冷冻去脂-固相萃取-气相色谱法快速测定水产品中硫丹、硫丹硫酸酯和溴氰菊酯残留量

建立了气相色谱快速测定水产品中硫丹、硫丹硫酸酯和溴氰菊酯的残留量的方法。样品经过V(丙酮)∶V(正己烷)=1∶1提取,冷冻去除脂肪后,再用中性氧化铝SPE柱净化,然后用GC-μECD测定,外标法定量。对样品的提取和净化进行了研究和优化。目标化合物在0.005~0.1 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数为0.9994~0.9997。在0.005~0.02 mg/kg范围内,平均回收率在78.3%~89.2%,相对标准偏差为4.2%~9.7%。方法可用于水产品中硫丹、硫丹硫酸酯和溴氰菊酯残留量的检验。     

气相色谱/负离子化学电离质谱法测定土壤中硫丹及其代谢物

采用气相色谱/负离子化学电离质谱法测定土壤中的硫丹及其代谢物。外标法定量,α-硫丹、β-硫丹及硫丹硫酸酯在0.20～10.0 μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限分别为0.02、0.02、0.03 μg/Kg,空白加标平行测定的RSD为3.6%～4.3%,土壤样品加标回收率为83.6%～86.4%。本方法定性定量准确,适用于土壤中硫丹的测定。     

水生动物及水产品中硫丹及其代谢物残留量的气相色谱-质谱测定

建立了水生动物及水产品中农药硫丹及其代谢物残留量的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)测定方法;样品经溶剂提取、凝胶层析柱净化;以氦气为载气,甲烷气为反应气,程序升温及负化学源(NCI)电离方式,采用气质联用仪在选择离子监测模式下进行快速测定,保留时间和离子相对丰度比定性、外标法定量;方法定量下限为0.004 mg/kg。在鳗鱼、泥鳅、鲶鱼、虾4种样品中添加不同浓度的硫丹时,其平均添加回收率在71%~87%之间,相对标准偏差(n=10)小于10%。     

改进QuChERS–气相色谱法测定水产品中硫丹残留量

建立了水产品中硫丹残留量的改进样品快速处理技术(QuChERS)–气相色谱法检测方法。水产品样品以乙腈为提取剂,应用改进的QuChERS方法进行净化,并利用气相色谱法进行检测,以基质匹配标准溶液外标法定量。在2~10μg/kg添加水平范围内,α-硫丹和β-硫丹的平均回收率分别为97.8%~107.7%,98.5%~102.9%;测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为1.77%~10.4%,2.55%~5.84%;方法检出限分别为1.8,2.0μg/kg;定量限分别为5.4,6.0μg/kg。该法满足水产品中硫丹残留量的测定要求。     

QuEChERS/GC-MS法测定水产品中的硫丹及其代谢物

建立了QuEChERS法提取净化、气相色谱质谱联用仪测定水产品中的硫丹(α-硫丹和β-硫丹)及其代谢物硫丹硫酸盐的方法。样品用10 mL乙腈提取,取1 mL加入PSA和C18粉末振荡后离心,上清液过滤膜后用气相色谱质谱联用仪测定。3种物质在0.5~100μg/L范围内线性良好,在1,5,10μg/kg3个浓度水平下3种目标物平均添加回收率在72.3%~101.6%之间,RSD小于10%,定量限为0.5μg/kg,满足进出口检测要求,已应用于水产品中硫丹残留的测定。     

气相色谱法测定鳗鱼中残留的硫丹

建立了气相色谱检测鳗鱼中残留的硫丹（包括α-硫丹和β-硫丹）的方法。鳗鱼样品经过提取、净化,采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测法进行硫丹含量的测定。α-硫丹和β-硫丹的检测低限均为1 μg/kg;α-硫丹和β-硫丹在2～50 μg/kg范围内其含量与峰面积呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数均为0.999;α-硫丹和β-硫丹在添加水平为1.0,2.0,5.0 μg/kg时,回收率分别为74%～89%和89%~98%,相对标准偏差为3.7%~7.2%和4.7%~8.7%。表明方法的重现性和准确性都非常好。     

