐射实验室测量了Mo/Si多层膜的软X射线反射率。研究发现，随着Mo靶溅射功率的增大，Mo/Si多层膜的表面粗糙度增加，Mo的特征X射线衍射峰也增强，Mo/Si多层膜的软X射线峰值反射率先增大后减小。     

基片温度对坡莫合金薄膜结构和磁电阻的影响

用磁控溅射方法制备了系列坡莫合金Ni80Fe20薄膜。利用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和原子力显徽镜分析了薄膜的结构、晶粒取向、薄膜厚度、截面结构和表面形态。用4点探测技术测量了薄膜的电阻和磁电阻。结果表明：随衬底温度的升高，晶粒明显长大。膜内的缺陷和应力显著减小，而且增强了薄膜晶粒的[111]择优取向。结果表明，薄膜电阻率显著减小，而磁电阻显著增大。     

常压化学气相沉积法在Ag/Si(111)模板上生长ZnO薄膜及其性能研究

在Si衬底上利用磁控溅射的方法沉积1.5 nm厚度的Ag膜用以阻挡Si衬底被氧化。采用常压金属有机化学气相沉积法(MOVCD),在Ag/Si(111)衬底上成功地生长出马赛克结构的ZnO薄膜。用光学显微镜观察表面形貌,结果显示有带晶向特征的微裂纹,裂纹密度为100 cm-1。依据X射线晶体衍射的结果,薄膜结晶质量良好,呈C轴高度择优取向。用双晶X射线衍射得到(002)面的ω扫描半峰宽为1.37°。温度10 K时光致发光谱(PL)观察到自由激子、束缚激子发射及它们的声子伴线。结果表明,金属有机化学气相沉积法方法在Si(111)衬底上制备ZnO薄膜时,Ag是一种有效的缓冲层。     

Si衬底上ZnSe外延膜的低压MOCVD生长

以硒化氢（H2Se）和二甲基锌为源材料，生长温度是300℃时，用低压金属有机化学气相沉积（LP－MOCVD）系统在Si(111)衬底上外延生长了ZnSe薄膜。通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜的能量色散（EDS）以及光致发光（PL）实验验证ZnSe外延膜的质量，在X射线衍射谱中只有一个强的ZnSe(111)面衍射峰，这说明外延膜是（111）取向的单晶薄膜，在能量色散谱中除了Si,Zn和Se原子外，没有观测到其他原子，说明ZnSe外延膜中杂质含量较少。ZnSe外延膜中Zn/Se原子比接近1，有较好的化学配比。在ZnSe外延膜的77K光致发光谱中没有观测到与深中心发射相关的发光峰，表明ZnSe外延膜的晶格缺陷密度较小。77K时的近带边发射峰447nm在室温时移至465nm附近。     

用中能电子向前散射图像研究表面原子结构

从中能电子向前散射产生的实空间图像研究了Cu（111）1×1，Si（111）（3^1/2×3^1/2）R30°-In及Ge（111）（3^1/2×3^1/2）R30°-Ag的表面结构．Cu（111）1×1的图像不仅说明表面有三重旋转轴对称性，而且还表明fcc结构一直保持到最表面一层原子．Si（111）（3^1/2×3^1/2）R30°-In表面的图像说明In原子占据T4位，而不是H3位．Ge（111）（3^1/2×3^1/2）R30°-Ag的图像说明HCT模型是正确的．这些成功的应用说明从中能电子向前散射图像可以直观而且快捷地获得表面结构类型的可靠信息，而无需类似于低能电子衍射（LEED）表面结构分析那样的复杂计算 关键词：     

银和铜膜中异常晶粒生长和织构变化的实验研究

用透射电子显微镜(TEM)和x射线衍射(XRD)方法对经300℃，2h退火的Ag和Cu自由膜和Si基体上的Ag和Cu附着膜的异常晶粒生长和织构变化进行了实验研究.XRD分析表明：Ag和Cu沉积膜均有(111)和(100)择优取向.但经退火处理后，Ag和Cu自由膜的(111)织构稍有加强.相反，Si基体上的Ag和Cu附着膜的(100)和(110)织构明显加强，同时用TEM在Cu附着膜中观察到了两个(110)和四个(211)取向的异常大晶粒.根据表面能和应变能的各向异性对实验结果进行了分析.     

研究扩散屏障层对Mo/Si多层膜软X射线反射率影响的模拟

在特定波长下,用四层结构模型模拟了Mo/Si多层膜的软X射线反射率.研究了扩散屏障层dMo-on-Si和dSi-on-Mo对Mo/Si多层膜软X射线反射率的影响.研究发现,扩散屏障层并不总是损害Mo/Si多层膜的光学性能,通过合理设计dMo-on-Si和dSi-on-Mo厚度,增加dMo-on-Si与dSi-on-Mo的比值,也能提高多层膜的软X射线反射率.     

