气相生长碳纤维填充聚苯乙烯的熔体动态流变行为

采用修正的两相模型讨论加工条件对不同体积分数(ψ=0～0.05)气相纳米碳纤维(VGCF)填充聚苯乙烯(PS)熔体(200℃)频率(ω)依赖性动态流变的影响.与弱剪切条件(190℃;30 r/min-5 min)下所制备的材料相比,VGCF在强剪切条件(190℃;120 r/min-10 min)下所制备材料中分散均匀,“粒子相”应变放大因子A,(ψ)较低,而松弛指数n较高.将应变(γ)依赖性G″(ω,ψ)应变放大因子A,(ψ,γ)与“粒子相”特征模量G″fψ(,γc),G″f(ψ,γc)引入两相模型,讨论加工条件对γ依赖性非线性流变行为的影响.研究结果表明,两相模型可定量讨论填充熔体动态流变行为.加工条件影响VGCF在基体中的分散性,但不影响“粒子相”弹性贡献R′f(ψ)与n的关系、G′f(ψ,γc)与非线性应变幂律指数x的关系以及G″f(ψ,γc)与非线性应变幂律指数y的关系,说明“粒子相”对填充熔体黏弹性的贡献与其弛豫特性及结构稳定性密切相关.     

种子乳液聚合中复合乳胶粒结构形态的热力学分析

为了得到一种能够预测和控制乳胶粒结构形成的定量方法，本研究选用含有两 种聚合物乳胶粒(P_a和P_b)和水的体系作为模型体系来模拟种子乳液聚合体系，在 不考虑动力学因素的条件下，对乳胶粒可能出现的三种极限形态进行了热力学分析 。结果表明，最终乳胶粒稳定的结构形态不仅取决于体系中的P_a，P_b和水三者之 间的界面张力γ_(aw)，γ_(bw)和γ_(ab)，而且还取决于两聚合物的体积分数 V_a和V_b。形成P_a/P_b型正核壳结构乳胶粒的热力学必要条件是(γ_(aw)-γ_ (bw))/γ_(ab) > V_a~(2/3)-V_b~(2/3)和(γ_(aw)-γ_(ab))/γ_(bw) > (1- V_b~(2/3))/V_a~(2/3)；形成P_a/P_b型反核壳结构乳胶粒的热力学必要条件是(γ _(aw)-γ_(bw))/γ_(ab) < V_a~(2/3)-V_b~(2/3)和(γ_(bw)-γ_(ab))/γ_(aw) > (1-V_a~(2/3))/V_b~(2/3)。对以聚丙烯酸酯为种子有机硅氧烷的乳液聚合体系 的初步研究结果表明，所得乳胶粒的结构形态与利用上述热力学关系式预测的结果 基本一致。     

四氟乙烯-全氟4-甲基-3,6-二氧杂△~7辛基磺酰氟共聚物的分子运动

本工作用振簧仪,在-150—80℃范围内,测试了四氟乙烯-全氟4-甲基-3,6-二氧杂△~7辛基磺酰氟共聚物的动态力学性能。样品是含有不同侧基数目的部分结晶共聚物。观察到四个松弛过程,按温度下降次序记为α、γ_1-、γ_2-、γ_3-。α峰(室温附近)系玻璃化转变。γ_1峰(-50℃,～215Hz)为主链有阻碍的短链段分子运动。γ_2-峰(-60℃,～230Hz)为侧基的分子运动。γ_3-峰(-77℃,～260Hz)为的链段运动,并且γ_3-峰的强度随结晶度增加而增强。     

测定裸大麦中生育酚和生育三烯酚的正相高效液相色谱法

建立了同时测定裸大麦中α_、β_、δ_生育酚和α_、γ_、δ_生育三烯酚以及γ_生育酚 +β_生育三烯酚含量的正相高效液相色谱法;采用国产YWG_SiO2 柱 (250mm×4mmID ,5μm) ,V 正己烷∶V 异丙醇=99∶1体系为流动相 ,流速为1.2mL/min,荧光检测器检测 ,激发波长290nm ,发射波长330nm,并采用正交设计法优化样品的皂化工艺。     

[（PbCl2）0.55（PbO）0.45]1—x（KCl）x系离子导电性研究

对POGI_2-PbO体系进行KGl掺杂改性研究.实验表明少量KGl掺杂试样可直接在空气中烧结制备.对[(PbCl_2)_(0.55)(PbO)_(0.45)]_(1-x)(KCl)_x(x=0～0.30)的试样进行了电学测试.并做了X射线物相鉴定以确定高电导体系的主相.对0.05≤x≤0.22之间的体系电导率低谷现象进行了解释.     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行 第三讲 钢铁中钼的测定

