北京慢正电子强束流运行性能测试

慢正电子强束流采用高能脉冲电子束流轰击金属钽靶, 以产生正负电子对的方式提供正电子, 作为慢正电子束流方法学研究和薄膜材料缺陷研究的束流基础. 本文是在该装置实现运行后, 对慢正电子束流的强度、能散、形貌等运行性能的测试工作的介绍, 以及慢正电子湮没多普勒测量系统的调试和标准样品的测量结果.     

Development and application of the intense slow positron beam at IHEP

This paper describes the development and application of an intense slow positron beam at IHEP with regard to its two main components.The Variable-Energy Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy (VEPLS) based on the pulsing system consisting of a chopper,a prebuncher and a buncher has been constructed in order to meet the needs of materials science development.At present,the time resolution of the VEPLS can easily reach about 386 ps with a peak-to-background ratio of about 600:1.A plugged-in 22Na positron source section for adjusting the newly built experimental station and for increasing the beam operation efficiency has been constructed.A slow positron beam with an intensity of 2.5x105 e+/s and the beam profile whose diameter is 10 mm has been obtained;the moderation efficiency of the tungsten mesh moderator reaches 5.1x 10-4 as calculated with an original positron source activity of 52 mCi.     

基于北京慢正电子强束流的微脉冲化系统设计

慢正电子湮没寿命测量是研究材料表面微观缺陷的重要分析方法．束团化系统是实现慢正电子湮没寿命测量的核心部件, 主要由斩波、聚束两部分组成, 它可以将随时间连续分布的束流束团化, 从而获得正电子湮没寿命测量的时间起点及满足时间分辨率要求的束团．本文以粒子动力学计算为基础, 完成了束团化系统的物理设计, 其时间分辨率设计值为150ps(FWHM)．     

脉冲慢正电子束流的直流化装置

在基于加速器的北京慢正电子强束流装置上, 用Penning-Trap技术实现了脉冲慢正电子束流的存储和直流化. 实验表明, 系统的真空度对正电子的存储效率有严重影响, 脉冲正电子的释放方式决定了直流化后束流的能量分散; 改变释放级信号波形以及释放方式可以得到能量分散小于1eV的准直流化慢正电子束流.     

正电子慢化体的研究和进展

正电子湮没技术是一种研究材料的微观缺陷和相变的灵敏工具,在通常的正电子谱仪中,正电子能量为MeV量级,在样品中注入深度比较学（－100μm）,主要研究材料体内的平均缺陷密度,慢正电子束方法把正电子的能量降低为keV量级（而且可以调节）,注入比较浅（－μm）,所以是研究表面缺陷的探测手段,正电子慢化体是产生慢正电子的关键设备,对其研究有重要意义,文章综述了慢化体研究的历史和现状,从物理概念出发介绍使正电子慢化的四种可能方法和当今慢化体的五种几何排列方法,其中应用最广泛的是钨慢化体和百叶窗式的排列方式,效率最高的是惰性气体固体慢化体,而加电场慢化体是有待开发的高效慢化体。     

研究堆慢正电子源构建中的关键机理问题

研究堆慢正电子源是获得高强度慢正电子束流的有效方式,国际上己建成多座装置并获得广泛应用.与常规同位素慢正电子源相比,研究堆慢正电子源的物理过程复杂,影响末端束流强度的因素众多,对其进行深入研究与合理建模是未来在中国绵阳研究堆(CMRR)上构建慢正电子源的基础.本文厘清了研究堆慢正电子产生的关键过程与物理机理,建立了预测末端正电子束流强度的理论模型,找到了影响其末端强度的主要物理量:快正电子体产生率、慢化体有效表面积、慢化体扩散距离、慢正电子从表面被提取到靶环末端的效率、及束流系统提取效率.用多种实验结果对模型进行校验,包括多个同位素慢正电子源的效率测量值,以及PULSTAR研究堆慢正电子源测量结果,充分验证了模型正确性.根据模型对各物理量的影响因素进行了分析,找到了需着重关注的影响因素,对未来源/靶结构的设计给出建议.     

