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考虑一个生产商和两个零售商之间的数量折扣问题,针对顾客需求量不确定时,生产商采用数量折扣策略鼓励零售商提高单次订货量,从而降低库存成本的决策问题,从在线算法与竞争分析的角度出发,结合零售商的议价能力这一因素,分别考虑两个零售商之间合作与非合作时的情形,设计了相应的平衡策略,并证明该策略为最优策略. 相似文献
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价格数量折扣可以提高订购量, 是库存决策中的一个重要因素. 特别地, 当订购量达到一定水平时, 价格折扣才会发生. 应用理论计算机科学兴起的弱集成算法, 研究具有这种价格数量折扣的多阶段报童问题的在线策略. 弱集成算法是一种在线序列决策算法, 其主要特点是不对未来输入做任何统计假设, 克服了报童问题研究中需要对需求做概率假设的困难. 主要将弱集成算法应用到固定订购量的专家策略, 给出了价格数量折扣下多阶段报童问题的具体在线策略;得到了该在线策略相对于最优专家策略的理论保证. 进一步将回收价值和缺货损失费引入, 给出了推广的在线策略及其理论结果. 最后应用数值算例说明了给出的在线策略具有较好的竞争性能. 相似文献
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借鉴中小制造型企业(SMPEs)在线渠道预售模式,考虑市场中存在预付订金和不预付订金的顾客,并将其退货情况引入到生产商利润表达式中,构建确定性和随机性市场需求下的SMPEs产品销售利润最大化模型,推导生产商产品最优定价的解析解;对比两种销售模式的利润,得到了生产商选择不同销售策略的条件。进一步考虑预付定金的产品数量、预交定金比例、退货数量是关于价格折扣敏感的情况,采用拉格朗日乘子法对生产商产品定价及优化问题进行研究,分析求得生产商销售策略(产品定价和价格折扣)的近似最优解。最后,通过数值算例对研究结论进行了验证并给出经济学解释。 相似文献
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模糊随机需求报童问题的Stackelberg-Nash均衡策略 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
针对模糊随机需求下的分布控制型报童问题,建立了无数量折扣和有数量折扣情况下的利润最大化两层规划模型,并结合模糊随机模拟技术和遗传算法设计了模型求解的混合智能算法.解决了上层制造商制定包括折扣区间和折扣价格的最优数量折扣策略,以及下层多零售商确定各自的最优订货量的Stackelberg-Nash均衡策略问题. 相似文献
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突发事件会增加供应链成本,如何进行成本分担是决定供应链能否协调应对突发事件的重要因素.用参数分别描述市场需求剧增时增加的生产成本和市场需求剧减时发生的多余产品处理成本,在数量折扣契约基础上,研究突发事件发生后制造商的最优批发价格和零售商的最优订货量,分析其影响因素比较突发事件发生前后包括市场剧增与市场剧减两种情况下的差异,并给出了数值算例.结果表明,成本分担系数和市场需求分布及其变化都会影响最优批发价格和最优订货量,只要根据市场需求变化相应调整契约参数并合理分担由突发事件增加的成本,通过数量折扣契约供应链就能够协调应对突发事件. 相似文献
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This paper develops two coordination models of a supply chain consisting of one manufacturer, one dominant retailer and multiple fringe retailers to investigate how to coordinate the supply chain after demand disruption. We consider two coordination schedules, linear quantity discount schedule and Groves wholesale price schedule. We find that, under the linear quantity discount schedule, the manufacturer only needs to adjust the maximum variable wholesale price after demand disruption. For each case of the disrupted amount of demand, the higher the market share of the dominant retailer, the lower its average wholesale price and the subsidy will be under the linear quantity discount schedule, while the higher its fraction of the supply chain’s profit will be under Groves wholesale price schedule. When the increased amount of demand is very large and production cost is sufficiently low, linear quantity discount schedule is better for the manufacturer. However, when the production cost is sufficiently large, Groves wholesale price schedule is always better. We also find that the disrupted amount of demand largely affects the allocation of the supply chain’s profit. 相似文献
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本文的目的就是针对一个由生产商和一个零售商构成的鲜活农产品供应链,在考虑损耗和新鲜度的影响下,研究数量折扣契约如何协调供应链应对突发事件。 首先,给出了正常情况下供应链协调模型;然后,在突发事件引起市场需求、零售商订货成本和产品运输时间同时扰动情况下,讨论了突发事件对集权、分权供应链的影响。 研究表明,集权供应链具有一定的鲁棒性,当突发事件造成市场需求、零售商订货成本和产品运输时间在一定范围内同时发生扰动时,其生产计划不需要调整,只需通过调整产品价格即可使集权供应链达到协调;对于分权供应链,根据三因素同时扰动的不同程度,通过调整数量折扣契约参数,可以实现对供应链的协调。 最后给出数值算例验证了相关结论。 相似文献
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协调供应链系统使其具有抗突发事件性的研究是供应链管理的核心议题之一。为了分析突发事件下需求信息不对称时的供应链协调问题,考虑由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链,在随机市场需求下,首先分析了数量折扣契约对供应链的协调作用;然后探讨了突发事件导致市场需求发生变化且变化后的需求信息是不对称信息时数量折扣契约对供应链的协调作用,研究表明:基准的数量折扣契约对突发事件下的供应链不再发挥协调作用,为此,给出了供应链应对突发事件的最优应对策略,并调整了原来的数量折扣契约使其具有抗突发事件性。最后,应用一个算例对比加以说明。 相似文献
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Yu-Jen Lin 《4OR: A Quarterly Journal of Operations Research》2010,8(3):281-297
The purpose of this article is to investigate a stochastic integrated supplier-retailer inventory problem. The model analyzed
