酶促合成油酸香茅醇酯的超临界连续反应-分离过程

将固定床动态酶促反应过程和超临界二氧化碳萃取分离过程相耦合,设计并建立了一套超临界相反应分离一体化的实验装置。在该装置上初步考察了反应压力和温度对脂肪酶催化油酸甲酯和外消旋香茅醇酯交换反应的影响。结果表明,我们所建立的反应装置能有效地实现反应分离一体化过程;当体系压力接近二氧化碳的临界压力时反应速率最高;9MPa压力下反应温度为328K时反应转化率最高,而在14MPa压力下反应转化率在308K～328K之间随着温度的升高而增大。     

超临界二氧化碳中紫苏籽油与乙醇的酯交换反应研究

对超临界二氧化碳中紫苏籽油与乙醇在脂肪酶催化作用下的酯交换反应进行了研究 ,考察了反应压力、温度、时间、酶用量等因素对酯交换反应的影响 ,得到了一些有意义的结果     

超临界相CO加氢合成甲醇,异丁醇的研究

以正十一～十三烷的混合物为超临界介质,在反应温度３６０～４１０℃、合成气压力７５ＭＰａ、进气空速１７００ｈ－１、介质压力１７８ＭＰａ、总压９３ＭＰａ的实验条件下,研究了固定床反应器中Ｚｎ－Ｃｒ、Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－Ｃｒ催化剂在超临界相和气相条件下合成甲醇、异丁醇的性能。结果表明,超临界相反应的ＣＯ转化率高于气相反应。在超临界条件下反应,醇类选择性随着温度升高下降较慢,而气相反应醇类选择性随着温度升高下降较快。气相反应产物以甲醇、异丁醇为主,含少量乙醇和正丙醇,超临界相反应的产物分布与气相反应的明显不同,甲醇含量减少,乙醇、正丙醇和异丁醇都有不同程度增加。超临界流体的存在对合成醇链增长有影响,在不同催化剂上的产物分布有较大差异     

铑基催化剂上CO+H2合成乙醇的原位漫反射红外光谱研究

采用原位漫反射红外光谱法研究高温高压下CO H2在Rh-Mn-Li/SiO2催化剂上合成乙醇的反应中间体和反应机理,结果显示:2 922 cm-1,2855 cm-1两峰主要是由乙醇合成前体卡宾H2C=M的振动造成的;250℃,3.4 MPa时卡宾能在催化剂表面快速大量形成,反应后吹扫实验显示卡宾在催化剂表面的吸附并不相同,部分吸附较弱易脱附;部分吸附较强,在催化剂表面以相当稳定的形态存在,难以脱附;因此可能存在部分惰性卡宾,其不参与反应却占据了催化剂的部分表面,降低了催化剂的反应活性.250℃时,压力从0.5 MPa升高到3.0 MPa时,产物中CO2和CH4的含量降低,而乙醇的含量增加;反映出压力是影响反应产物分布的重要因素,压力提高能增大乙醇在产物中含量;同时也揭示出在该催化剂上CO2、CH4的生成路径与乙醇的生成路径存在着竞争性,压力是影响反应路径选择的重要因素.实验结果还表明卡宾的形成不是合成乙醇的速控步骤,而乙酰基能否大量形成则决定着乙醇产生的快慢.经过红外光谱分析后认为"CO缔合-卡宾-乙烯酮-乙酰基-乙醇"应是Rh基催化剂上合成乙醇较为合理的机理.     

超临界二氧化碳介质中钯催化末端炔烃羰基化反应的影响因素

在超临界二氧化碳介质的钯催化末端炔烃羰基化反应中 ,研究了助溶剂、压力和温度等因素对反应的影响。发现末端炔烃羰基化反应生成炔酸酯的最佳条件为 :醇 3～ 4mL ,CO2 压力 7.5MPa和温度 4 0℃。     

超临界流体萃取-高效液相色谱离线联用分析灵芝中三萜类化合物

在系统考察压力、温度和时间对萃取率影响的基础上,利用超临界流体萃取技术提取了灵芝子实体中的三萜类化合物。其最佳萃取条件为:压力15 MPa,温度35℃,动态萃取时间120 m in,CO2流量1 mL/m in,背压阀温度50℃。此外,还建立了高效液相色谱梯度洗脱分离三萜类化合物的方法。通过比较超临界流体提取物和甲醇提取物的色谱图,发现两者具有相似的峰形,说明超临界流体能够达到与甲醇相近的萃取效果,可以取代甲醇作为新一代的绿色萃取溶剂。     

游离脂肪酶NS81006催化油脂醇解制备生物柴油的酶促反应动力学

探究了游离脂肪酶NS81006催化油脂甲(乙)醇解制备生物柴油的反应历程,并对该体系进行了酶促反应动力学研究.结果表明,催化过程中油脂同时存在酯交换及先水解再酯化两种反应历程.在以甲醇或乙醇作为酰基受体的反应过程中,酯交换反应速率明显大于水解反应速率.进一步研究表明,油脂甲醇解反应速率常数大于乙醇解,揭示了以甲醇或乙醇为不同酰基受体时反应速率存在差异的主要原因在于乙醇解反应的酯交换过程较慢.     

