通过脱碳控制全球平均温度

Establishing a reliable method to predict the global mean temperature (T_e) is of great importance because CO₂ reduction activities require political and global cooperation and significant financial resources. The current climate models all seem to predict that the earth's temperature will continue to increase, mainly based on the assumption that CO₂ emissions cannot be lowered significantly in the foreseeable future. Given the earth's multifactor climate system, attributing atmospheric CO₂ as the only cause for the observed temperature anomaly is most likely an oversimplification; the presence of water (H₂O) in the atmosphere should at least be considered. As such, T_e is determined by atmospheric water content controlled by solar activity, along with anthropogenic CO₂ activities. It is possible that the anthropogenic CO₂ activities can be reduced in the future. Based on temperature measurements and thermodynamic data, a new model for predicting T_e has been developed. Using this model, past, current, and future CO₂ and H₂O data can be analyzed and the associated T_e calculated. This new, esoteric approach is more accurate than various other models, but has not been reported in the open literature. According to this model, by 2050, T_e may increase to 15.5 ℃ under "business-as-usual" emissions. By applying a reasonable green technology activity scenario, T_e may be reduced to approximately 14.2 ℃. To achieve CO₂ reductions, the scenario described herein predicts a CO₂ reduction potential of 513 gigatons in 30 years. This proposed scenario includes various CO₂ reduction activities, carbon capturing technology, mineralization, and bio-char production; the most important CO₂ reductions by 2050 are expected to be achieved mainly in the electricity, agriculture, and transportation sectors. Other more aggressive and plausible drawdown scenarios have been analyzed as well, yielding CO₂ reduction potentials of 1051 and 1747 gigatons, respectively, in 30 years, but they may reduce global food production. It is emphasized that the causes and predictions of the global warming trend should be regarded as open scientific questions because several details concerning the physical processes associated with global warming remain uncertain. For example, the role of solar activities coupled with Milankovitch cycles are not yet fully understood. In addition, other factors, such as ocean CO₂ uptake and volcanic activity, may not be negligible.     

呼出气体酒精含量探测器检定的注意事项

介绍呼出气体酒精含量探测器的工作原理和国家标准对使用探测器的要求,为确保探测器有效准确的量值溯源,采用呼出气体酒精含量探测器自动检测系统进行检定。该系统能够解决标准气体不易保存和定值容易发生改变的难题,同时控制吹气压力,保证探测器采样的一致性,并列举了检定操作时应注意的问题和细节。     

微波灰化重量法测定卷烟纸中灰分

卷烟纸灰分是卷烟纸质量控制的一项重要指标,产生卷烟纸灰分的主要成分是纸中添加了碳酸钙等无机填充物,这些填充物可起到改善卷烟纸的透气度、调节卷烟纸的燃烧速率、提高卷烟纸的白度和不透明度、改善卷烟纸的手感和外观质量以及节约纤维用量等作用[1]。     

拉曼光谱法检测三甘醇中的水分含量

三甘醇是具有强烈吸湿性的粘稠液体,被用作石油天然气产品的新型干燥剂及脱水剂,在对三甘醇品质进行评价时,水分的含量是非常重要的指标。本文利用拉曼光谱技术,对三甘醇样品的拉曼光谱图进行采集,三甘醇标准品在波数129cm-1、321cm-1、531cm-1、830cm-1、886cm-1有较强的拉曼信号,以特征波数886cm-1的信号强度与对应的水分含量做标准曲线,得回归方程为y=-42.95x+4583.5,相关系数R2=0.9986,说明拉曼信号强度与三甘醇水分含量有良好的线性关系。选择水分含量为10%、15%、85%、95%的三甘醇溶液作为回测,平均回收率在90.1%~115.86%,相对标准偏差在0.43%~10.1%,该方法可准确检测三甘醇中的水分含量,且快速、操作简便、样品用量少,可用于现场检测。     

