三种离子液体的合成及其对棉纤维素溶解性能的比较研究

合成了三种含有羧基或醚基的离子液体, 1-羧甲基-3-乙基咪唑氯化物([CmEIM]Cl)、1-甲氧乙基-3-乙基咪唑氯化物([C2OC1-EIM]Cl)和1-[2-(2-氯乙氧基)乙基]-3-乙基咪唑氯化物([Cl-C2OC2-EIM]Cl), 用FT-IR和1H NMR对它们的化学结构进行了表征. 测定并比较了这三种离子液体对棉纤维素的溶解能力, 并用FT-IR, SEM和XRD研究了溶解前和再生后纤维素的化学结构、形貌及晶体结构的变化. 结果表明, 在三种离子液体中, [C2OC1-EIM]Cl对棉纤维素的溶解性最好. 在溶解过程中, 随着温度的升高, 纤维素在离子液体中的溶解度增加, 但聚合度下降, 特别是在[Cl-C2OC2-EIM]Cl中溶解时, 纤维素的聚合度下降最严重. 研究结果表明, 含羧基的离子液体会由于分子间氢键的缔合作用降低其对纤维素的溶解性. 侧基较大的离子液体对纤维素的溶解性也较差.     

离子液体中硝基苯的扩散系数与量子化学参数的相关研究

采用量子化学半经验AM1方法,分别对[CMIM]+(1,3-二甲基咪唑离子)、[C2MIM]+(1-甲基-3-乙基咪唑离子)、[C4MIM]+(1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑离子)、[C6MIM]+(1-甲基-3-己基咪唑离子)和硝基苯,以及它们1∶1复合物构象进行优化,在此基础上以DFT(B3LYP/6-31+G)计算它们的...     

离子液体在番茄红素提取中的应用研究

以1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([Bmim]BF4)、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([Bmim]PF6)、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([Emim]BF4)、1-乙基-3-甲基溴盐([Emim]Br)、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸一氢盐([Bmim]HSO4)离子液体为萃取剂,并用超声波辅助萃取新鲜番茄中的番茄红素.对离子液体超声波辅助萃取新鲜番茄中的番茄红素的条件进行了优化,优化后的提取条件为:以[Bmim]BF4为萃取溶剂,离子液体浓度:V乙醇/V[Bmim]BF4=3,在固定超声温度为40℃,超声萃取时间10min,超声波功率380W,料液比1:5 (g/mL)时,效果最佳.     

壳聚糖在4种咪唑型离子液体中溶解性的研究

研究、比较了壳聚糖在4种咪唑型离子液体氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑([BMIM]Cl)、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸盐([ BMIM] Ac)、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸盐([EMIM] Ac)和氯化1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑([AMIM] Cl)中的溶解性,提出了可能的溶解机理,并利用红外光谱(FTIR)、热重分析(TGA...     

羟基功能化离子液体与溶菌酶相互作用的研究

采用荧光光谱和紫外吸收光谱研究了羟基功能化离子液体1-(1,2-二羟基丙基)-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([2,3-dhpmim]Cl)、1-(1,2-二羟基丙基)-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([2,3-dhpmim]BF4)、1-(1,2-二羟基丙基)-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([2,3-dhpmim]PF6)与溶菌酶的相互作用。研究发现此3种离子液体对溶菌酶的荧光猝灭均为静态猝灭;同步荧光显示离子液体与溶菌酶肽链上的色氨酸残基作用,色氨酸残基微环境发生改变;结合常数和结合位点数按照[2,3-dhpmim]Cl、[2,3-dhpmim]BF4、[2,3-dhpmim]PF6顺序依次增大,并随温度的升高而增大。     

