两步变温晶种法制备丝光沸石膜及其渗透汽化乙酸脱水性能

在水热晶种法基础上采用两步变温晶化以高水硅比(n_H2O/n_SiO2)稀溶液配方为合成液,研制用于渗透汽化(PV)乙酸脱水的丝光沸石膜(MOR膜),考察了变温晶化各段时间、水硅比与氟离子对MOR膜的形貌与分离性能的影响规律。结果表明：高温段晶化时间、水硅比与氟离子对MOR膜的形貌、结晶度和膜层厚度产生显著影响,并影响MOR膜渗透气化分离性能;在高温段(150℃)和低温段(120℃)的晶化时间分别为18和6 h,在水硅比为60且含氟离子体系中所制备的MOR膜的性能最佳,其对质量分数50%的乙酸水溶液的渗透通量和分离系数分别为1.45 kg·m^-2·h^-1和1 008。     

T型分子筛膜的合成、表征与渗透汽化性能

采用二次生长法,在不锈钢、α-Al₂O₃和莫来石多孔管状支撑体上分别合成了高渗透汽化性能的T型分子筛膜。考察了合成条件如合成时间、n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)、n(H₂O)/n(Al₂O₃)和硅源等对T型分子筛膜形成和分离性能的影响。通过XRD和SEM表征了膜的晶相和形貌。     

三氟丙基修饰的二氧化硅膜制备、氢气分离及其水热稳定性能

以三氟丙基三甲氧基硅烷(TFPTMS)和正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)作为前驱体,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备三氟丙基修饰的SiO₂膜材料,研究了三氟丙基修饰对膜材料孔结构和疏水性的作用、疏水膜材料的氢气渗透和分离性能以及水热稳定性能。结果表明三氟丙基修饰后的膜材料仍保持良好的微孔结构,孔径狭窄分布在0.45~0.7 nm之间。修饰后膜材料疏水性明显提高,当n_TFPTMS/n_TEOS=0.6时,对水的接触角达到(102.7°±0.1°)。H₂在修饰后膜材料的输运遵循微孔扩散机理,在300 ℃时,H₂的单组份渗透率达到4.77×10^-7 mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1,H₂/CO₂的理想分离系数以及双组份分离系数分别达到6.99和6.93,均高于其Knudsen扩散分离因子。在200 ℃水蒸气物质的量含量为5%的环境中陈化220 h后,H₂的单组份渗透率仅在前3 h有轻微下降,然后基本保持不变,说明三氟丙基修饰的SiO₂膜具有良好的水热稳定性。     

含氟体系中高性能T型分子筛膜的合成

含氟体系中,在负载晶种的大孔莫来石支撑体表面快速合成了高性能且取向生长的T型分子筛膜。采用XRD、SEM和MASNMR等手段对分子筛膜层和粉末进行表征。讨论了添加物、氟硅比、合成温度和合成时间等条件对膜生长与分离性能的影响,并阐述了含氟体系中T型分子筛膜快速晶化的机理。碱金属氟盐的加入促进了T型分子筛晶体层的晶化速率,并对晶体层形貌产生了一定的影响。膜应用于75℃、水/异丙醇（10：90,w/w）体系的平均渗透通量和分离因子分别为（4.91±0.18）kg·m^-2·h^-1和7060±1130。     

十三氟辛基修饰的疏水有机-无机杂化二氧化硅膜孔结构、氢气分离及水热稳定性

采用1,2-双（三乙氧基硅基）乙烷（BTESE）和十三氟辛基三乙氧基硅烷（PFOTES）为前驱体,在酸性条件下通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了十三氟辛基修饰的有机-无机杂化SiO₂膜材料。利用接触角测量、红外光谱、动态光散射和N₂吸附等测试技术分别对膜材料的疏水性、溶胶粒径和孔结构进行表征,并深入研究有支撑膜材料的氢气渗透、分离性能以及长期水热稳定性。结果表明,十三氟辛基修饰后的膜材料由亲水性变成了疏水性,当n_PFOTES/n_BTESE=0.6时膜材料对水的接触角达到（110.4±0.4）°,膜材料还保持微孔结构,孔径分布在0.5~0.8nm。氢气在修饰后的膜材料中的输运遵循微孔扩散机理,在300℃时,氢气的渗透率达到8.5×10^-7mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1,H₂/CO₂,H₂/CO和H₂/SF₆的理想分离系数分别为5.49,5.90和18.36,均高于相应的Knudsen扩散分离因子。在250℃且水蒸气物质的量分数为5%水热环境下陈化250h,氢气渗透率和H₂/CO₂的理想分离系数基本保持不变,膜材料具有良好的水热稳定性。     