溅射法制备Ag/Ag2O超微粒子的分析

用Ｘ射线衍射、Ｘ射线光电子能谱、透射电子显微镜和差示扫描量热法对溅射法制备的Ａｇ超微粒子的晶体学结构、表面组成、微粒形态和热力学性质进行了分析。结果表明，所制备的微粒为内部为Ａｇ、表面为Ａｇ₂Ｏ的两相微粒，以及单一的Ａｇ₂Ｏ微粒，粒径在１０ｎｍ以上的微粒没有确定的外形，粒径在１０ｎｍ以下的微粒为球形。微粒有不同于块体金属Ａｇ的异常热效应。到４０天时，沉积在碳膜上的Ａｇ，Ａｇ₂Ｏ两相微粒有一部份还原形成了单一的金属Ａｇ超微粒子。 关键词：     

气相合成SnO2超微粒薄膜研究

用直流气体放电活化反应蒸发法在玻璃基片上沉积的SnO2超微粒薄膜,研究其过程中各工艺参数对薄膜结构的影响及作用机理,结果表明,SnO2超微粒薄膜粒径随氧分压增加而增大;蒸镀时间的延长有助于SnO2的生成,也使薄膜发生晶化;而增加放电电压,则薄膜出现外延单晶生长趋势。     

Synthesis and formation mechanism of Ag–Ni alloy nanoparticles at room temperature

Ag–Ni nanoparticles were prepared with a chemical reduction method in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) used as a stabilizing agent. During the synthesis of Ag–Ni nanoparticles, silver nitrate was used as the Ag⁺ source while nickel sulfate hexahydrate was used as Ni²⁺ source. Mixed solutions of Ag⁺ source and Ni²⁺ source were used as the precursors and sodium borohydride was used as the reducing agent. Five ratios of Ag⁺/Ni²⁺ (9:1, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 1:9) suspensions were prepared in the corresponding precursors. Ag–Ni alloy nanoparticles were obtained with this method at room temperature. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) were used to characterize the morphology, composition and crystal structure of the nanoparticles. The crystal structure was also investigated with X-ray diffraction (XRD). In all five Ag/Ni ratios, two kinds of particle structures were observed that are single crystal structure and five-fold twinned structure respectively. Free energy of nanoparticles with different crystal structures were calculated at each Ag/Ni ratio. Calculated results revealed that, with identical volume, free energy of single crystal particle is lower than multi-twinned particle and the difference becomes smaller with the increase of particle size; increase of Ni content will lead the increase of free energy for both structures. Formation of different crystal structures are decided by the structure of the original nuclei at the very early stage of the reduction process.     

Transition temperature to crystal phase of Al86Mn14 quasicrystal ultrafine particles determined by direct observation and characterization of surface oxide layer

Al–Mn quasicrystal ultrafine particles can be produced by the advanced gas evaporation method (AGEM), which is a method of preparing ultrafine alloy particles by coalescence growth among the particles near the evaporation sources. We investigated the phase transition temperature from a quasicrystal to a stable crystal, by examining successive electron diffraction patterns of an ultrafine particle in an in situ experiment using a transmission electron microscope. In spite of the report that the Al₈₆Mn₁₄ quasicrystal transforms into the crystal phase at around 400–670 °C on thin film specimens, the quasicrystal ultrafine particle transformed at 800 °C, i.e., the quasicrystal ultrafine particle is more stable. Since the cross-sectional view of the surface oxide layer of the quasicrystal ultrafine particles can be easily observed, the surface oxides of η-Al₂O₃ and MnO were characterized as a result of the oxidation of residual atoms on the surface of the produced alloy particles including the quasicrystals. The conditions required for Al–Mn quasicrystal ultrafine particle formation by the AGEM can be estimated under the cooling rate of 10⁵ K/s.     

氧化亚银(Ag2O)超细微粒结构演化分析

对真空溅射法制备的氧化亚银（Ag₂O）超细微粒的晶体结构及其自发演化规律进行研究．利用透射电子显微镜、广角X射线衍射仪和X射线光电子谱仪观测了微粒的形貌、结构、尺寸及其分布，以谱分形性、热力学势及微粒尺寸效应分析了Ag₂O超细微粒的演化过程，揭示了微粒所固有的自还原-离解的演变特征，还原生成的银原子具有再结晶核化并生长成超细微粒的可能性 关键词：     

Hb-SDS-Ag水凝胶聚合物超细微粒的制备及表征(Ⅰ)

本文报道Hb SDS Ag聚合物超细微粒的制备 (取一定量的Hb ,SDS于烧杯中 ,加入Ag(NH3) 2 NO3溶液及 pH～ 12的tris OH缓冲液 ,庚烷和异戊醇 ;在另一烧杯中 ,加入甲醛、庚烷和异戊醇。分别乳化 ,将二者混合 ,于 6 0± 0 5℃下恒温 1 5h ,然后水浴减压回流 1 5h ,冷却、分离、洗涤、干燥得样品 )及性质表征。用X 射线衍射 (XRD) ,TEM ,EDS ,IR光谱考察这种聚合物超细微粒的表面结构 ,微粒粒径 12 0nm。研究表明 :Ag+ 离子先与Hb产生化学键合 ,再还原为Ag粒 ,进而聚合成网状结构的聚合物。     