1　概述1.1　钢铁中钼的存在及其作用钼是钢铁材料的重要合金元素。钼的作用体现在两方面 ,其一是影响金相组织 ,缩小γ相区 ,形成γ 相圈。作为碳化物形成元素 ,钼一部分与铁形成固溶体 ,一部分与碳形成碳化物。钼在α 铁和γ 铁中的溶解度分别为 37.5 % (14 5 0℃ )和约 4 % (约115 0℃ ) ,其二是对材料性能的影响。能强力地阻抑奥氏体向珠光体的转变 ,从而提高钢的淬透性。当钢中含钼ｗ(Ｍｏ) 0 .5 % [本讲中所述钢铁及合金中成分的含量均指质量分数 ,如钼的含量写作ｗ(Ｍｏ) %等。为简化起见 ,在下文中省略“质量分数”及“ｗ %”的表述…     

Li_2SO_4-MgSO_4、Li_2SO_4-Li_4SiO_4体系的研究

本文用X射线衍射(高温、室温)相热分析(DTA、DSC、TGA)等方法测定了Li_2SO_4-MgSO_4和Li_2SO_4-Li_4SiO_4体系相图,并研究了化合物的性能和晶体结构. Mg_4Li_2(SO_4)_5在840℃由包晶反应形成,它在105℃分解为Li_2SO_4为基的固溶体和MgSO_4.在105℃反应时,形成每摩尔的Mg_4Li_2(SO_4)_5吸热2.57kJ,反应激活能为173.5kJ/mol.Mg_4Li_2(SO_4)_5属正交晶系,在180℃的点阵常数α=8.577A,b=8.741A,c=11.918A,可能的空间群为.P222或Pmmm,Z=2. Li_(8-2x)(SiO_4)_(2-x)(SO_4)_x是在953℃由包晶反应形成的新相.随着温度的降低,相区扩大.在室温x=0.96—0.58.该相属正交晶系,空间群为.Pmmm,Z=2.晶体的点阵常数在x=0.8时有一最大值,α=5.002A,b=6.173A,c=10.608A.Li_(8-2x)(SiO_4)_(2-x)(SO_4)_x在空气中能吸收7.6wt％的水蒸气和其他气体.脱水温度高于350℃,水份的吸脱不改变晶体结构,与沸石分子筛具有相似性质,脱水激活能为171.5kJ/mol. 熔化后的Li_2SO_4-MgSO_4和Li_2SO_4-Li_4SiO_4试样以10℃/min速率降温,分别形成亚稳态共晶体系.     

碱液回流老化ZrO(OH)_2制备纳米晶ZrO_2的影响因素

通过考察回流老化所用的碱液（NH_4OH, NaOH和KOH）介质和容器材质（玻璃 和Teflon）对ZrO(OH)_2凝胶及其焙烧产物ZrO_2的织构／结构和热稳定性的影响， 研究了杂质元素掺杂和凝胶溶解－再沉淀等因素在形成高表面积纳米晶ZrO(OH) _2/ZrO_2过程中的作用。在Teflon容器中，以NH_4OH为介质（pH = 11.5）的回流 老化对ZrO(OH)_2/ZrO_2的性质无明显影响。而使用玻璃容器则可显著提高ZrO(OH) _2/ZrO_2的表面积、孔容和抗烧结性质，并在800℃获得小晶粒（5～7 nm）四方晶 相ZrO_2纳米晶材料；在DTA曲线上ZrO(OH)_2转变成ZrO_2晶体的温度由回流老化前 的463℃提高到810～840℃。在以KOH和NaOH为介质(pH = 13)的实验中，使用玻璃 容器得到与经NH_4OH为介质时相类似的结果；但在Teflon容器中只形成低表面积和 较大尺寸（约20 nm）以单斜相为主的混合晶相ZrO(OH)_2，其在800℃焙烧后形成 大晶粒（35 nm）单斜相ZrO_2。样晶的元素分析结果清楚地揭示出使用玻璃容器时 有SiO_2从器壁溶解掺杂进入ZrO(OH)_2凝胶。样品的表面积和孔容与杂质Si~(4+) 含量之间有顺变关系，表明Si~(4+)掺杂是形成高表面积和大孔容ZrO(OH) _2/ZrO_2、提高ZrO_2晶化温度以及稳定小晶粒四方晶相ZrO_2的最主要因素。在不 发生Si~(4+)掺杂前提下，K~+和Na~+的存在可促进ZrO(OH)_2形成结晶，但对高温 下ZrO_2织构的稳定性影响不大。此外，ZrO(OH)_2凝胶的溶解－再沉淀和骨架网络 有序化也是回流老化影响ZrO(OH)_2/ZrO_2织构的重要因素。     

