催化裂解CH4或CO制碳纳米管结构性能的谱学表征

利用TEM、HRTEM、XRD、XPS和TPO等方法对CH₄或CO催化分解生成的碳纳米管结构和性能进行了表征.结果表明,所得产物是管径15～20nm的均匀碳纳米管.其XRD谱图与石墨的相近,但特征衍射峰稍宽化,表明其长程有序度较石墨的低.由CH₄制备的碳纳米管系由多层具有类石墨片状结构的同心、等径及中空圆锥形面叠合而成,类石墨层面取向与管轴倾斜;而由CO制备的碳纳米管系由多层具有类石墨片状结构的圆柱形面围叠而成,类石墨层面取向与管轴平行.碳纳米管中C_1s的电子结合能比石墨的下降约0.5eV.TPO试验结果显示所制备的两种产物中无定形碳含量都很低,其整体结构石墨化程度较高;由CH₄制得的碳纳米管与O₂反应的起燃温度比由CO制得的约高100K.     

W-Fe-MgO催化分解CH4制备单壁碳纳米管

使用“柠檬酸法”制备了一系列较高比表面的W-Fe-MgO催化剂,在较易放大的流化床反应器中,1 100 ℃ H2气流中分解CH4,制得SWCNTs管束,单管直径在1～3 nm,最高碳产率36 mg/100 mg催化剂.经TEM、微区Raman、程序升温氧化(TPO)测量表明,产物中无定形碳、MWCNTs均较少,为纯度较高、缺陷较少的SWCNTs.从EDAX结果并参考W-Fe相图推测SWCNTs生长的催化剂活性相可能为W、Fe的金属间化合物或富Fe的固溶体.     

催化剂组成和反应条件对W-Fe-MgO催化分解甲烷制备单壁碳纳米管的影响

 采用“柠檬酸法”制备的W-Fe-MgO催化剂,在小型流化床反应器中分别以Ar和H2为载气在1073～1373 K下催化甲烷分解制单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs). 实验结果表明,用H2作载气制备SWCNTs的最佳温度为1373 K,在Fe∶Mg摩尔比≤10∶100时,催化剂上的碳产率随其W载量的增加而显著增大,产物中的SWCNTs含量也保持在较高水平,最高碳产率可达55%(相对于催化剂的质量分数). 而使用Ar载气时最佳反应温度为1073 K, 用W∶Mg摩尔比为1∶100的催化剂可制得SWCNTs含量较高的产物,而W∶Mg摩尔比超过1∶100的催化剂上产物中的SWCNTs含量显著下降. 根据XRD和XPS实验结果推测了W-Fe-MgO催化剂上生长SWCNTs的活性相.     

CeO2-MnOx催化剂形貌对低浓度甲烷催化燃烧反应性能的影响

采用水热合成法制备了船形、扁球形及纳米片CeO₂-MnO_x复合氧化物。并运用低温N₂吸脱附、XRD、SEM、TEM、H₂-TPR、拉曼光谱、XPS等表征技术对不同形貌CeO₂-MnO_x复合氧化物的结构与其低浓度CH₄催化燃烧反应性能之间的关系进行了关联。结果表明,CeO₂-MnO_x复合氧化物的形貌与其催化性能密切相关。其中,扁球形CeO₂-MnO_x复合氧化物的氧空位、Ce³⁺含量及表面吸附活性氧物种最多,其CH₄催化燃烧反应活性最高,540℃时,可将CH₄完全转化;其次是船形CeO₂-MnO_x复合氧化物催化剂,540℃时其CH₄转化率为94.05%;与前两者相比,纳米片CeO₂-MnO_x复合氧化物催化剂的氧空位及表面吸附活性氧物种较少,活性较差,相同反应温度下,其CH₄转化率仅为89.68%。     

Ag-ZSM-5催化剂上CH4选择催化还原NOx的研究

摘要研究Ag-ZSM-5催化剂上CH₄选择性催化还原NO_x的反应性能,采用TPD和TPSR技术研究NO和O₂共吸附于Ag-ZSM-5催化剂表面形成的吸附物种及其和CH₄之间的反应。结果表明,Ag-ZSM-5催化剂上CH₄选择性还原NO_x活性和选择性较高。NO和O₂共吸附在Ag-ZSM-5催化剂上形成的NO₃(s)吸附物种能被CH₄还原生成N₂.在NO₃(s)和O₂共存的体系中,CH₄能优先并选择性还原NO₃(s)生成N₂.     