固相萃取-气相色谱/质谱法分析水果和蔬菜中残留的嘧菌酯

建立了多种水果和蔬菜中嘧菌酯残留的气相色谱/质谱分析方法。首先用乙酸乙酯-环己烷(体积比为1∶1)对样品中的嘧菌酯进行超声波提取,经硅胶固相萃取小柱对样品提取液进行净化、富集,采用气相色谱/质谱法以选择离子监测模式(m/z 344,372,388,403定性,m/z 344定量)进行检测。实验结果表明,嘧菌酯在0.01～1.0 mg/kg浓度范围内呈线性,其相关系数r>0.99。在低、中、高3个添加水平,嘧菌酯的回收率为85.2%～98.2%,相对标准偏差为5.8%～21.5%。方法的检测限不大于0.01 mg/kg,定量限不大于0.05 mg/kg。     

气相色谱/质谱法测定鱼塘中的痕量硫丹

利用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS),测定了鱼塘中痕量的硫丹,同时实现了硫丹的定性、定量.样品提取简便、高效,无需净化.用GC/MS的选择离子记录(SIR)方式测定低浓度硫丹的含量.硫丹在0.2～1000.0μg/mL范围内呈线性,该方法的检出限为0.086μg/mL,标准添加1.0、50μg/mL硫丹的回收率为87%、92%,测定的相对标准偏差为6.2%、13.1%.本方法能够满足痕量分析的实际要求.     

固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用检测地沟油中胆固醇

建立了固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(SPE-GC-MS)检测地沟油样品中胆固醇的分析方法。样品用硅胶固相萃取小柱前处理净化,先用20 mL含0.6%乙醚的正己烷溶液淋洗,再用10 mL含15%乙醚的正己烷溶液洗脱,胆固醇萃取率达97%。净化后的样品用配备电子轰击离子源的气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行测定,以保留时间和特征碎片离子定性,在选择离子监测模式下用外标法定量,选择离子为m/z 213、275、301、368、386,目标离子为m/z 386,参考离子为m/z 213和275。不同加标水平下的加标回收率为91.7%～101%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于6%,检出限为0.01 mg/L。胆固醇质量浓度在0.24~6.0 mg/L范围内有良好的线性关系(相关系数为0.9996)。该法可精确检测油脂中胆固醇的含量,检测结果可作为判断其中是否掺有地沟油的依据之一。     

溶剂萃取-气相色谱法测定粮食中硫丹类农药残留量

提出了粮食中α-硫丹、β-硫丹、硫丹乙酯、硫丹丙酯和硫丹硫酸盐5种硫丹类有机氯农药的气相色谱测定方法。样品粉碎后以丙酮为溶剂经快速溶剂萃取仪在加热(80℃)状态下静态提取5min、氟罗里硅土固相萃取柱净化后注入毛细管气相色谱仪分离测定。5种硫丹类农药的测定下限(10S/N)分别为0.82～1.75μg.kg-1,平均回收率为88.9%～99.1%,相对标准偏差(n=5)为6.80%～10.23%。     

Optimization and application of SPME for the gas chromatographic determination of endosulfan and its major metabolites in the ng L<Superscript>−1</Superscript> range in aqueous solutions

