关于多比特电路量子动力学系统中光子自由度的消除方案研究

基于超导传输线和超导量子比特相互耦合的电路量子电动力学（quantumelectrodynamics,QED）系统,是研究固态量子信息和量子测量与控制的理想实验平台．本文在已有工作（单比特电路QED）基础上,进一步研究多比特电路QED系统．具体通过对两比特系统的量子测量和量子控制动力学的模拟,检验了“绝热消除”和“极化子变换”两种消除微腔光子自由度方法的适用条件．和单比特情况不同,我们特别检验了两比特系统Bell纠缠态的“确定性”制备问题．在量子路径水平上模拟发现,由于反馈操作引起量子比特状态翻转,使得极化子变换方法失效,它所导出的“有效测量算符”（其中含有非平庸的“宇称项”）此时也将变得没有意义．     

基于超绝热捷径技术快速制备超导三量子比特Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger态

本文提出了一个基于超绝热捷径技术快速制备超导三量子比特Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger态的理论方案.该方案首先在量子Zeno动力学的帮助下得到系统的有效哈密顿量,之后通过引入与有效哈密顿量具有相同形式的反向导热哈密顿量来构建绝热捷径,加速了整个系统的演化过程.该方案不需要初态和目标态之间的直接耦合,在实验上也更容易实现.数值模拟结果表明该方案对超导量子比特的自发辐射、波导谐振腔的泄漏以及超导量子比特的退相位是鲁棒的.     

超导量子比特的耦合研究进展

超导量子比特以其在可控性、低损耗以及可扩展性等方面的优势被认为是最有希望实现量子计算机的固态方式之一.量子比特之间的相干可控耦合是实现大规模的量子计算的必要条件.本文介绍了超导量子比特耦合方式的研究进展,包括利用电容或电感实现量子比特的局域耦合,着重介绍一维传输线谐振腔作为量子总线实现多个量子比特的可控耦合的电路量子电动力学体系,并对最新的三维腔与超导量子比特的耦合结构的研究进展进行了论述.对各种耦合体系的哈密顿量进行了比较详细的分析,并按照局域性和可控性对不同耦合机制进行了分类.     

超强耦合电路量子电动力学系统中反旋波效应对量子比特频率移动的影响

从实验上研究了四结磁通量子比特与多模共面波导谐振腔构成的超强耦合电路量子电动力学系统.通过传输谱测量和数值拟合,确定量子比特与腔第一模式的耦合强度已达到0.1倍谐振腔频率,进入了超强耦合区域;通过色散读出方法得到了系统的能谱,并通过增加探测场光子,从能谱上得到了量子比特频率随探测光子的位移.这种位移不仅包含旋波项的贡献,也包含了反旋波项的显著贡献,证实我们所实现的超强耦合系统是一个良好的研究量子拉比模型的实验平台,它在量子技术的诸多方面有潜在的应用,如量子模拟、超快量子逻辑门、纠缠态制备、量子比特保护等.     

利用破坏对称性的超导人造原子制备χ型四比特纠缠态

提出了利用在一维传输线共振器中的破坏对称性的超导人造原子来制备χ型四比特纠缠态的方案. 方案中所用到的Δ型三能级人造原子不同于自然的原子, 它可以产生循环跃迁. 经过适当时间的相互作用和简单的操作, 可以得到想要制备的纠缠态. 由于人造原子的激发态和光子态被绝热消除, 所以该方案对于人造原子的自发辐射和传输线共振器的衰减是鲁棒的.     

微波驱动下超导量子比特与磁振子的相干耦合

实验上展示了钇铁石榴石(YIG)晶体小球中磁振子与超导量子比特的驱动缀饰态之间的相干强耦合,磁振子的加入使得在超导量子比特中形成了双重缀饰态.实验中一个钇铁石榴石晶体小球与一个超导量子比特同时放置在三维谐振腔中,分别通过磁偶极相互作用和电偶极相互作用与谐振腔中的本征场(TE102模式)耦合,并通过腔模作为媒介实现两者之间的有效相干强耦合.给超导量子比特施加一个共振的微波驱动并改变驱动强度,测得耦合系统能级劈裂随驱动强度的变化,并理论上利用粒子-空穴对与玻色场耦合的模型做了计算.在大部分的驱动强度范围内实验结果都与理论计算结果符合得较好,表明驱动下的比特-磁振子耦合系统可以用来模拟粒子-空穴对称对与玻色场的耦合系统.本文使用的混合量子系统为模拟玻色子与费米子的混合系统提供了一个新途径.     

