水蒸气退火多孔硅发光性能的正电子谱学研究

使用正电子湮没寿命谱和正电子寿命-动量关联谱对水蒸气和真空条件下退火的多孔硅样品的微观缺陷结构进行表征,结合发射光谱测量结果,对影响多孔硅发光性能的因素进行了讨论.实验结果表明,水蒸气退火后样品孔壁表面的悬挂键减少,并出现新的E′γ和EX类缺陷.水蒸气退火后样品中两种缺陷数量发生变化是导致多孔硅样品发光增强的直接原因;真空退火未使样品中发光相关缺陷发生变化,样品的发光性能没有显著改变.     

用联合谱仪方法观察~3S_1态电子偶素在气凝硅胶中的湮没

用具有时间选择功能的Ge能谱仪(即联合谱仪)观察了气凝硅胶中~3S_1电子偶素(o-P_s)的产额和湮没辐射的能谱,认为电子偶素在气凝硅胶超细微粒中的产生和湮没基本上符合扩散模型,但微粒表面的作用也不可忽略;比较正电子在微粒中的自由湮没和长寿命o-P_s的曳离(pick-off)所产生的多普勒加宽谱,表明后一过程具有较低的湮没动量。     

用联合谱仪方法观察3S1态电子偶素在气凝硅胶中的湮没

用具有时间选择功能的Ge能谱仪(即联合谱仪)观察了气凝硅胶中³S₁电子偶素(o-P_s)的产额和湮没辐射的能谱, 认为电子偶素在气凝硅胶超细微粒中的产生和湮没基本上符合扩散模型, 但微粒表面的作用也不可忽略; 比较正电子在微粒中的自由湮没和长寿命oPs的曳离(pick-off)所产生的多普勒加宽谱, 表明后一过程具有较低的湮没动量.     

微量元素和烧结温度对硅基半导体中微观缺陷的影响

测量了不同C或B含量经不同烧结温度制备的Si基半导体、单晶Si、单晶SiO2、石墨和纯多晶B样品的正电子寿命谱和符合正电子湮没辐射Doppler展宽谱。结果表明,石墨的商谱谱峰最高,SiO2的谱峰次之,B的谱峰最低。随着B,C和O原子序数的增加,与正电子湮没的电子动量增加。含20%的C和含100ppm的B的样品的商谱的谱峰最高;含100ppm的B的样品的谱峰次之;含1ppm的B的样品的谱峰最低。随着烧结温度的升高,含100ppm的B的Si基半导体样品的商谱降低,正电子寿命增长,缺陷开空间和浓度升高。     

聚乙烯的多重弛豫与正电子湮没寿命谱

在143～373K用正电子湮没寿命谱(PALS)方法研究了高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)中的自由体积与温度 的关系.对实验谱分别进行了三寿命成分和四寿命成分分析,并对实验拟合结果作了微分的尝试.发现经这种方 法处理后的结果对温度变化十分灵敏,并且从四寿命分析的微分曲线可以完整地观察到HDPE在该温度区间的 三重α弛豫和表观双玻璃化转变过程,而用三寿命分析的微分曲线将难以解释这些转变.这说明对部分结晶的 聚合物而言,用四寿命拟合比三寿命拟合更符合实际的物理过程;讨论了正电子在HDPE中的湮没机制,证实正 电子在HDPE的结晶区和非晶区都可能形成电子偶素(Ps),而且正电子所处的空间大小对Ps产额有影响;最后 根据PALS实验的结果直接估算了HDPE在不同温度下的热膨胀系数.     

正电子湮没参量及其所反映物质信息的探讨

本根据正电子在凝聚态物质中的湮没机制及捕获模型,讨论了正电子湮没参量——正电子寿命谱和多普勒线形等参量所反映的物质信息,给出了各正电子湮没参量与所反映的物质信息之间的定量关系。分析了在该体系中正电子寿命参量与局域电子密度、多普勒线形参量和角关联参量与电子动量密度分布和费米面之关联。     

利用正电子湮没技术研究钾掺杂钨合金中的缺陷

钨合金中钾的掺杂会引入大量的缺陷,如尺寸几十纳米的钾泡、高密度的位错以及微米量级的晶粒带来的晶界等,这些缺陷的浓度和分布直接影响合金的服役性能.本文运用正电子湮没谱学方法研究钾掺杂钨合金中的缺陷信息,首先模拟计算了合金中各种缺陷的正电子湮没寿命,发现钾的嵌入对空位团、位错、晶界等缺陷的寿命影响很小;然后测量了不同钾含量掺杂钨合金样品的正电子湮没寿命谱,建立三态捕获模型,发现样品中有高的位错密度和低的空位团簇浓度,验证了钾对位错的钉扎作用,阐述了在钾泡形成初期是钾元素与空位团簇结合并逐渐长大的过程;最后使用慢正电子多普勒展宽谱技术表征了样品中缺陷随深度的均匀分布和大量存在,通过扩散长度的比较肯定了钾泡、晶界等缺陷的存在.     

