Enhanced thermoelectric performance of PEDOT:PSS films via ionic liquid post-treatment

Thermoelectric(TE)energy harvesting can effectively convert waste heat into electricity,which is a crucial technology to solve energy concerns.As a promising candidate for energy conversion,poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)has gained significant attention owing to its easy doping,high transparency,and solution processability.However,the TE performance of PEDOT:PSS still needs to be further enhanced.Herein,different approaches have been applied for tuning the TE properties:(i)direct dipping PEDOT:PSS thin films in ionic liquid;(ii)post-treatment of the films with concentrated sulfuric acid(H₂SO₄),and then dipping in ionic liquid.Besides,the same bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide(TFSI)anion and different cation salts,including 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium(EMIM+)and lithium(Li+),are selected to study the influence of varying cation types on the TE properties of PEDOT:PSS.The Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS film treated with H2SO4EMIM:TFSI increase simultaneously,and the resulting maximum power factor is 46.7μW·m^-1·K^-2,which may be attributed to the ionic liquid facilitating the rearrangement of the molecular chain of PEDOT.The work provides a reference for the development of organic films with high TE properties.     

X-ray emission for Ar11+ ions impacting on various targets in the collisions near the Bohr velocity

X-ray emission from the collisions of 3 MeV Ar¹¹⁺ ions with V, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn is investigated. Both the x-rays of the target atom and projectile are observed simultaneously. The x-ray yield is extracted from the original count. The inner-shell ionization cross section is estimated by the binary encounter approximation model and compared with the experimental result. The remarkable result is that the Ar K-shell x-ray yield is diminished with the target atomic number increasing, which is completely opposite to the theoretical calculation. That is interpreted by the competitive consumption of the energy loss for the ionization of inner-shell electrons between the projectile and target atom.     

好的问题并渐次呈现:教学设计的两个关键--从教学设计的“三二一”说起

一、从教学设计的“三二一”说起近读《章建跃数学教育随想录(下卷)》,章建跃博士关于“搞好教学设计,提高教学质量”的论述中提出教学设计的“三二一”,即三个基本点(理解数学、理解学生、理解教学),两个关键(提好的问题、设计自然的过程),一个核心(设计概括过程).     

多物理场下FCBGA焊点电迁移失效预测的数值模拟研究

随着微电子封装技术的快速发展,焊点的电迁移失效问题日益受到关注.基于有限元法并结合子模型技术对倒装芯片球栅阵列封装(flip chip ball grid array,FCBGA)进行电-热-结构多物理场耦合分析,详细介绍了封装模型的简化处理方法,重点分析了易失效关键焊点的电流密度分布、温度分布和应力分布,发现电子流入口处易产生电流拥挤效应,而整个焊点的温度梯度较小.基于综合考虑"电子风力"、温度梯度、应力梯度和原子密度梯度四种电迁移驱动机制的原子密度积分法,并结合空洞形成/扩散准则及失效判据,分析FCBGA焊点在不同网格密度下的电迁移空洞演化过程,发现原子密度积分算法稳定,不依赖网格密度.采用原子密度积分法模拟真实工况下FCBGA关键焊点电迁移空洞形成位置和失效寿命,重点研究了焊点材料和铜金属层结构对电迁移失效的影响.结果表明,电迁移失效寿命随激活能的增加呈指数级增加,因此Sn3.5Ag焊点的电迁移失效寿命约为63Sn37Pb的2.5倍,有效电荷数对电迁移寿命也有一定的影响;铜金属层结构的调整会改变电流的流向和焊点的应力分布,进而影响焊点的电迁移失效寿命.     

可见/近红外光谱图像在作物病害检测中的应用

农作物病害严重影响了我国正常的农业生产，现代农业迫切需要快速、准确、高效的作物病害诊断方法。首先简单介绍了常用病害检测技术，如：聚合酶链式反应技术、人工感官判定技术、统计学方法等，这些方法或是比较费时、或是只能用于产生明显病斑后的病害诊断，而光谱技术在植物病害的快速检测方面有一定的潜力，目前已有大量的研究成果。主要围绕可见/近红外光谱图像在病害检测的应用展开分析和讨论，讨论了该技术所涉及的仪器，并从细胞、植物组织、冠层及更大尺度层面分析了该技术在病害检测中的现况。目前大部分与植物病害有关的可见/近红外光谱研究都以植物叶片为对象，而在更小尺度（细胞至显微尺度）和更大尺度（冠层至航空/航天遥感方面）上的研究较少，特别是单细胞级别的病害研究，只在动物细胞领域展开，而且以荧光、拉曼、红外光谱为主。可见/近红外在以植物叶片为主要研究对象的器官尺度上有大量的成功应用，目前的研究已涉及了大部分的常见作物及其主要病害，包括真菌性、细菌性等各种病原引起的病害的检测。植物叶片尺度的研究主要从以下三个方面展开：(1）基于计算机图像处理和模式识别的病害信息自动快速判断；(2）基于化学计量学方法的高光谱或高光谱图像病害程度模型；(3）建立与作物病害有关的叶片某些理化参数的光谱模型，从而量化病害的程度。在植物叶片这一尺度相关研究的主要问题是：研究过于碎片化，往往只研究了某一种或少数几种病害，所建的模型只能用于特定实验条件，无法直接自动判断任意田间样本的染病种类与程度。在近地冠层尺度，植株的三维形态对光谱模型有较大的干扰，有文献表明以植株近地冠层2D图像作为病害检测数据，偏差较大，所建模型不稳定，基于卫星影像的病害模型较少。还讨论了常用光谱及光谱图像建模与分类方法。目前可见/近红外光谱在农作物病害方面有一定的应用潜力，但存在研究内容的不平衡、研究系统性不够、各学科合作研究不够深入等几大问题。最后提出可见/近红外光谱在病害检测领域中应更注重多学科的深入合作，并急需相关的仪器设备、方法模型方面的突破。     

Roles of N?→NN and πN→? Reactions in Heavy-Ion Collisions at Intermediate Energies

Within the framework of the isospin-dependent transport model, the roles of the reactions N? → NN and πN→ ? are investigated through simulating heavy-ion collisions at 1000 MeV/nucleon. The absorption process N? → NN plays an important role for heavy impact systems and small impact parameters than for light impact systems and large impact parameters. The resorption process πN→ ? is of importance for heavy impact systems and large impact parameters than for light impact systems and small impact parameters. Thus the influences of the reaction N? → N N(πN→ ?) on pion production dynamics can be neglected in heavy-ion collisions for smaller(larger) impact parameters and light systems. It is the reaction πN→ ? that causes the anti-correlation of pions and nucleons in the rapidity dependence of the directed flow.     

硫氰酸酯类化合物的合成及其应用研究进展

硫氰酸酯类化合物(RSCN)作为重要的合成中间体,在农药、医药、材料等领域有着广泛的应用价值.近年来,硫氰酸酯的合成及其应用研究发展迅速,不断有新的硫氰酸酯合成方法和以其为原料的转化反应涌现.综述了近几年来发展的硫氰酸酯合成方法及其转化应用,为硫氰酸酯类化合物的合成和应用研究提供帮助.