北京慢正电子强束流磁场输运系统设计研究

针对基于北京正负电子对撞机的慢正电子强束流系统对输运磁场的设计要求,本文对不同规格的磁场输运线圈模型、长螺线管端口处磁场的补偿以及地磁场和弯管道对正电子束流的影响等进行了计算,提出适用于本系统传输慢正电子束流的输运磁场分布、补偿线圈、调整线圈的加工参数,计算表明,系统的总体磁场不均匀度小于10髎.实际运行束流测试表明,所设计的磁场系统能够很好的将慢正电子束流输运到约16m远的样品测量室,慢正电子束斑尺寸基本没有变化,满足慢正电子束流系统的设计要求.     

Intense slow positron production at the 15 MeV LINAC at Argonne National Laboratory

An intense slow positron beam using a 15 MeV LINAC (average current 1.25 × 10¹⁵ e⁻/s) at the Radiation and Photochemistry Group, Chemistry Division of Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) has been proposed and studied. Computer simulated results optimizing the positron yield and distribution of energy and angle show that a slow positron production at 10¹⁰ e⁺/s is possible. A proposed design of an intense slow positron beam with optimal conditions of incident electron, converter/moderator configurations, and extraction/transportation is presented.     

低能单色正电子束装置的原理、研制及应用

简要介绍了一种新的灵敏核探针－－低能单色正电子（慢正电子）束流装置的原理及应用。同时介绍了北京慢正电子束流装置的建设进展情况。     

SIMION simulation of a slow pulsed positron beam

A new slow pulsed positron beam, including a positron source, a moderator, a chopper, a pre-buncher, a main-buncher and a sample chamber, etc, has been installed and tested. It is necessary to simulate the acceleration, transportation and space focusing of positrons to meet the needs of beam debugging and further positron annihilation experiments. The result from SIMION simulations shows that the radius of the focused positron beam is less than 5 mm, which is further confirmed in our practical debugging process.     

Physical design of positronium time of flight spectroscopy apparatus

Positronium time of flight spectroscopy(Ps-TOF)is an effective technique for porous material research.It has advantages over other techniques for analyzing the porosity and pore tortuosity of materials.This paper describes a design for Ps-TOF apparatus based on the Beijing intense slow positron beam,supplying a new material characterization technique.In order to improve the time resolution and increase the count rate of the apparatus,the detector system is optimized.For 3 eV o-Ps,the time broadening is 7.66 ns and the count rate is 3 cps after correction.     

Design of a new type positron beam system

A new type positron beam system is being constructed in Wuhan university. The goal of this project is to build a positron beam which can measure positron lifetimes and has high moderation efficiency. The system utilizes a magnetically guided incident positron beam and the sample is biased to a high negative potential to achieve the desired implantation energies. A conventional tungsten moderator is replaced by a solid Ne moderator with high moderation efficiency (about 1%). A multi-functional target chamber for slow beam studies is designed, which can be used for positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS), Doppler broadening (DB) and coincidence Doppler broadening (CDB) measurements.     

一种新的灵敏核探针——慢正电子束流装置

简要介绍了广泛应用于表面科学的灵敏核探针——慢正电子束设备的原理、构造和应用 ,阐述了北京慢正电子束流装置的设计原理和性能 ,讨论了北京慢正电子束流装置今后的研究前景. A novel and compact slow positron beam line——Beijing Slow Positron Beam Line was described. The basic physical concepts of the slow positron beam and its applications were reviewed. Recent experimental results showed the converting effcicency for the total positrons from the radioisotope to slow positrons was 8×10 -5 and the moderation efficiency was 1.7×10 -4 . The future development of Beijing Intense Slow Positron Beam, based on the BEPC LINAC, was also briefly discussed.     

锆离子注入锆-4合金缺陷的慢正电子研究

采用慢正电子束多普勒展宽谱研究了Zr离子注入Zr-4合金产生的缺陷及其退火回复行为，发现经过大于离子注入剂量为1×10¹⁶cm^-2的样品所产生的缺陷在注入过程中已经回复，而对剂量为1×10¹⁵cm^-2样品做300℃退火处理，其缺陷基本回复，得出合金缺陷回复能较低的结论. 考虑到材料的缺陷含量越高，其抗腐蚀性能越差，在辐照环境下通过给材料保持一定温度，即可使其缺陷得到较好回复，从而提高材料的抗腐蚀性能.     