用正电子研究NaCl在NaY沸石上的固溶过程

用正电子湮没谱学研究NaCl与NaY沸石机械混合后, NaCl在NaY中的固溶扩散过程.分别测量不同质量比的NaCl/NaY［(1—20)%］经500℃烘烤1h，NaCl/NaY(15%)经不同温度烘烤1h,以及NaCl/NaY(15%)经500℃烘烤不同时间后的正电子寿命谱.所有寿命谱都出现了5个寿命分量, 其中第3，4，5寿命分别与β笼、超笼及沸石微粒界面空洞的大小和数量相关.实验表明正电子湮没谱学能敏感地表征NaCl在NaY中的固溶扩散过程. 关键词： 正电子湮没谱学 氯化钠 沸石     

MoO3/Al2O3催化剂中Mo分散的正电子研究

用浸渍法制备了一系列不同Mo含量的MoO3/Al2O3催化剂.测量了这些样品的正电子湮没寿命谱(PALS)与符合多普勒展宽(CDB)谱,以研究其孔洞结构以及Mo分散.正电子寿命测量结果表明,Al2O3载体中存在两种不同尺寸的孔洞.掺入MoO3之后,Mo原子主要进入Al2O3的大孔中,使孔洞体积减小.符合多普勒展宽谱结果表明,当MoO3的质量含量仅为3%时,多普勒展宽谱即发生了显著的改变.这表明Mo已分散至Al2O3的孔洞中,使得正电子测量所得到的电子动量分布发生改变.在MoO3含量达到18%之后,Al2O3中大孔的体积减小到尺寸与小孔相当,此后正电子寿命和多普勒展宽谱不再随MoO3含量变化,表明Mo分散逐渐达到饱和.     

正电子偶素寿命之谜得到解答

电子偶素是由一个电子和一个正电子组成的短寿命类原子体系 .如果其中的电子和正电子的自旋平行 ,称为正电子偶素 ,如反平行则称为仲电子偶素 .由于电子与正电子相互吸引 ,发生湮灭 ,正电子偶素衰变成三个光子 ,仲电子偶素衰变成两个光子 .测量电子偶素的衰变率 ,可以对量子电动力学进行检验 .量子电动力学预言 ,正电子偶素的寿命约为 14 2ns,然而以前的实验测量结果要比这一理论值低 0 .1%以上 ,这就是所谓的正电子偶素寿命之谜 .为说明这种分歧 ,理论家们不得不采用一些奇特的解释 ,比如 ,假设存在轴子、C -odd玻色子、电荷少于千分之一…     

Positronium diffusion in porous methylsilsesquioxanethin films

Depth profiled positronium (Ps) annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) is an extremely useful probe of the pore characteristics in nanoporous low-dielectric (low-k) constant thin films. PALS has also been considered as a potential probe to investigate diffusion barrier integrity and the structural changes of porous low-k films during their integration with Cu. Hence, it is essential to understand the diffusion behaviour of positronium/Cu atoms in the films. In this work, based on the fact that porous materials possess characteristics of statistical self-similarity, a fractal model, the Menger sponge model, has been applied to simulate the structure of a promising dielectric, porous methylsilsesquioxane (MSQ) films. The diffusion behaviour of Ps out of the fractal model and into the surrounding vacuum is studied by means of the diffusion equation and traditional advective-diffusive theory. Predictive results from our model show good agreement with measurement data.     

Application of positron beams to the study of positronium-forming solids

Doppler broadening of annihilation radiation (DBAR) and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) have been successfully applied to the study of positronium (Ps)—forming amorphous solids such as polymers and silicon oxide in the bulk. Implementing depth selectivity to DBAR and PALS by combining them with variable-energy positron beams considerably broadens their applicability. Variation of incident positron energy over a wide range enables depth-profiling, whereas tuning of the beam energy enables the studies of surfaces, interfaces and thin films. In this paper, we discuss fundamentals and applications of energy variable DBAR and PALS for Ps—forming polymers and silicon oxide.     

To the application of the emission Mössbauer and positron annihilation spectroscopies for detection of carcinogens

Being the main cause of cancer, almost all chemical carcinogens are strong electrophiles, that is, they have a high affinity for the electron. We have shown that positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) is able to detect chemical carcinogens by their inhibition of positronium (Ps) formation in liquid media. Electrophilic carcinogens intercept thermalized track electrons, which are precursors of Ps, and as a result, when they are present Ps atom does not practically form. Available biophysical data seemingly indicate that frozen solutions model better an intracellular medium than the liquid ones. So it is reasonable to use emission Mössbauer spectroscopy (EMS) to detect chemical carcinogens, measuring the yield of ⁵⁷Fe²⁺ions formed in reactions of Auger electrons and other secondary electrons they produced with ⁵⁷Fe³⁺. These reactions are similar to the Ps formation process in the terminal part the positron track: e⁺+ e^? =>Ps. So EMS and PALS are complementary methods for detection of carcinogenic compounds.     