Particle‐Arrayed Silver Mesocubes Synthesized via Reducing Silver Oxide Mesocrystals for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

In this study, we demonstrate an easy particle‐mediated protocol using the specific structure of mesocrystal Ag₂O sacrificial templates to synthesize highly rough‐cubic Ag mesocages. To the best of our knowledge, the mesocrystal particles are reported for the first time as sacrificial templates for synthesizing metal particles. The obtained Ag mesocages show high surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensitivity because of the highly rough topography formed by arrays of uniform individual Ag nanoparticles. Abundant “hot spots” with greatly enhanced local electromagnetic field are promoted densely on the mesocage surface by the plenty of deep and narrow gaps and the hollow structure. The single‐particle SERS signal generated by the Ag mesocage has an enhancement factor of approximately 10⁹, which is approximately four times higher than the Ag mesocage synthesized using single‐crystal Ag₂O particle as a template. Meanwhile, this signal displays a linear dependence on the detected analyte concentration, sensitively down to 1.0 × 10^?12 m .     

Synthesis of zinc ultrafine powders via the Guen–Miller flow-levitation method

Zinc ultrafine powders (UFPs) with the average particle size of 0.175 to 1.24 μm are synthesized via the flow-levitation method. The peculiarities of the formation of zinc UFPs are considered with respect to the carrier gas properties (heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficient), as well as the gas flow parameters (pressure and flow rate). The obtained zinc particles are studied via scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The factors determining the crystal structure of zinc particles and their size distribution are discussed as well. The data on oxidation of zinc stored in unsealed containers under normal conditions are also presented.     

X-ray Bragg diffraction on periodic surface gratings

We report on the X-ray Bragg diffraction analysis of periodic surface gratings on (100) GaAs crystals. We show that the X-ray Bragg diffraction is a very powerful method to investigate ultrafine surface gratings and allow us to determine not only the grating period but, in particular, the width of the grooves and to characterize the quality of the sidewalls, which is not easily possible with optical methods. The X-ray diffraction on surface crystal gratings is analogue to the Fraunhofer diffraction of multiple slits or reflection gratings.     

电炉渣超微粉改性生物质废弃物制备生态活性炭的光谱学分析

利用木材、竹子、等其他生物资源制备具有发达多孔结构与丰富比表面积的活性炭,存在生产成本较高、不利于生态环境的可持续发展、使用寿命短和失效后容易造成室内环境二次污染的问题。冶金固体废弃物与生物质废弃物是工业生产与农业生产主要的副产品,因利用难度大、附加值低且成本高,导致大量堆放和填埋,不仅造成生态环境的污染,而且极大的浪费潜在资源。面对上述问题,利用冶金固体废弃物与生物质废弃物开发一种价格低廉且性能优越的生态活性炭,既是冶金固体废弃物与生物质废弃物的高附加值利用与资源可持续发展的重要途径之一,也是大幅降低改性活性炭生产成本与提高经济效益的重要途径之一。以核桃壳与电炉渣为研究对象,利用电炉渣中含有的金属氧化物对生物质废弃物进行改性处理制备用于甲醛降解的生态活性炭,依据《室内装饰装修材料人造板及其制品中甲醛释放限量》(GB18580-2017)对生态活性炭性能进行测试。利用X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)对元素含量进行测试与分析,X-射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)对化学成分进行测试与分析,傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)对结构组成进行测试与分析,X-射线衍射仪(XRD)对矿物组成进行测试与分析,扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对微观结构进行测试与分析,激光粒度仪(LPSA)对粒度分布进行测试与分析和比表面积及孔径测定仪(BET)对孔结构进行测试与分析,以揭示核桃壳与电炉渣制备生态活性炭的机理,以及生态活性炭对甲醛的降解机理。结果表明:核桃壳超微粉与电炉渣超微粉进行复合制备具有良好降解甲醛性能的生态活性炭,不仅实现了冶金固体废弃物与生物质废弃物的高附加值的利用,而且提出了"以废治危"的新室内空气甲醛治理理念。电炉渣超微粉较好的被包裹于生态活性炭层状结构中,提高生态活性炭的粉化率,形成粒径较小的颗粒,有利于提高生态活性炭与甲醛的降解作用面积。电炉渣超微粉中含有Fe元素、Mn元素与Ti元素,Fe元素具有磁性促使大量甲醛在生物质活性炭孔结构表面形成富集,Mn元素与Ti元素对已经富集的甲醛进行催化降解,实现吸附降解与催化降解的协同作用。