高效液相色谱法测定地塞米松及有关物质

建立了高效液相色谱法测定地塞米松及有关物质的方法。采用Kromasil 100-5 C_(18)(250 mm×4. 6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以水和乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1. 5 mL/min,检测波长240 nm,柱温40℃,进样量20μL。在上述色谱条件下,地塞米松与1,2-二氢物、16β-甲基环氧物和17-脱氧-21醇等杂质分离效果好,地塞米松在4～480μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,检测限为0. 32μg/mL,1,2-二氢物、16β-甲基环氧物和17-脱氧-21醇在0. 2～4. 0μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,检测限分别为0. 058,0. 063,0. 060μg/mL。方法可用于测定地塞米松及有关物质的含量。     

功能化离子液体液化木粉及其酚醛复合材料

合成了氯代1-(2-羟乙基)-3-甲基咪唑离子液体[He MIM]Cl、溴代1-乙胺基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体[Ae MIM]Br和氯代1-羧乙基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体[Ce MIM]Cl 3种功能化咪唑离子液体,并分别进行了红外与氢核磁结构表征.然后用3种离子液体液化木粉,液化3 h后向体系直接加入苯酚、甲醛和氢氧化钠,制备酚醛复合材料,并采用FTIR、XRD、DSC和SEM对酚醛复合材料进行结构、性能与形貌测试,研究离子液体种类对木粉液化率及酚醛树脂性能的影响.结果表明,离子液体及其液化木粉产物制备的酚醛复合材料性能得到明显改善.[Ce MIM]Cl液化效果最好,90℃液化率高达24.6%,当[Ce MIM]Cl与木粉质量比为10∶1时,制备的酚醛复合材料的游离醛释放量由原来的3.64%降低到0.92%.离子液体[Ae MIM]Br能将酚醛复合材料的冲击强度由原来的0.93 k J/m2提高到6.96 k J/m2,而[Ae MIM]Br及其液化的木粉产物制备的酚醛复合材料拉伸强度从原来的3.28 MPa提高到9.70 MPa.     

基于成像光谱仪MODIS的近十年武汉水汽含量变化分析

应用中分辨率成像光谱仪近红外通道数据进行大气水汽含量反演.采用三通道比值加权平均法用于武汉地区大气水汽含量反演,将反演结果与EOS发布的水汽产品进行对比,验证了该反演算法的可信性.借助遥感影像处理软件ENVI,利用三通道比值加权平均法反演了武汉地区近十年(2001-2011)的大气水汽含量,结合武汉地区实际地理位置、气候条件和城市发展现状,分析了武汉地区大气水汽含量变化.结果表明:武汉地区大气水汽含量在秋季和冬季呈明显减少趋势.借助统计软件SPSS对中分辨率成像光谱仪反演的大气水汽含量与地面气象探测因子气压、气温和相对湿度之间做回归分析,结果表明:大气水汽含量与气温呈正相关,气压呈负相关,和相对湿度的相关性不大,但在温度一定时,两者呈正相关.     

铽掺杂氟化钙绿色荧光粉的合成及发光性能

用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、正丁醇、环己烷和水组成的微乳液体系在水热环境下制备了一系列不同Tb3+掺杂浓度的CaF2:Tb3+荧光粉。通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和能量色散光谱仪(EDS)来表征荧光粉的晶体结构、颗粒大小、形貌及成分,利用荧光的激发光谱和发射光谱以及荧光衰减曲线来表征荧光粉的荧光性能。实验结果表明:XRD测试结果与立方相CaF2吻合;SEM图像显示CaF2:Tb3+荧光粉呈球形,且大小约为30nm;荧光粉中Tb3+的最佳掺杂物质的量浓度为6%;光致发光发射光谱表明在259nm光激发下该CaF2:Tb3+荧光粉发出强的绿光。杰出的荧光特性使CaF2:Tb3+荧光粉在荧光标记应用中成为一种有前景的绿色荧光粉。     

火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定维血康颗粒中总铁

建立火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定维血康颗粒中总铁的含量,火焰类型选择空气–乙炔,测定波长为248.3 nm,测定时间为4.0 s,燃气流量为0.9 L/min,以氘灯作为背景校正。铁的质量浓度在2.4~28.8μg/mL范围内与吸光度呈良好的线性,线性相关系数r~2=0.999 8。6次测定结果的相对标准偏差小于1.0%,样品加样回收率为93.89%,方法检出限为0.011 3μg/mL。该方法具有准确度高,稳定性、重复性好等优点,可用于维血康颗粒中总铁含量的测定。