Characteristics of polyethylenes at low temperature studied by positron annihilation

The positron annihilation lifetime method (PAL) has been applied to study the characteristics of polyethylenes (PEs) at low temperatures between 273 and 100 K. It has been found that the intensity (I ₃) of the long-lived component of positronium (Ps) showed an increase in non-annealed PE and annealed PE in vacuo. However, PAL in PEs annealed in an atmosphere containing oxygen did not show such an increase. It has been indicated that the latter effect is due to formation of carbonyl groups through oxidation during the annealing.     

Defect characterization of slow-cooled and quenched samples of calcium-copper-titanate through positron annihilation spectroscopy

Abstract

Positron annihilation lifetime and Doppler-broadened gamma-ray spectra have been analyzed for slow-cooled and thermally quenched polycrystalline samples of calcium-copper-titanate. Two positron lifetimes revealing the characteristic defects in the respective samples were carefully analyzed to compare and contrast the significance of their origin and implication. A third component arising from positronium formation at the powdered particle surfaces has been considered in the analysis although its significance is lost in its very small intensity (～ 1.1–1.2%). In the quenched sample, the defect-specific long positron lifetime (τ₂) is found to larger and the mean lifetime smaller while its intensity I₂ is found drastically smaller and the concentration of defects less by an order of magnitude as compared to the slow-cooled sample. The observed changes in electrical parameters of slow-cooled and quenched samples were found to have correlations with the positron annihilation lifetime and Doppler-broadened lineshape parameters.     

The formation of positronium in molecular substances

The theories regarding the formation of positronium in molecular substances are discussed. A modified theory based upon the “spur” theory is described. Theoretical derivation and experimental results suggest that the fraction of the long lifetime component due too-positronium annihilation has a complex origin. Initially, the electron of the positron-electron pair is likely to be separated from the positron by medium molecules even when the total kinetic energy of the pair is less than the potential energy between them. The formation of positronium depends on the mobilities of the positron and electron, the slowing down process and the potential energy between them. Positronium is formed in less than 10 ps. Then the positronium produced may react with the radicals created in the “spur” due to the positron. Only the fraction ofo-positronium able to escape the “spur” will have a long lifetime. Therefore, positronium formation is highly related to the fast reactions in the “spur” during the first 100 ps.     

Commissioning of the J-PET detector in view of the positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy

The Jagiellonian Positron Emission Tomograph (J-PET) is the first PET device built from plastic scintillators. It is a multi-purpose detector designed for medical imaging and for studies of properties of positronium atoms in porous matter and in living organisms. In this article we report on the commissioning of the J-PET detector in view of studies of positronium decays. We present results of analysis of the positron lifetime measured in the porous polymer. The obtained results prove that J-PET is capable of performing simultaneous imaging of the density distribution of annihilation points as well as positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy.     

Positronium annihilation in silica aerogel studied by a positron age-momentum correlation technique

A high-performance positron age-momentum correlation (AMOC) spectrometer was newly developed. The counting rate is increased up to 200 cps much larger than the value 20~cps reported by other international groups. And at the same time, the time resolution still keeps at the international level of 220 ps. Furthermore, positronium (Ps) annihilation in silica aerogel was investigated by AMOC, which indicates: (1) Ps annihilation between the grains dominantly undergoes pick-off process and spin conversion from o-Ps to p-Ps; (2) Annealing below 400 ℃ changes the grain surface conditions, i. e. the desorption of hydrogen and the decrease of the defect centers concentration.     

Annihilation of positronium atoms in an oscillatory field

Annihilation parameters (the angular correlation curve and positronium lifetime) are calculated for annihilation of positronium atoms in a three-dimensional oscillatory well. This well can serve as a model of a positron trap in rigid bodies. The model lends itself to exact mathematical analysis, and it admits separation of variables of the center-of-mass motion and the relative motion of the particle. A calculation is given for the wave functions of a positronium, which oscillatory field. The wave function of the relative motion of the particles at small distances is similar to the wave function of free positronium, which gives us a basis to speak of the annihilation of an electron-positron pair as the annihilation of a positronium atom in an oscillatory field. With a decrease in the size of the trap, broadening of the correlation curve occurs, which has Gaussian form for the annihilation of positronium from the minimum condition for center-of-mass motion. The bound state of the electron and positron exists even in traps of the size of the Bohr radius. The model permits evaluation of the size of traps over an experimentally chosen narrow component of the correlation curve.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 3, pp. 82–87, March, 1989.