松香基季铵盐为模板剂有序超微孔二氧化硅的合成

以松香基季铵盐(脱氢枞基三甲基溴化铵,标记为DTAB)为模板剂、正硅酸乙酯为硅源、氨水为碱性介质成功合成出具有纳米片状形貌的六方有序超微孔二氧化硅材料。采用X射线衍射、N₂吸附-脱附、透射电镜、扫描电镜等手段对样品进行表征,结果表明,体系中模板剂添加量、硅源添加量、碱性介质添加量、晶化温度、搅拌时间对前驱体的有序度有着较大的影响。当物质的量之比为n_Sio2:n_DTAB:n_NH3·H2O:n_H2O=1.0:0.1:11.3:924.0,晶化温度为373K,搅拌时间为24h,所得样品有序度最高。经煅烧后样品具有较大的比表面积(1024 m₂·g^-1)和孔容(0.56 cm³·g^-1),以及狭窄的孔径分布(集中于1.80 nm)。     

类固相法快速合成高钙镁离子交换性能的P型分子筛

以硅铝干凝胶为硅源和铝源,氢氧化钠为碱源,采用类固相法快速合成了P型分子筛,并通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）等手段对产品进行了表征分析。结果表明,硅铝干凝胶的组成n_SiO2/n_Al2O3=5,晶化时间和晶化温度分别为3 h、140℃,原料的组成n_Na2O/n_SiO2、n_H2O/n_SiO2=18.51时,可制备形貌均一、结晶良好的P型分子筛产品。与传统水热法相比,该方法极大地减少了合成过程的用水量,缩短了晶化时间,提高了产品的钙镁离子交换性能,从整体上优化了P型分子筛的合成工艺。     

清液体系中T型分子筛膜的高重复性合成与渗透汽化性能

以自制微米级分子筛为晶种,在清液体系中成功合成出高性能的T型分子筛膜,考察了硅铝比、水硅比、碱度及合成温度与时间等条件对膜的生长和渗透汽化性能的影响.结果表明,在摩尔组成为1SiO₂:0.015Al₂O₃:0.41(Na₂O+K₂O):30H₂O的清液体系中,于423K晶化6h的条件下可较快地形成一层厚度为5μm的连续致密纯相T型分子筛膜,较大缩短了膜合成时间且提高了膜致密性.在优化条件下所合成的膜具有优良的分离性能和高重复性.348K时,在10wt%水-90wt%异丙醇混合物体系中膜的渗透通量和分离因子分别高达4.20kg/(m²·h)和7800.     

双阳离子体系高通量丝光沸石膜的合成及其乙酸脱水应用

采用多种表征技术详细研究了碱金属阳离子对丝光沸石分子筛膜生长和渗透汽化性能的影响。结果表明,Li⁺、Na⁺、K⁺和Cs⁺以及Na⁺-Li⁺、Na⁺-K⁺和Na⁺-Cs⁺的不同离子组合对丝光沸石分子筛膜的形貌和性能有很大影响。研究发现,碱金属阳离子通过促进硅在初始凝胶中的溶解,在硅铝酸盐的重排过程中起到结构导向作用,进而起到构筑丝光沸石晶体骨架结构的作用。Na⁺对丝光沸石晶体的结晶有明显的促进作用,而Li⁺、K⁺和Cs⁺在相同的结晶时间内表现出较慢的结晶速率。在合成凝胶中用K⁺代替少量Na⁺可以显著改善膜表面的亲水性。特别是合成凝胶中Na⁺/K⁺比（n_Na⁺/n_K⁺）为2时,形成了更致密、更亲水的丝光沸石分子筛膜,显示出更高的渗透汽化性能。对于90℃下HAc质量分数为90%的HAc/H₂O混合物的分离,该膜显示出2.67 kg·m^-2·h^-1的高渗透通量和约为4 000的分离因子。此外,最优条件下合成的丝光沸石分子筛膜在90℃下长达240 h渗透汽化分离90%的HAc/H₂O混合物依然显示优越的酸稳定性。     

介孔硅铝酸盐的合成及其在傅克反应中的催化性能

采用溶胶凝胶法合成了一系列有序性好且酸性较强的介孔硅铝酸盐材料。利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、²⁷Al核磁共振(²⁷Al NMR)、氨气程序升温脱附(HN₃-TPD)及吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-FT-IR)对制备的介孔硅铝酸盐材料的结构和性能进行表征,并考察了材料在苯甲醚和苯甲醇的傅克烷基化反应中的催化活性。实验结果表明：合成过程中,表面活性剂的用量、硅铝物质的量的比会影响材料结构的有序性,醋酸用量对材料结构有序性影响很小;进一步研究结果表明,n_Si / n_Al比会影响材料的酸催化活性,当n_Si / n_Al=10时材料的酸催化活性最高。氨气程序升温脱附和吡啶吸附红外光谱表明n_Si / n_Al=10的材料含有最多的B酸酸量。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

化学计量中不确定度评定研究进展

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性的参数。本文针对化学计量不确定度评定基础模型仅适用于线性模型、概率分布为正态分布或缩放位移t分布等局限,介绍了近年来不确定度评定的研究热点:蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM),不确定度评定的来源、评定概念、评估方法及其发展过程,扩大了测量不确定度评定与表示的适用范围。     

微量钙的测定方法研究进展

介绍了1995-2006年期间测定微量和痕量钙的方法,如电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法以及离子色谱法等的工作原理和特点,并说明了其测定微量钙的应用领域。并对微量钙的测定技术进行了展望(引用文献55篇)。