CexTi1-xO2复合氧化物的结构及负载CuO对NO还原性能研究

采用共沉淀法制备了不同摩尔比(x=0,0.1,0.2～0.9,1.0)的CexTi1-xO2复合氧化物,考察了CuO/CexTi1-xO2对NO+CO反应的活性,并用BET,TPR和XRD等技术对各试样进行了表征。结果表明,试样的结构和还原特性随焙烧温度变化而变化。XRD检测表明,x值从0.1增加到0.5时,650℃焙烧的试样已形成了CeTi2O6物相,且主要以无定形状态存在;试样经800℃焙烧后晶化完全;x>0.6时,一些TiO2已经进入了CeO2晶格,形成了Ce Ti固溶体。催化剂活性评价表明CuO/CexTi1-xO2(650℃)对NO+CO反应具有较好的活性,其活性随x值变化而变化。TPR及XRD结果表明CuO与CeTi2O6之间存在很强的相互作用,CeTi2O6物相的形成使CuO的还原峰温由380℃提前到200℃,而CuO的存在又促进CeTi2O6的还原峰温从600℃提前至200～300℃。     

二元混合物对Raoult定律偏差类型的热力学分析

从Gibbs-Duhem方程式得出二元混合物的Duhem-Margules方程为: (1-x)(dlnγ_1/dx) x(dlnγ_2/dx)=0 (T、P恒定) (1)式中γ_1和γ_2分别是组分1和组分2的活度系数,x是组分2的摩尔分数。上式表明了组分1和组分2对Raoult定律的偏差(即γ_1和γ_2)之间的相互制约关系,即一般所说的热力学一致性的限制。     

Rules on intrapair and interpair correlation energy for Cl, Cl?and MCl (M=H, Li, Na, K)

According to the calculation results of the intrapair and interpair correlation energy for the title systems, it has been found that the intrapair correlation energy of K shell of Cl is almost a constant and both the intrashell and intershell correlation energy of K and L shell changes little. It has also been found that in MCl series compounds the value of Cl correlation energy contribution depends on the ionicity of MCl compounds, i.e., the Cl correlation energy contribution increases with the increase of the ionic bond strength of the compound and this value is always less than the correlation energy of Cl^- anion but always larger than that of Cl atom. These rules are helpful for the estimation of the correlation energy of ionic compounds and the energy changes of chemical reactions.     

Rules on intrapair and interpair correlation energy for Cl, Cl~(-) and MCI (M=H, Li, Na, K)

According to the calculation results of the intrapair and interpair correlation energy for the title systems, it has been found that the intrapair correlation energy of K shell of Cl is almost a constant and both the intrashell and intershell correlation energy of K and L shell changes little. It has also been found that in MCI series compounds the value of Cl correlation energy contribution depends on the ionicity of MCI compounds, i.e., the Cl correlation energy contribution increases with the increase of the ionic bond strength of the compound and this value is always less than the correlation energy of Cl" anion but always larger than that of Cl atom. These rules are helpful for the estimation of the correlation energy of ionic compounds and the energy changes of chemical reactions.     

Analytical,structural and electrical characterization of SiGe layers by electron microbeam techniques

k-ratios of Ge-L and Si-K measured at different beam energies allow to evaluate simultaneously composition and thickness of SiGe layers on a Si substrate. A simple technique applying backscattered electrons also enables estimation of composition of bulk SiGe and of composition and thickness of relatively thick (200 nm) SiGe layers on Si. Electron channeling patterns of pseudomorphic SiGe/Si structures and of pure Si substrate show no significant differences whereas in relaxed structures a smearing of the pattern with increasing density of misfit dislocations is observed. Under particular conditions the technique of the electron beam induced current permits imaging of recombination-active misfit dislocations with a spatial resolution around 0.2 m. Moreover, a repulsion of holes due to the valence-band offset in a n-Si/SiGe heterostructure was detected.     

Organic Electron Donors as Powerful Single‐Electron Reducing Agents in Organic Synthesis

One‐electron reduction is commonly used in organic chemistry for the formation of radicals by the stepwise transfer of one or two electrons from a donor to an organic substrate. Besides metallic reagents, single‐electron reducers based on neutral organic molecules have emerged as an attractive novel source of reducing electrons. The past 20 years have seen the blossoming of a particular class of organic reducing agents, the electron‐rich olefins, and their application in organic synthesis. This Review gives an overview of the different types of organic donors and their specific characteristics in organic transformations.     