理论空燃比天然气汽车尾气中H2O和O2对CH4与NO反应的影响

共沉淀法制备CeZrYLa+LaAl 复合氧化物载体, 等体积浸渍法制备了Pt 催化剂, 用于研究理论空燃比天然气汽车(NGVs)尾气净化反应中CH₄与NO的反应规律. 并考察了10% (体积分数, φ)H₂O和计量比O₂对CO₂存在时的CH₄+NO反应的影响. 结果表明: 对于不同条件下的NO+CH₄反应, 主要生成N₂和CO₂, 高温区有CO生成. 低温区无O₂时可以生成N₂O, 有O₂时可以生成NO₂; 添加10% (φ)的H₂O后, CH₄ 转化活性降低, NO转化活性基本不变, 这是由于H₂O减弱了CH₄与CO₂的重整反应, 但是对CH₄与NO的反应基本没有影响; 添加计量比的O₂后, CH₄转化活性提高, 而NO转化活性降低, 这是由于O₂和NO之间存在竞争吸附, CH₄被O₂氧化为主要反应, 从而减弱了NO的转化; 同时添加计量比的O₂和10% (φ) H₂O, CH₄与CO₂的重整反应受到抑制,CH₄与NO的反应、甲烷蒸汽重整反应和甲烷被O₂氧化反应同时发生, CH₄和NO的转化活性均提高.     

Ir/SiO2上甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应的原位时间分辨红外和原位Raman光谱表征

采用原位时间分辨红外光谱和原位显微Raman光谱技术对Ir/SiO₂上甲烷部分氧化(POM)制合成气反应的初级产物和反应条件下催化剂表面物种进行了跟踪考察,实验结果表明,在H₂预还原的新鲜Ir/SiO₂表面,CO是V(CH₄):V(O₂):V(Ar)=2:1:45混合气反应的初级产物,因而甲烷的直接氧化过程是CO生成的主要途径;而在稳态反应条件下,CO生成的途径可能主要来自CO₂和H₂O与催化剂表面积碳物种(CHx)和/或CH₄的反应.催化剂上生成的积碳可能是导致稳态条件下Ir/SiO₂上POM反应机理不同于H₂预还原的新鲜催化剂的主要原因.     

费-托合成Fe-Mo/SiO2双金属催化剂的性能

用原位穆斯堡尔谱和微型固定床反应器考察了Fe-Mo/SiO_2催化剂在还原、碳化和反应中的物相及费-托合成(F-T)反应性。富钼的Fe-Mo/SiO_2催化剂在550℃H_2中还原生成Fe-Mo合金,该合金在300℃合成气中碳化转化为Fe-Mo碳化物,是F-T反应中的主要物相。该催化剂的活性较高,其选择性体现了铁和钼的平均性质。富铁的Fe-Mo/SiO_2催化剂在550℃H_2中还原主要生成Fe~(2+),还有Fe-Mo合金和α-Fe,碳化时大部分转化为Fe~(3+),在F-T反应中的主要物相为Fe~(2+)及碳化铁,该催化剂的活性很低,其选择性类似于Fe-Mo/SiO_2。     

基于程序升温氢化表征的Ni-Al2O3催化剂上CO2-CH4重整反应积炭研究

采用水热沉积法制备Ni-Al₂O₃催化剂,用于CO₂-CH₄重整反应;基于程序升温氢化（TPH）表征,研究了反应时间、温度、原料气CO₂/CH₄比例和空速等因素对CO₂-CH₄重整反应过程中Ni-Al₂O₃催化剂上表面积炭行为的影响。结果表明,表面积炭是导致催化剂重整反应失活的重要原因。随反应时间的延长,催化剂表面积炭量增多,虽未成比例增加,但其TPH峰温有向高温方向移动的趋势,表明所积之炭的石墨化程度增加。反应温度和空速对催化剂表面积炭也有一定影响,且空速的影响更大。另外,由于CO₂消炭反应（CO₂+C=2CO）的存在,CO₂/CH₄比例对表面积炭的影响也很大。CO₂/CH₄比例太低,不能明显抑制积炭;随着CO₂/CH₄比例增加,积炭将得到有效抑制,但CO₂/CH₄比例过高,CO₂在产物中的分离和回收再利用将使成本增加。     

不同气氛下煤连续热解产物的分配规律及产品品质分析

在连续进出料的流化床中研究了热解温度为850 ℃时,含有O₂、H₂、CO、CO₂、CH₄的反应气氛对热解产物分配规律及产品组成的影响。采用Raman、BET等测试方法对不同热解气氛下制得半焦的品质进行了评价,结合热重分析了影响半焦反应活性的因素。结果表明,无O₂气氛下,H₂与CO₂存在时降低了焦油产率,而CO与CH₄促进了焦油的生成。CH₄的裂解析碳使半焦产率上升。O₂的加入使CO₂、CO含量明显增加,半焦及焦油产率降低。N₂中引入O₂时,PAHs含量降低。CH₄促进了烷基萘与苯类的生成,CO则抑制酚类裂解生成苯类。CO₂的气化作用促进了微孔的生成,相应地,半焦的比表面积快速增加,半焦的反应活性也最高。CO歧化与CH₄热裂解产生的析碳堵塞了部分孔道,降低了比表面积。H₂与CH₄所产生的氢自由基能渗透到半焦内部,引起半焦结构的缩聚,进而影响氧化反应活性。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径--光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。