废茶油的精制及其合成生物柴油的研究

本文以废茶油为原料,经过脱胶脱酸等预处理后与甲醇进行酯交换反应制取生物柴油.探讨了反应时间、反应温度、醇-油摩尔比和催化剂用量等因素对废茶油-甲醇酯交换反应的影响,并且采用正交实验优化合成条件,确定了反应的最佳操作条件以及影响反应的关键因素.研究结果表明,酯交换反应进行的最佳反应条件为:醇油摩尔比为25:1、催化剂用量为油重的1.0%、反应时间为30min、反应温度为60℃,茶油酸甲酯产率77.34%.     

Amberlyst-15型离子交换树脂催化γ-丁内酯酯交换反应的研究

从反应温度、时间、催化剂的用量、催化剂的重复使用、产物的分离等方面系统研究了γ-丁内酯与甲醇的酯交换反应,得到了优化的反应条件,即,反应温度为28℃,反应时间为10h,γ-丁内酯/甲醇/Amberlyst-15为0.9∶12.5∶12.5(V/V/m)。在该反应条件下,酯交换产物的分离产率达到77%。同时考察了γ-丁内酯与其它6种醇的酯交换反应,证明了在较高反应温度下,该树脂对其它醇仍有较好的催化活性(产物的质量百分数为50%～60%)。然而,随着醇体积的增大,反应的转化率逐渐下降。     

尼龙6升温过程的二维红外相关分析研究

通过二维红外相关分析来研究尼龙6在25～200℃范围内酰胺氢键和碳氢链段的结构变化．结果证明，尼龙6中酰胺氢键的吸收峰和主链上亚甲基的伸缩振动对于温度变化所导致的结构变化是十分敏感的，因此可以通过对二维红外相关谱图的分析，确定尼龙6在升温过程中酰胺氢键的解离和碳氢链段结构变化的先后顺序．     

Transesterification of palm oil using supercritical methanol with co-solvent HCFC-141b

The transesterification of palm oil in supercritical methanol has been investigated without using any catalyst. HCFC-141b was used as co-solvent to reduce the molar ratio of methanol to palm oil under the milder conditions. The reaction was carried out in a flow-type tubular reactor. The residence time was fixed at 40 min. When the molar ratio of methanol to palm oil was set to 20:1 at 325 °C and 35 MPa, the optimum molar ratio of methanol to co-solvent was found to be 20:1. Addition of HCFC-141b increased FAME production even at the lower molar ratio of methanol to palm oil. In addition, a similar FAME content was obtained under the milder conditions (5 MPa lower pressure) compared with conditions without co-solvent at higher pressure. The role of HCFC-141b in the transesterification reaction under supercritical conditions was investigated.     

Thermal decomposition and stability of fatty acid methyl esters in supercritical methanol

In recent years, non-catalytic supercritical processes for biodiesel production have been proposed as alternative environmentally friendly technologies. However, conditions of high temperature and pressure that occur while biodiesel is in supercritical fluid can cause fuel degradation, resulting in low yield. In this study, we performed the thermal decomposition of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in supercritical methanol at temperatures ranging from 325 °C to 420 °C and pressure of 23 MPa to investigate the degradation characteristics and thermal stability of biodiesel. The primary reactions we observed were isomerization, hydrogenation, and pyrolysis of FAMEs. The main pathway of degradation was deduced by analyzing the contents of degradation products. We found that if FAME has shorter chain length or is more saturated, it has higher thermal stability in supercritical methanol. All FAMEs remained stable at 325 °C or below. Based on these results, we recommend that transesterification reactions in supercritical methanol should be carried out below 325 °C (at 23 MPa) and 20 min, the temperature at which thermal decomposition of FAMEs begins to occur, to optimize high-yield biodiesel production.     

超临界流体色谱法分析非对映异构体d4T-5’-N-磷酰化苯丙氨酸甲酯

采用超临界CO2流体色谱技术,分析d4T-5’-N-磷酰化苯丙氨酸甲酯手性磷的非对映异构体。色谱柱为Hpersil ODS2(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为夹带改性剂甲醇、乙醇和异丙醇的超临界CO2流体。以容量因子、选择性和分离度为指标,考察改性剂、背压和柱温对分离的影响。在甲醇、乙醇和异丙醇3种改性剂中,甲醇为最好的改性剂,其中在7%甲醇改性剂下,该化合物的分离度可达到3.35。在7%甲醇改性剂条件下,考察了压力(10～20 MPa)和温度(303.15～318.15 K)的影响。在优化的分离条件(改性剂为7%甲醇,流速为2 mL/min,柱温为308.15 K,背压为15 M Pa)下,d4T-5’-N-磷酰化苯丙氨酸甲酯的两种非对映异构体完全达到基线分离,分离时间约15 min。     

脂肪酸在超临界甲醇中的酯化反应研究

超临界甲醇中的酯化和酯交换反应是利用植物油、动物油或废油脂制备生物柴油的新工艺.它的最大特点是不需要添加催化剂,超临界甲醇既是反应媒介,又是反应物.     