离子液体在多水相液液平衡体系中的作用

通过用短链离子液体(1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐[C2mim]Br、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐[C4mim]Br)部分或全部取代SDS/DTAB/PEG/NaBr/H2O多水相体系中的无机盐NaBr,用长链离子液体十二烷基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐[C12mim]Br部分取代体系中阳离子表面活性剂DTAB,系统研究了离子液体在分相体系中的作用及其对分相体系性质的影响.研究表明,SDS/DTAB/PEG/NaBr/H2O混合体系形成的四水相体系可以看作"聚合物双水相"与"表面活性剂双水相"共存的结果.短链离子液体([C2mim]Br、[C4mim]Br)较强的亲水性能赋予其较强的盐析能力,在混合体系中表现出明显的盐效应,保证了四水相体系中"聚合物双水相"的存在.短链离子液体与聚合物之间的相互作用及其对表面活性剂之间相互作用的影响均不可忽略.对混合体系的相行为,共存多相的性质有重要的影响.而长链离子液体[C12mim]Br主要通过自身的疏水作用影响"表面活性剂双水相"的性质,充当表面活性剂的角色.然而,[C12mim]Br与DTAB分子结构上的差异,导致表面活性剂分子在"表面活性剂双水相"的两相重新分配,影响了对应两相的体积及萃取能力.可见,通过调节离子液体的烷基链长、混合体系中的含量等可获得具有特定性质的多水相体系.     

离子液体对淀粉酶催化反应的影响

用分光光度法研究了二烷基咪唑氯类和二烷基咪唑磷酸酯类离子液体对淀粉酶催化反应的影响,通过吸光度的变化来测定淀粉水解的程度。 结果表明,这两类离子液体对淀粉酶催化反应均有明显的抑制作用,其中1-己基-3-甲基咪唑氯[HMIM]Cl的抑制作用最大。 而且,对于相同的阴离子,随着阳离子咪唑环烷基取代基链长的增加,抑制作用也增加。     

氯化烷基咪唑:一种氯气吸收及氯化反应的媒介

依据离子液体1-甲基-3-正己基咪唑氯盐([HeMIM]Cl)和1-甲基-3-正辛基咪唑氯盐([OcMIM]Cl)在常温下呈液态,且能与氯气反应生成三氯离子的特性,将其作为吸收氯气的反应媒介,并将所形成的含三氯离子的离子液体作为氯代试剂用于一些有机化合物,如烯烃、酮、芳香化合物的氯代反应之中,取得了令人满意的结果.这两种离子液体的最大吸收氯气含量分别达到25.9%和23.1%(质量分数),而且这些含有氯离子或三氯离子的离子液体作为吸收媒介或氯代试剂可以重复利用.     

离子液体对钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的影响

利用1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐(EMIMBr)、1-己基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐(HMIMBr)、双三氟甲烷磺酰亚胺锂(LiTFSI)以及1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐(EMICl)和双氟磺酰亚胺钾(KFSI)制备了1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐(EMITFSI)、1-己基-3-甲基咪唑双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐(HMITFSI)和1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑鎓二(氟甲磺酰基)亚胺盐(EMIFSI)3种离子液体。 用氯苯稀释的离子液体对钙钛矿活性层进行浸泡处理,探究了离子液体对钙钛矿形貌以及钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的影响。 结果表明,HMITFSI处理后太阳能电池的填充因子从0.71提高到了0.74,光电转换效率也有了一定提高,钙钛矿薄膜的表面形貌得到了改善,而EMITFSI和EMIFSI的处理反而降低了钙钛矿太阳能电池的性能,证实离子液体可以影响钙钛矿的结晶形貌。     

微波法合成离子液体[AMIM]Cl及其对纤维素的预处理

利用微波法合成了离子液体1-烯丙基,3-甲基咪唑氯盐[AMIM]Cl,并利用合成的离子液体分别对微晶纤维素、麦草秸杆和玉米芯进行预处理,得到了再生纤维素。考察了纤维素在离子液体中的溶解过程,并通过FT-IR、SEM和酶解对其预处理效果进行了表征。结果表明:微波法可以大大减少反应时间,合成的离子液体[AMIM]Cl可以有效降低纤维素的结晶度,增加其表面粗糙度,提高纤维素酶的可及性及底物的利用率。     

催化剂酸碱性对异丙醇脱水活性的影响

研究了具有不同酸碱中心的催化剂对异丙醇脱水反应活性及选择性的影响,结果表明:催化剂表面有合适的酸碱强度和H_0,max值,能引起高的脱水活性和选择性。红外吸附态证实:在接近反应状态下,催化剂表面出现了-CH₂结构吸附,这表明反应物的碱基(OH基)与催化剂表面酸中心作用的同时,酸基(反应物的β-H)与催化剂表面碱作用,催化剂上这种酸碱活性中心协同作用结果使异丙醇脱水生成丙烯的过程很可能以协同机理方式进行。     