In the present study an analytical method was optimized for the determination of alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, endosulfan ether and endosulfan lactone in small volumes of environmental aqueous samples using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD). A 100 micro m polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) phase was used for the extraction. The limit of detection (LOD) for the analytes varied between 0.01 and 0.03 micro g L(-1) with a relative standard deviation of 3 to 11%. The influence of the ionic strength on the extraction efficiency was investigated for the individual compounds. alpha-Endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate and endosulfan ether were extracted successfully without salt addition. The extraction efficiency of endosulfan lactone was improved with 30% NaCl content. A general decrease in extraction efficiency for alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate and endosulfan ether with high NaCl content (20-30%) in the solution was observed due to glass surface adsorption. No effect of dissolved organic material (DOM) on the extraction efficiency was observed. The extraction coefficients changed between Log K=2.17 and 3.33. A sample from the Antarctic region was analyzed using the optimized GC-ECD/SPME method. To confirm the results obtained for the real sample a GC with a mass spectrometer (MS) was used. Endosulfan sulfate, the most toxic metabolite of endosulfan, was found in the sample at a concentration of 0.3 micro g L(-1).     

毛细管气相色谱法测定南美白对虾中硫丹的残留量

建立了运用毛细管气相色谱检测南美白对虾中硫丹残留的快速测定方法。用乙酸乙酯提取样品中的硫丹,提取液浓缩后以中性氧化铝和活性炭小柱进行双级柱色谱净化,用正己烷-乙酸乙酯(体积比为1∶1)洗脱,洗脱液用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器检测,以保留时间定性,外标法定量。在南美白对虾样品中分别添加0.20,0.10,0.04和0.02 mg/kg硫丹标准品,测得添加回收率为80.5%～109.5%,相对标准偏差为3.6%～8.4%。该方法在不具备凝胶渗透色谱条件下也能进行硫丹残留的检测,具有简便、准确的特点,能满足常规检测及食品安全监控的需要。     

Outcompeting GC for the detection of legacy chlorinated pesticides: online-SPE UPLC APCI/MSMS detection of endosulfans at part per trillion levels

Endosulfan, the last remaining organochlorine pesticide, has been the subject of a number of international regulations and restriction/banning action plans worldwide. Occurrence of endosulfan residues in South Florida environments has been widely described in the literature for more than two decades. This work describes a selective, sensitive, and fast online solid-phase extraction (SPE) method coupled with liquid chromatography separation and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the determination of endosulfan isomers and endosulfan sulfate in water samples at low part per trillion levels with very little sample preparation. A negative atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source was carefully optimized to produce reproducible spectra of the target compounds with no adduct ion formation. Selected reaction monitoring transitions were monitored and quantitation was performed against a per-deuterated internal standard β-endosulfan (d4). The automated online SPE clean-up was performed using only 20 mL of untreated water sample prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. The method was capable of separating and quantifying endosulfan within a 24-min run using acetonitrile and water as mobile phases and presenting statistically calculated method detection limits of 3, 10, and 7 ng/L for endosulfan sulfate, α-endosulfan, and β-endosulfan, respectively. In addition, a QuEChERS method was successfully developed and applied for endosulfan determination in sediments/soils, floating and submerged algal mats, and small fish. Minimal matrix effects were observed in all matrices analyzed and recoveries for all analytes ranged from 50–144 %. The developed methodology was applied to monitor the occurrence and to assess the potential transport of endosulfan in the Loveland Slough watershed, an area adjacent to Everglades National Park showing long-term contamination with endosulfans.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定茶叶中的25种有机氯农药残留

利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术建立了茶叶中25种有机氯农药残留同时测定的方法。茶叶样品中有机氯农药残留通过正己烷-丙酮(体积比为2∶1)溶液提取,浓缩后过弗罗里硅土柱净化,采用正己烷-乙酸乙酯(体积比为9∶1)溶液淋洗,GC-MS选择离子监测模式(SIM)检测。方法的线性范围为0.010～0.500 mg/L。在茶叶样品中0.01～0.20 mg/kg加标水平下有机氯混标的加标回收率为70.8%～105.5%,相对标准偏差为1.6%～12.7%。除硫丹Ⅰ和硫丹Ⅱ的定量限为0.02 mg/kg以外,其余23种有机氯农药的定量限均为0.01 mg/kg。     

Determination of organochlorine pesticides in water using microwave assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography

A coupled technique, microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction (MA-HS-SPME), was investigated for one-step in situ sample pretreatment for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) prior to gas chromatographic determination. The OCPs, aldrin, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, dieldrin, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, endrin, delta-HCH, gamma-HCH, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, methoxychlor and trifluralin were collected by the proposed method and analyzed by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (GC-ECD). To perform the MA-HS-SPME, six types of SPME fibers were examined and compared. The parameters affecting the efficiency in MA-HS-SPME process such as sampling time and temperature, microwave irradiation power, desorption temperature and time were studied to obtain the optimal conditions. The method was developed using spiked water samples such as field water and with 0.05% humic acid in a concentration range of 0.05-2.5 microg/l except endosulfan sulfate in 0.25-2.5 microg/l. The detection was linear over the studied concentration range with r2>0.9978. The detection limits varied from 0.002 to 0.070 microg/l based on S/N=3 and the relative standard deviations for repeatability were <15%. A certified reference sample of OCPs in aqueous solution was analyzed by the proposed method and compared with the conventional liquid-liquid extraction procedure. These results are in good agreement. The results indicate that the proposed method provides a very simple, fast, and solvent-free procedure to achieve sample pretreatment prior to the trace-level screening determination of organochloride pesticides by gas chromatography.     

Determination of low-level agricultural residues in soft drinks and sports drinks by gas chromatography with mass-selective detection: single-laboratory validation

In this study, sponsored by PepsiCo Inc., a method was validated for measurement of 19 pesticide residues in soft drinks and sports drinks by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with mass selective detection The pesticide residues determined in this validation were alpha-benzenehexachloride (BHC); beta-BHC; gamma-BHC; delta-BHC; methyl parathion; malathion; chlorpyrifos; aldrin; 2,4-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE); alpha-endosulfan; 4,4-DDE; 2,4-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD); dieldrin; ethion; 4,4-DDD; 2,4-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylene (DDT); beta-endosulfan; 4,4-DDT; and endosulfan sulfate when spiked into a 200 mL matrix sample at 0.50 microg/L. The samples were diluted with acetonitrile and water, then liquid-liquid phase extracted into petroleum ether. The resulting extract was concentrated to near dryness and diluted with hexane:dichloromethane (50:50). The concentrated samples were purified by gel permeation chromatography. The resulting solution was concentrated and separated on a Florisil substrate. The eluent was concentrated to near dryness, reconstituted to produce a 200-fold concentration, and analyzed using a GC/MS instrument operated in the selective ion monitoring mode. The GC/MS instrument was equipped with a large volume injector capable of injecting 25 microL. External standards prepared in dichloromethane were used for quantification without the need for matrix-matched calibration because the extraction step minimized the matrix effects. The calibration curves for all agricultural residues had coefficients of determination (r2) of greater than or equal to 0.9900, with the exception of one value that was 0.988. Fortification spikes at 0.50 microg/L in 3 matrixes (7UP, Gatorade, and Diet Pepsi) over the course of 2 days (4 days for Gatorade), where n=8 each day, yielded average percent recoveries (and percent relative standard deviations) as follows (n=64): 95.6 (24.8) for alpha-BHC; 91.9 (23.6) for beta-BHC; 89.1 (21.3) for gamma-BHC; 91.7 (19.0) for delta-BHC; 96.2 (20.1) for methylparathion; 99.8 (26.5) for malathion; 120 (27.3) for chlorpyrifos; 103 (31.4) for aldrin; 111 (25.8) for 2,4-DDE; 116 (21.1) for alpha-endosulfan; 132 (34.6) for 4,4-DDE; 123 (34.4) for 2,4-DDD; 104 (20.8) for dieldrin; 141 (31.4) for ethion; 107 (24.5) for 4,4-DDD; 142 (29.2) for 2,4-DDT; 130 (35.9) for beta-endosulfan; 146 (25.3) for 4,4-DDT; and 91.5 (21.6) for endosulfansulfate.     