Conceptual design of an intense positron source based on an LIA

Accelerator based positron sources are widely used due to their high intensity. Most of these accelerators are RF accelerators. An LIA (linear induction accelerator) is a kind of high current pulsed accelerator used for radiography. A conceptual design of an intense pulsed positron source based on an LIA is presented in the paper. One advantage of an LIA is its pulsed power being higher than conventional accelerators, which means a higher amount of primary electrons for positron generations per pulse. Another advantage of an LIA is that it is very suitable to decelerate the positron bunch generated by bremsstrahlung pair process due to its ability to adjustably shape the voltage pulse. By implementing LIA cavities to decelerate the positron bunch before it is moderated, the positron yield could be greatly increased. These features may make the LIA based positron source become a high intensity pulsed positron source.     

Helium/hydrogen synergistic effect in reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel investigated by slow positron beam

Here, we investigated the irradiation defect in reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels by slow positron beam. Three ion-irradiation experiments were carried out: (i) He²⁺ irradiation, (ii) H⁺ irradiation and (iii) He²⁺ irradiation followed by H⁺ irradiation, at temperature 450?°C. The presences of vacancy defects, represented by ?S_He+H parameter, induced by sequential irradiations was larger than the sum of defects, ?S_He parameter + ?S_H parameter, caused by single He ions and single H ions. The synergistic effect of He and H was confirmed clearly from the perspective of positron annihilation spectroscopy.     

Tunable monoenergy positron annihilation spectroscopy of polyethylene glycol thin films

Doppler broadening and coincidence Doppler broadening of annihilation radiation experiments have been performed in three kinds of polyethylene glycol(PEG) membrane formed with different average molecular weight using the tunable monoenergy slow positron probe as a function of implantion energy. The obtained positron annihilation parameters are interpreted from two aspects: surface effect and differences in micro-structure or chemical environment of positron annihilation. The experimental results show that the regulation of densification of PEG molecular packing and distribution uniformity from the near surface layer to the bulk region in the film forming process can be well realized by changing its molecular weight. Combining a variable monoenergetic slow positron beam and these two positron annihilation spectroscopy methods is a powerful tool to study positron annihilation characteristics and for polymeric thin-film fine structure analysis.     

First positron experiments at NEPOMUC

The in-pile positron source NEutron induced POsitron source MUniCh (NEPOMUC) of the new Munich research reactor FRM-II is now operated at the nominal reactor power of 20 MW. Recently, intensity and positron beam profile measurements were performed at 30 eV and 1 keV, respectively. For this purpose, NaI-scintillators detect the 511 keV γ-radiation of positrons that annihilate at a removable target in the beam line. The beam profile is determined with a micro-channel plate detector and a CCD-camera. In the present arrangement of NEPOMUC's instrumentation the positron beam is connected to a coincident Doppler broadening (CDB) facility and to a positron induced Auger electron spectroscopy (PAES) analysis chamber. First experiments were carried out in order to show the performance of these new spectrometers. An overview of the positron beam facility is given and first experimental results of PAES are presented.     

Design of a Pulsed Low Energy Positron System Based on Beijing Intense Slow Positron Beam

The design of a pulsing system for an intense slow positron beam is described in this paper. Slow positron annihilation lifetime measurement is an important method to study the depth-dependent characteristics of the surface and near surface. The start signal for slow positron lifetime measurement can be obtained from the pulsing system, which consists of a reflection type chopper, a prebuncher and a buncher. On the basis of the simulation of dynamics process by Parmela, the frequency of the buncher and the positron energy have been chosen to be 150MHz and 330eV respectively. The designed time resolution of this system is about 150ps (FWHM).     

Construction of a positron microbeam in JAEA

We have developed a positron microbeam using magnetic lenses based on the commercial scanning electron microscope (SEM). A slow positron beam was generated using a handmade source with ²²Na and a solid neon moderator. The beam diameter was 3.9 μm on a target. Two-dimensional image of S parameter was successfully obtained. By introducing a beam pulsing section, positron lifetime measurement beam is also available.