Theoretical study of electron transfer in uranyl(VI)–uranyl(V) complexes in solution

The rates of the electron self‐exchange between uranyl(VI) and uranyl(V) complexes in solution have been investigated in detail with quantum chemical methods. The calculations have shown that the bond length of U? Oyl is elongated by 0.1 Å when the extra electron is localized on the sites. The diabatic potential surfaces are obtained. The inner reorganization energies are 212.6 and 226.8 kJ mol^?1 for hydroxide and fluoride bridge systems, respectively. The solvent reorganization energies are 28.12 and 31.60 kJ mol^?1 for hydroxide and fluoride bridge systems, respectively. The nuclear frequency factors are 3.17 × 10¹³ and 3.12 × 10¹³ s^?1 for hydroxide and fluoride bridge systems, respectively. The electronic coupling matrix elements are 1.89 and 4.06 kJ mol^?1 for hydroxide and fluoride bridge systems, respectively. The electron‐transfer rates of our calculations are 12.95 and 0.819 M^?1 s^?1 for hydroxide and fluoride bridge systems, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010     

电子显微技术应用于生物纳米材料表征与测试的研究进展

该文简述了电子显微技术的发展历程,并介绍了现代电子显微镜的新功能。针对生物纳米材料理化性能与功能应用的特殊性,结合研究实例,重点阐述运用电子显微结构表征与原位分析测试技术指导构建新颖纳米结构、揭示材料与细胞/组织相互作用并发挥功能的机制。并在此基础上,展望了电子显微技术在生物纳米材料研究领域的发展方向(大尺寸图像拼接、三维重构、动态原位实时成像)。     

A measure of electron localizability

A functional of the same‐spin electron pair density is proposed as a measure of electron localizability. This functional yields the average number of same‐spin electron pairs in a region Ω enclosing a fixed charge. The functional equals zero if the fixed charge in Ω originates from one electron only, with all other same‐spin electrons outside the region Ω. Then, the correlation of the electronic motion in Ω and thus the localizability of an electron is high. If the motion of the same‐spin electrons becomes less correlated, more electrons participate in the fixed charge contained in Ω, the average number of same‐spin electron pairs (the functional) increases. In the Hartree–Fock approximation the Taylor expansion of the proposed localizability functional can be related to the electron localization function of Becke and Edgecombe without using an arbitrary reference to the uniform electron gas. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004     

Analytical electron microscopy of materials

Analytical electron microscopy enables combined crystallographic and chemical information with a high spatial resolution to be gained from microregions of electron-transparent specimens. This is reached by the combined application of imaging, diffraction and spectroscopic methods, using either a dedicated scanning transmission electron microscope or a conventional high-resolution electron microscope (having a strong objective lens) equipped with suitable X-ray or electron spectrometers. Of the diffraction methods especially the technique of convergent beam diffraction is used, yielding valuable information on crystal structures, lattice parameter changes, symmetry variations and crystal perfection, respectively. For chemical analysis, either energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) is used or electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Finally, high-resolution electron microscopy in the lateral resolution range of some 0.1 nm allows the reliable geometrical inspection of extreme microregions.     

Formation of Temporary Negative Ions and Their Subsequent Fragmentation upon Electron Attachment to CoQ0 and CoQ0H2

Ubiquinone molecules have a high biological relevance due to their action as electron carriers in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Here, we studied the dissociative interaction of free electrons with CoQ₀, the smallest ubiquinone derivative with no isoprenyl units, and its fully reduced form, 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methylhydroquinone (CoQ₀H₂), an ubiquinol derivative. The anionic products produced upon dissociative electron attachment (DEA) were detected by quadrupole mass spectrometry and studied theoretically through quantum chemical and electron scattering calculations. Despite the structural similarity of the two studied molecules, remarkably only a few DEA reactions are present for both compounds, such as abstraction of a neutral hydrogen atom or the release of a negatively charged methyl group. While the loss of a neutral methyl group represents the most abundant reaction observed in DEA to CoQ₀, this pathway is not observed for CoQ₀H₂. Instead, the loss of a neutral OH radical from the CoQ₀H₂ temporary negative ion is observed as the most abundant reaction channel. Overall, this study gives insights into electron attachment properties of simple derivatives of more complex molecules found in biochemical pathways.