钙基负载型固体碱催化酯交换反应活性评价

动植物油脂与醇通过酯交换反应制备生物柴油,目前,工业上一般采用NaOH、KOH、NaOCH,等均相催化剂。均相催化剂的缺点是产品后处理复杂,产生大量含碱含油工业废水。而非均相固体碱催化酯交换反应,产品与催化剂分离容易,产品不需要水洗,避免了大量废液的排放。采用非均相固体碱制备生物柴油的文献报道较多,但固体碱的碱中心数、碱中心强度对酯交换反应影响的报道较少。本研究制备了钙基负载型固体碱催化剂,重点研究钙基负载型固体碱的制备工艺条件对碱强度、碱量分布的影响,考察碱强度、碱量分布对催化菜籽油与甲醇的酯交换反应制备生物柴油转化率的影响。     

Effect of fiber length and loading on the properties of Schumannianthus dichotomus (murta) fiber–reinforced epoxy composites

The present work was aimed at preparing composite materials using epoxy matrix and murta fibers of varying lengths and weight percentages. The composites were analyzed on the basis of density, thermal gravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, tensile strength, flexural strength, Izod impact strength, and Rockwell hardness studies. Twenty-five weight percent of randomly oriented fibers of 25 mm length rendered the best mechanical properties to the composite. The tensile strength of the composite was analyzed using the Hirsch model. The characterization of the composite reveals that murta fiber is a good candidate for polymer reinforcement.     

高强度PAMPS-PAAm互穿网络凝胶及其溶胀性能

通过考察不同单体浓度或离子强度下凝胶的力学性能和溶胀特性,对聚2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(PAMPS)与聚丙烯酰胺(PAAm)形成的互穿网络凝胶的高强度性能和作用机理进行了研究.结果表明:PAMPS-PAAm互穿网络凝胶的力学强度对c(AMPS)存在一个最佳值(1 mol/L),且随c(AAM)的增大而显著增大(0.5～4 mol/L).当c(AMPS)=1 mol/L、c(AAM)＝4 mol/L时,互穿网络凝胶的最大抗压强度达6.46 MPa;改变凝胶体系内水的离子强度,PAMPS-PAAm凝胶在0.25 mol/kg离子强度时的抗压强度与纯水状态下相比增加了29%.     

Determination of Fibre Pore Structure: Influence of Salt,pH and Conventional Wet Strength Resins

It has been shown, in the present investigation, that the two methods used to investigate the pore size distribution of unbleached chemical pulps, i.e. inverse size exclusion chromatography (ISEC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), give different average pore radius for the pores inside the fibre wall. This is due to the way in which these experiments are performed and the sensitivity of the methods to different types of pores in the cell wall. It was also shown that the two methods gave different results when changing the pH and the ionic strength of the pulp suspension. The pore radius, as detected with ISEC, decreased with both increasing ionic strength and decreasing pH, indicating a loose structure of the exterior of the fibrillar network. However, the pore radius as detected with NMR, was virtually unaffected when increasing the ionic strength, indicating a very rigid structure of the interior of the fibre wall. Decreasing pH though, lead to a decrease in pore radius indicating that upon protonation of the carboxylic groups in the fibre wall, the electrostatic repulsion is diminished and the average pore radius decreases. The NMR technique was also used to study wet strength aid penetration into the fibre wall. It was shown that wet strength aids with a small molecular weight, penetrated the fibre wall, as detected by a decrease in pore radius. It was also shown that addition of different wet strength aids increased the tensile index of the sheet and decreased the fibre strength, measured as zero span-strength of the sheets.     