亚临界1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定鱼肉中6种性激素残留

利用亚临界1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷(R134a)萃取技术,建立了鱼肉中6种性激素残留的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析方法。样品中的药物经过亚临界R134a萃取后,先进行冷冻过滤去脂,然后通过C18和NH2固相萃取小柱净化,最后经七氟丁酸酐衍生后,采用GC-MS进行定性与定量分析。本实验确定了亚临界R134a萃取6种性激素的最佳条件为:萃取压力4 MPa,萃取温度30℃,夹带剂用量6 mL。在此条件下,6种性激素在5~1000μg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99;检出限为0.2~1μg/kg(S/N=3)。在3种浓度添加水平(1,5和10μg/kg)下,6种激素的平均回收率为70.5%~103.6%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.1%~12.5%。采用本方法进行实际样品检测时,在一份罗非鱼样品中检出己烯雌酚残留,残留量为14.6μg/kg。     

Enantioseparation of racemic paroxol on an amylose‐based chiral stationary phase by supercritical fluid chromatography

The separation of racemic paroxol, a key precursor of trans‐(?)‐paroxetine, on Chiralpak AD‐H, an amylose‐based chiral stationary phase, by supercritical fluid chromatography was studied. Pulse experiments were investigated using supercritical carbon dioxide modified with methanol (MeOH), ethanol and 2‐propanol at 35°C and 15 MPa. Retention and separation factors were determined under analytical conditions for different mobile phase compositions. Among the modifiers used, MeOH was shown to be the best additive, and 5% v/v of MeOH was the preferable concentration at which selectivity of 1.14 and resolution of 3.0 was obtained. In order to evaluate the potential with respect to preparative separations, the adsorption isotherms of individual enantiomers of paroxol were estimated using the elution by characteristic point method. Isotherm parameters were determined from the overloaded elution profiles that were collected at pressure ranging from 15 to 24 MPa. The isotherms obtained were further validated by comparing experimentally recorded elution profiles with the predictions based on the equilibrium‐dispersive model. The results are important to the process design and optimization of preparative supercritical fluid chromatography application.     

Nearcritical and supercritical ethanol as a benign solvent: polarity and hydrogen-bonding

Nearcritical (NC) and supercritical (SC) ethanol may offer novel media for both chemical reactions and separations as a replacement for environmentally undesirable organic solvents. We investigated the dipolarity/polarizability, hydrogen-bond donating acidity and accepting basicity in terms of Kamlet–Taft solvatochromism parameters π¹, α and β in saturated liquid ethanol from 25 to 225 °C and in gaseous and SC ethanol at 250 °C as a function of pressure. Reichardt’s E_T(30) scale was determined for ethanol under the same conditions. NC and SC ethanol has a wide range of solvent strength, which can be readily and continuously tuned by temperature and pressure. Liquid ethanol becomes nearly nonpolar as the temperature increases towards its critical point. The dipolarity/polarizability for SC ethanol ranges from gas-like to nonpolar liquid-like with increasing pressure. On the other hand, ethanol maintains significant hydrogen-bond donating acidity even under the supercritical conditions at 250 °C and at pressures up to 18.7 MPa. The hydrogen-bond accepting basicity, however, is considerably weakened at elevated temperatures. These well-established solvent parameters greatly improve our understanding of hot compressible ethanol, and allow us to explore the feasibility of using it in a variety of benign processes.     

Fat content for nutritional labeling by supercritical fluid extraction and an on-line lipase catalyzed reaction

A method using sequential supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and enzymatic transesterification has been developed for the rapid determination of total nutritional fat content in meat samples. SFE conditions of 12.16 MPa and 50°C were utilized to extract lipid species from the sample matrix. The enzymatic transesterification of the lipids by methanol was catalyzed by an immobilized lipase isolated from Candida antarctica. Conversion of the triglycerides to fatty acid methyl esters was monitored by supercritical fluid chromatography, while the fatty acid content of the extract was determined by capillary gas chromatography (GC). Total fat, saturated fat and monounsaturated fat contents were calculated from the GC data and compared to values from traditional extraction and lipid determination methods. Both off-line SFE and automated SFE followed by on-line GC analysis using two different instruments were utilized in this study. The enzymatic-based SFE method gave comparable results to the organic solvent extraction-based method followed by conventional BF₃-catalyzed esterification.     

Calculating the thermodynamic characteristics of the stepwise transesterification of simple triglycerides

Thermodynamic data for mono- and diglycerides of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic fatty acids participating in the stepwise transesterification reaction of the corresponding simple triglycerides in methanol are calculated. The obtained thermodynamic parameters allow us to calculate the chemical equilibrium and the equilibrium composition of the products of the stepwise transesterification reaction of fatty acid triglycerides with supercritical methanol.