Determination of pesticide residues in honey by single-drop microextraction and gas chromatography

A novel, simple, and rapid single-drop microextraction (SDME) procedure combined with GC has been developed, validated, and applied for the determination of multiclass pesticide residues in honey samples. The SDME was optimized using a Plackett-Burman screening design considering all parameters that may influence an SDME procedure and a consequent central composite design to control the parameters that were found to significantly influence the pesticide determination. The developed analytical method required minimal volumes of organic solvents and exhibited good analytical characteristics with enrichment factors ranging from 3 for alpha-endosulfan to 10 for lindane, procymidone, and captan and method quantification limits ranging from 0.03 microg/kg for phosalone to 10.6 microg/kg for diazinon. The relative recoveries obtained ranged from 70.8% for captan to 120% for fenarimol, and the precision (RSD) ranged from 3 to 15%. The proposed SDME procedure followed by GC with an electron capture detector for quantification and GC/MS for identification was applied with success to the analysis of 17 honey samples. Monitoring results indicated a low level of honey contamination by diazinon, chlorpyrifos-ethyl, procymidone, bromopropylate, and endosulfan (alpha-, beta-, and endosulfan sulfate) residues that were far below the maximum residue limit values specified by the European Union for endosulfan (10 microg/kg) and bromopropylate (100 microg/kg) in honey samples.     

液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱快速分析动物源性食品中多肽类药物残留

建立了液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(Q/Exactive)分析鸡肉、鸡肝、鸡肾、猪肉、猪肝、猪肾、牛奶和鸡蛋中粘杆菌素A、粘杆菌素B、多粘菌素B、杆菌肽A和维吉尼霉素M的方法。动物源性食品采用1%(体积分数)乙酸乙腈-水(体积比为8∶2)超声提取,提取液直接经C18液相色谱柱分离。在电喷雾正离子模式下,四极杆质谱在m/z 1.2隔离窗口下过滤一级带电离子,高分辨静电场轨道阱质谱在35 000分辨率下进行目标物子离子全扫描(targeted-MS2)。根据5种多肽类药物的高分辨分子离子峰、同位素分布、特征子离子信息建立数据库,采用Trace Finder 3.0软件实现定性检索。为解决多肽类药物残留测定结果重复性差的难题,系统地评价了5种多肽类药物的关键操作技术条件,发现导致该类药物降解的主要因素包括:提取时间、玻璃器皿、存放时间。该方法测定5种多肽类药物时,测定结果的质量精度均小于5×10-6,维吉尼霉素M的定量限(LOQ)为0.5μg/kg,另外4种多肽类药物的LOQ均为10μg/kg。在0.25~500μg/kg范围内,5种多肽类药物的峰面积与质量浓度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数R2≥0.993 1,方法回收率为67.4%~108.9%,相对标准偏差为4.5%~17.2%。该方法操作简单,测定结果准确,可用于动物源性食品中多肽类药物残留的高通量测定。     

Determination of cyclamate in foods by ultraperformance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

A highly sensitive and selective method that requires minimal sample preparation was developed for the confirmation and quantitation of cyclamate in a variety of foods by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). Sample preparation consisted of homogenization followed by extraction and dilution of cyclamate with water. HPLC separation was achieved using a bridged ethyl hybrid C18 high-pressure column with a mobile phase consisting of 0.15% acetic acid and methanol. Under electrospray ionization negative conditions, quantitation was achieved by monitoring the fragment m/z = 79.7 while also collecting parent ion m/z = 177.9. Two food matrixes, diet soda and jelly, were subjected to a validation procedure in order to evaluate the applicability of the method. The cyclamate limit of detection for both matrixes was determined to be 0.050 microg/g with a limit of quantitation of 0.150 microg/g. The correlation coefficient of the calibration curves was >0.9998 from 0.0005 to 0.100 microg/mL. The method has been used for the determination of cyclamate in several foods and the results are presented.