铬酸氢根季铵树脂对烯丙醇的选择性氧化

合成了铬酸氢根季铵盐树脂,以它作为一种选择性氧化剂应用于烯丙醇的氧化反应,考察了温度、时间、溶剂、树脂与醇的物料比对氧化反应的影响。在优化的反应条件下,即以苯为溶剂,n（树脂）：n（醇）=3．5：1,回流12h,丙烯醛产率达60．65％。实验表明,该季铵盐树脂能有效地将烯丙醇选择性地氧化为丙烯醛。     

α,β-不饱和醇的选择性氧化反应研究——两种新型聚合物载体氧化剂的合成及选择性

近年来,应用聚合物载体氧化剂进行醇类氧化反应的研究已有报道,蔡坤等人采用盐酸三甲胺为配体的三氧化铬,制成对醇类具有高度氧化选择性的氧化剂。我们将三甲胺基和四甲胺基用反应选择性较好的低交联凝胶树脂固载化,合成了未见报道的重铬酸型叔胺树脂氧化剂(Ⅰ)和不同于Cainelli氧化剂的低交联凝胶重铬酸型季铵树脂氧化剂(Ⅱ)。合成路线如下:     

硫酸氢季铵盐催化环氧化物和氮杂环丙烷的醇解反应

利用四丁基硫酸氢铵(TBAHS)和大孔树脂(D201型)支载的硫酸氢季铵盐(D201-HSO4), 分别催化环氧化合物或氮杂环丙烷与甲醇的开环反应, 以高产率得到β-甲氧基醇或β-甲氧基胺. 两种催化剂对该反应都很有效, 但大孔树脂支载的硫酸氢季铵盐(D201-HSO4)易于制备, 并可以重复使用.     

α,β-不饱和醛的一种方便合成法

α,β-不饱和醛主要合成路线是氧化对应的α,β-不饱和醇。使用的氧化剂有琼斯试剂、科林试剂、特丁基铬酸酯、吸附在阴离子交换树脂上的铬酸、四正丁基铵的铬酸盐和水合二铬酸锌。但是这些试剂多数有缺点,大部分需要比较激烈的反应条件。吸附在硅胶上的铬酸(H_2CrO_4/SiO_2)是氧化对应的醇合成饱和醛的有效试剂。浙江医     

Raney Ni催化生物基糠醛还原胺化合成糠胺

生物质衍生物糠醛还原胺化是合成糠胺的一种有效方法。本文以糠醛为原料、氨水为氨源,使用商业Raney Ni催化糠醛还原胺化合成糠胺,考察了氢压、温度、n(糠醛)/n(氨水)、溶剂、催化剂用量等条件对反应的影响。实验结果表明：在1,4-二氧六环溶剂中,0.03 g Raney Ni、n(糠醛)/n(氨水)=1/2、130 ℃、2.0 MPa H₂条件下反应3 h,糠醛转化率100%,糠胺选择性96.3%。与传统方法相比,该工艺实现了非贵金属催化剂作用下高选择性反应,具有操作简单、低成本、收率高等优点。      

三相相转移催化法制备二氧化双环戊二烯

以氯甲基化大孔聚苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯交联树脂（PS）接枝N-苄基-N,N-二甲基十二烷基季铵磷钨杂多酸盐为三相相转移催化剂,质量分数为50%的工业双氧水为氧化剂,制备了二氧化双环戊二烯（DCPDDO）。 采用FTIR和¹H NMR对产物进行表征。 考察了溶剂和催化剂用量、物料摩尔比、反应温度和时间对环氧化反应的影响。 采用正交试验法获得的最佳反应条件为（以0.05 mol双环戊二烯（DCPD）计）：1,2-二氯乙烷18 mL,催化剂2.25 g,n(DCPD)∶n(H₂O₂)=1∶2.75,反应温度60 ℃,反应时间12 h。 在此条件下,DCPDDO的收率可达89%以上,催化剂回收方便且重复使用7次未见活性明显降低。     

负载型二乙酰氧碘苯与功能离子液体协同氧化醇为醛酮

将聚苯乙烯树脂(PS)先碘化再乙酰基化,制得了负载型二乙酰氧碘苯(PS-DIB)作为氧化剂。2,2,6,6-四甲基-N-氧自由基哌啶醇(TeMPO)与1,4-二溴丁烷反应生成4-溴丁氧基-2,2,6,6-四甲基-哌啶-1-氧化物,再与N-甲基咪唑发生季铵化反应,生成的溴化季铵盐与四氟硼酸钠进行离子交换制得氟硼酸型2,2,6,6-四甲基-N-氧自由基哌啶负载离子液体(TeMPO-IL)。室温下,以离子液体1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([bmim]BF4)为溶剂,PS-DIB为氧化剂,TeMPO-IL为催化剂,选择性协同氧化各种醇为相应的醛或酮。在实验条件范围内未检测到羧酸副产物。氧化剂、催化剂和溶剂均可循环使用,在苯甲醇的氧化中,循环使用5次,反应的转化率和收率均保持基本不变。     