3D-Transmon与压电振子的量子耦合系统北大核心

微机械振子在量子信息领域有着重要的应用,可用作量子存储器、量子换能器等.鉴于三维传输子量子比特(3D-Transmon)优良的退相干特性以及AlN压电振子较高的谐振频率,我们利用微纳加工技术,在蓝宝石基片上成功制备了3D-Transmon与AlN压电振子的量子耦合系统.实际测量结果显示,在外加磁场偏置下,量子比特的跃迁频率可调范围为4.1~9.8 GHz,能量弛豫时间T1约为4.7μs,并且测量到了能级免交叉现象.这些结果为今后超导量子比特与微机械振子耦合系统的深入研究提供了重要参考.     

腔QED中超导量子干涉仪概率克隆机的物理实现

提出一个量子概率克隆机的物理实现方案,该方案首先将高Q腔中的两个超导量子干涉仪分别作为初始比特和目标比特,腔模作为测量比特,通过腔模和经典微波脉冲与超导量子干涉仪的多种相互作用实现量子概率克隆机的幺正演化;然后将腔模态映射到另一个超导量子干涉仪上,通过对该超导量子干涉仪磁通量的测量完成状态坍缩,从而以最优的成功概率实现量子态的精确克隆.本方案采用双光子拉曼共振过程加快单比特门的操作速率,并且总操作时间远小于自发辐射和腔模衰变时间,因而在实验上是可行的.     

电路量子电动力学中基于超绝热捷径的控制相位门实现

针对绝热算法在系统演化过程中需要较长操作时间的问题,本文提出了电路量子电动力学系统中基于超绝热捷径的两量子比特控制相位门的快速制备方案.首先将量子比特的能级进行编码,针对不同初始态分类讨论,获得系统的有效哈密顿量.通过反绝热驱动,推导出系统有效哈密顿量的修正项,以抑制不同本征态之间不必要的跃迁,从而获得了高保真度的基于超绝热捷径控制相位门.数值模拟验证了本方案的有效性,最终保真度为0.991.所提方案可以加速演化,并且比绝热通道更有效.此外,本方案对谐振器的衰减和超导量子比特的退相干具有鲁棒性.通过对谐振腔的泄漏、量子比特的自发辐射和退相位的影响分析,得到的系统最终保真度始终保持在0.984以上.     

在腔耦合的超导量子比特中实现几何量子信息处理

用量子空腔耦合的超导电荷比特器件被认为是实现量子信息处理的相当有希望的体系之一.如何在这种可集成的量子体系中实现高保真度的操作是量子信息处理领域的重要课题.文章介绍作者最近提出的在量子腔耦合的超导量子比特中用具有内禀容错功能的几何操作来实现普适量子逻辑门,产生多比特量子纠缠及实现量子纠错编码的一个可行方案.     

Controllable cross-Kerr interaction between microwave photons in circuit quantum electrodynamics

We propose a scheme to enable a controllable cross-Kerr interaction between microwave photons in a circuit quantum electrodynamics(QED) system.In this scheme we use two transmission-line resonators(TLRs) and one superconducting quantum interference device(SQUID) type charge qubit,which acts as an artificial atom.It is shown that in the dispersive regime of the circuit-QED system,a controllable cross-Kerr interaction can be obtained by properly preparing the initial state of the qubit,and a large cross-phase shift between two microwave fields in the two TLRs can then be reached.Based on this cross-Kerr interaction,we show how to create a macroscopic entangled state between the two TLRs.     

Simple schemes for generation of W-type multipartite entangled states and realization of quantum- information concentration

We propose simple schemes for generating W-type multipartite entangled states in cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED). Our schemes involve a largely detuned interaction of Λ-type three-level atoms with a single-mode cavity field and a classical laser, and both the symmetric and asymmetric W states can be created in a single step. Our schemes are insensitive to both the cavity decay and atomic spontaneous emission. With the above system, we also propose a scheme for realizing quantum-information concentration which is the reverse process of quantum cloning. In this scheme, quantum-information originally coming from a single qubit, but now distributed into many qubits, is concentrated back to a single qubit in only one step.     