Influences of chemical modifications on the mechanical strength of cellulose beads

Spherical cellulose beads having narrow particle-size distribution were prepared by the coagulation/regeneration method for small viscose droplets formed by centrifugal force in an acid bath. The influences of chemical modifications on mechanical strengths such as the hydraulic property and compressive strength were investigated, together with the effects on crystallinity, particle size and degree of swelling. Cross-linking with epichlorohydrin and substitution of hydroxyl groups in cellulose with diethylaminoethyl, carboxymethyl and cyanoethyl groups were studied. No remarkable differences were found in X-ray diffraction patterns for the cellulose beads after the chemical modification. The substitution promoted swelling of the beads and decreased the mechanical strength, probably by scission of intermolecular and/or intramolecular hydrogen bonds in cellulose. However, the cross-linking retarded the cellulose beads from swelling effectively. The beads were made significantly ha rder by the substitution, and this hardening effect competed with the softening effect of the swelling. Moreover, it was suggested that the simple compression test was useful for the prediction of the hydraulic property of the cellulose beads in the column operation. 0969--0239 © 1998 Blackie Academic & Professional     

无机粉体对微发泡聚丙烯复合材料力学行为的影响

通过改性的不同形状（针状MgSO4晶须、片状云母粉、球形状SiO2）无机粉体材料,以5％含量加入到聚丙烯中,在二次开模条件下制备微发泡PP复合材料;测定PP／无机粉体材料复合体系接触角,联合粘接理论计算液-固界面的黏附功;以异相成核理论和填充增强机理为基础,分析了不同形状的无机粉体材料对微发泡PP材料力学行为的影响规律...     

Strength of poly-ether-ether-ketone: Effects of sterilisation and thermal ageing

This paper investigates the strength of polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) after sterilisation and thermal ageing. PEEK specimens were divided into five groups, according to whether the specimens had been annealed, sterilised or aged. Specimens were subjected to either static or dynamic three-point bend tests. Static tests involved loading the specimens until a maximum displacement of 40 mm was reached. Dynamic tests involved applying a sinusoidally varying force at a frequency of 5 Hz. The maximum force applied to a specimen was based on a percentage of the static yield strength. Testing continued until failure or run out of 10 million cycles. Sterilisation and ageing resulted in no significant change in the static yield strength. Annealing was found to significantly increase the yield strength. For the dynamic tests, the fatigue strength was in the range 99.4 to 107.4 MPa; sterilisation and thermal ageing were found to have no effect on fatigue strength.     

Fabrication of a high-strength hydrogel with an interpenetrating network structure

Hydrogels have potential applications in many fields, but the poor mechanical strength has limited their further development. In this article, we designed a high-strength hydrogel with an interpenetrating network (IPN) structure from polyacrylamide (PAM) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Synthesis parameters, such as PVA/AM mass ratio, crosslinker dosage and elongation time were carried out for high tensile strength and elongation. The results showed that chemical crosslinking, physical entanglement and PVA precipitates were the dominant parameters for the improvement of mechanical properties. The PVA structure transferred from crystal to amorphous due to intermolecular and intramolecular interactions (such as hydrogen bond and self-crosslinking). PVA precipitates scatterred in the brittle PAM matrix homogeneously which dispersed the applied stress and improved the hydrogel toughness. The tensile strength and elongation were extremely high, they were 2.4 MPa and 3100%, respectively. The simple method is versatile in synthesizing high-strength IPN hydrogels using many kinds of polymer species.     

The mosaic structure design to improve the anchoring strength of SiOx@C@Graphite anode

Silicon oxide (SiO_x)-based anodes have aroused great interest as the most promising alternative anode in the practical application of high-performance lithium-ion batteries. However, the electrochemical performance is inhibited because of the large volume change, and the electrode structure deteriorates during the cycling process, which hinders their practical application. In this article, a novel fabrication method for the synthesis of high-performance SiO_x@C@Graphite composites is presented. SiO_x particles are anchored on the graphite surface by chemical vapor deposition and compression molding. This structure makes up the shortcomings of poor electrical conductivity and poor bonding strength between SiO_x and graphite particles. It is beneficial to form a stable solid electrolyte interface and helps to maintain the structural integrity of electrode materials. As a result, the synthetic SiO_x@C@Graphite anode shows a high reversible capacity (2698.8 mA h), excellent cycle stability (about 76.9% capacity retention for 500 cycles) and a superior rate ability. Our research hopes to provide a new idea for improving the bonding strength of the surface coating.