重铬酸烟酰胺的合成及其选择性氧化作用

吡啶及季铵[1,2]的重铬酸盐是由醇制备醛和酮的优良的氧化剂,此类氧化剂的氧化反应具有反应条件温和、选择性强,产率较高等优点.然而,所有这些氧化反应须在有机溶剂中进行,而且氧化剂用量大大超过醇[3],价格昂贵.本文报道一种新型氧化剂重铬酸烟酰胺盐,可以在水溶液中进行氧化反应,且亦能表现出上述优良氧化剂的特点.重铬酸烟酰胺是较稳定的水溶性氧化剂,其制备方便、安全、易于保存,是一种可广泛使用的氧化剂.     

水相介质中负载纳米金催化CO高选择性还原糠醛

近年来可再生资源以及化工原料的多元化备受关注,生物资源成为其中的一个新亮点。糠醛是一种可由生物质转化而来的重要化工原料,将其催化还原直接转化为糠醇是构建以糠醛为平台化合物的生物基呋喃衍生物价值链的重要环节。长久以来,糠醛制糠醇研究主要集中在以 H2作氢源的加氢工艺及相关催化剂配方的优化、改进等方面,尽管在工业上已获得成功应用,但由于需大量消耗源于化石燃料的 H2,使得该路线总体上仍依赖于化石能源。此外,大量使用 H2所涉及的储存、运输和使用条件苛刻以及如何有效控制目标产物的选择性等问题也一直是糠醛传统催化加氢所面临的挑战。因此,寻求可替代传统氢气作氢源,更为经济实用且高效的糠醛高选择性催化还原制糠醇路线,对于发展以糠醛转化为技术核心的新一代糠醛基化工产业链,以及实现诸如5-羟甲基糠醛等其它重要生物质基平台化合物的还原转化,均具有重要意义。本文旨在通过实证性实验,考察以价廉且来源丰富的 CO替代 H2来实现高选择性液相糠醛催化转化制糠醇的可行性。众所周知, CO不但是 C1化学工业中至关重要的基础原料,在发展并完善面向未来的低碳能源及化学品清洁合成新技术等方面也有着非常大的应用潜力。鉴于 CO也是炼钢焦炉气的重要组成部分,因此开发新颖的基于 CO的还原转化和相关反应新技术,不但可有效拓展 CO的潜在应用范围,对于实现传统高能耗行业的节能减排和转型升级也有着重要的启示和借鉴意义。我们近期利用 CO/H2O为还原介质,在温和条件下实现了纳米 Au催化取代硝基或羰基化合物高效、高化学选择性还原,本文系统研究了包括传统铂族金属在内的各类高分散贵金属催化剂、反应温度、反应压力以及反应时间等对糠醛转化率和糠醇选择性的影响。通过优化催化剂制备和反应条件,发现以 CO/H2O作为氢源,在金红石单相 TiO2负载纳米 Au(Au/TiO2-R)的催化作用下,于90oC, CO压力为4 MPa,糠醛与 Au的摩尔比为200的条件下反应4 h即可实现糠醛至
　　糠醇的定量转化。研究表明,上述过程中催化剂可多次循环使用;反应温度或反应压力的增加均有利于反应进行,且在糠醛与纳米 Au的摩尔比高达2000甚至5000时,反应仍可完全进行到底。尤其值得一提的是,该催化体系对于反应原料中含有相当杂质的非新鲜提纯的粗糠醛亦具有很好的耐受性,甚至可直接以各种 H2/CO比例的来源广泛的合成气为氢源,实现目标反应,表明该体系是一种极具开发和应用潜力的糠醛转化制糠醇新技术。     

三级环氧醇与PCC的非对映性氧化反应研究

报道一类新颖的氯铬酸吡啶盐(PCC)与三级环氧醇的非对映选择性氧化反应,就反应的立体选择性、化学选择性和可能的反应机理进行了讨论。该反应不仅可用于制备手性的三级环氧醇,同时还可以用于合成含有手性季碳中心的1,3-二酮。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.