Strong Coupling Optomechanics Mediated by a Qubit in the Dispersive Regime

Cavity optomechanics represents a flexible platform for the implementation of quantum technologies, useful in particular for the realization of quantum interfaces, quantum sensors and quantum information processing. However, the dispersive, radiation–pressure interaction between the mechanical and the electromagnetic modes is typically very weak, harnessing up to now the demonstration of interesting nonlinear dynamics and quantum control at the single photon level. It has already been shown both theoretically and experimentally that if the interaction is mediated by a Josephson circuit, one can have an effective dynamics corresponding to a huge enhancement of the single-photon optomechanical coupling. Here we analyze in detail this phenomenon in the general case when the cavity mode and the mechanical mode interact via an off-resonant qubit. Using a Schrieffer–Wolff approximation treatment, we determine the regime where this tripartite hybrid system behaves as an effective cavity optomechanical system in the strong coupling regime.     

Measuring a photonic qubit without destroying it

Measuring the polarization of a single photon typically results in its destruction. We propose, demonstrate, and completely characterize a quantum nondemolition (QND) scheme for realizing such a measurement nondestructively. This scheme uses only linear optics and photodetection of ancillary modes to induce a strong nonlinearity at the single-photon level, nondeterministically. We vary this QND measurement continuously into the weak regime and use it to perform a nondestructive test of complementarity in quantum mechanics. Our scheme realizes the most advanced general measurement of a qubit to date: it is nondestructive, can be made in any basis, and with arbitrary strength.     

Role of qubit-cavity entanglement for switching dynamics of quantum interfaces in superconductor metamaterials

We study quantum effects of strong driving field applied to dissipative hybrid qubit-cavity system which are relevant for a realization of quantum gates in superconducting quantum metamaterials. We demonstrate that effects of strong and non-stationary drivings have significantly quantum nature and cannot be treated by means of mean-field approximation. This is shown from a comparison of steady state solution of the standard Maxwell–Bloch equations and numerical solution of Lindblad equation on a density matrix. We show that mean-field approach provides very good agreement with the density matrix solution at not very strong drivings f < f* but at f > f* a growing value of quantum correlations between fluctuations in qubit and photon sectors changes a behavior of the system. We show that in regime of non-adiabatic switching on of the driving such a quantum correlations influence a dynamics of qubit and photons even at weak f.     

Implementation of a Controlled-Phase Gate and Deutsch-Jozsa Algorithm with Superconducting Charge Qubits in a Cavity

Based on superconducting quantum interference devices （SQUIDs） coupled to a cavity, we propose a scheme for implementing a quantum controlled-phase gate （QPG） and Deutsch-Jozsa （D J） algorithm by a controllable interaction. In the present scheme, the SQUID works in the charge regime, and the cavity field is ultilized as quantum data-bus, which is sequentially coupled to only one qubit at a time. The interaction between the selected qubit and the data bus, such as resonant and dispersive interaction, can be realized by turning the gate capacitance of each SQUID. Especially, the bus is not excited and thus the cavity decay is suppressed during the implementation of DJ algorithm. For the QPG operation, the mode of the bus is unchanged in the end of the operation, although its mode is really excited during the operations. Finally, for typical experiment data, we analyze simply the experimental feasibility of the proposed scheme. Based on the simple operation, our scheme may be realized in this solid-state system, and our idea may be realized in other systems.     

Quantum nondemolition measurement of photon—number distribution for a weak cavity field with resonant atoms

We propose a quantum nondemolition measurement of the photon-number distribution for a weak cavity field with no more than two photons. The scheme is based on the resonant interaction of atoms with the cavity field, and thus the required interaction time is much shorter than that using dispersive interaction. This is important in view of decoherence. Our scheme can also be used to generate even and odd coherent states for a weak cavity field with resonant atoms.     

Realization of Arbitrary Positive-Operator-Value Measurement of Single Atomic Qubit via Cavity QED

Positive-operator-value measurement （POVM） is the most general class of quantum measurement. We propose a scheme to deterministically implement arbitrary POVMs of single atomic qubit via cavity QED catalysed by only one ancilla atomic qubit. By appropriately entangling two atomic qubits and sequentially measuring the ancilla qubit, any POVM can be implemented step by step. As an application of our scheme, the realization of a specific POVM for optimal unambiguous discrimination （OUD） between two nonorthogonal states is given.     

Entanglement concentration with strong projective measurement in an optomechanical system

In this work, we study an entanglement concentration scheme in a 3-mode optomechanical system. The scheme is based on phonon counting measurements, which can be performed through photon counting of an auxiliary cavity connected to the mechanical resonator. The amount of entanglement between the two cavity output modes is found to increase logarithmically with the number of detected phonons(photons). Such an entanglement concentration scheme is deterministic since, independently of the number of detected phonons(photons), the measurement always leads to an increase in output entanglement. Besides numerical simulations,we provide analytical results and physical insight for the improved entanglement and the concentration efficiency.