in this article explores the problem of the protection interval, the backorder price discount, the lead time, and the numbers
of shipments from the supplier to the retailer in one production run as control variables to widen applications for an integrated
periodic review inventory model. We consider the situation in which the supplier and the retailer establish a long-term strategic
partnership and contract to jointly determine the best strategy. We assume that the protection interval demand follows a normal
distribution. Our objective is to determine the optimal review period, the optimal backorder price discount, the optimal lead
time, and the optimal number of shipments from the supplier to the retailer in one production run, so that the joint expected
annual total cost incurred has the minimum value. Furthermore, an algorithm of finding the optimal solution is developed.
Also, the sensitivity analysis included and a numerical example is given to illustrate the results of the proposed model. 相似文献
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We consider a supply chain in which one manufacturer sells a seasonal product to the end market through a retailer. Faced with uncertain market demand and limited capacity, the manufacturer can maximize its profits by adopting one of two strategies, namely, wholesale price rebate or capacity expansion. In the former, the manufacturer provides the retailer with a discount for accepting early delivery in an earlier period. In the latter, the production capacity of the manufacturer in the second period can be raised so that production is delayed until in the period close to the selling season to avoid holding costs. Our research shows that the best strategy for the manufacturer is determined by three driving forces: the unit cost of holding inventory for the manufacturer, the unit cost of holding inventory for the retailer, and the unit cost of capacity expansion. When the single period capacity is low, adopting the capacity expansion strategy dominates as both parties can improve their profits compared to the wholesale price rebate strategy. When the single period capacity is high, on the other hand, the equilibrium outcome is the wholesale price rebate strategy. 相似文献
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考虑消费者溯源偏好与食品供应链可追溯水平对市场需求的影响,构建由一个食品生产企业和一个食品零售企业组成的可追溯食品供应链博弈模型,研究政府补贴、可追溯努力成本分担和公平偏好对可追溯食品供应链决策及利润的影响.结果 表明:政府补贴与可追溯努力成本分担均能促进食品生产企业提高可追溯努力水平,进而提升食品供应链可追溯水平.政... 相似文献
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In this paper, we study quantity discount pricing policies in a channel of one manufacturer and one retailer. The paper assumes that the channel faces a stochastic price-sensitive demand but the retailer can privately observe the realization of an uncertain demand parameter. The problem is analyzed as a Stackelberg game in which the manufacturer declares quantity discount pricing schemes to the retailer and then the retailer follows by selecting the retail price and associated quantity. Proposed in the paper are four quantity-discount pricing policies: “regular quantity discount”; “fixed percentage discount”; “incremental volume discount” and “fixed marginal-profit-rate discount”. Optimal solutions are derived, and numerical examples are presented to illustrate the efficiency of each discount policy. 相似文献
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In considering the retailer–supplier supply chain, this paper analyzes how a retailer reasonably decides both the depth and frequency of the price discount promotion including or excluding a supplier’s inventory decision. Assuming that the promotion frequency used by the retailer is probabilistic, we model a promotion-inventory decision under an AR(1) demand with a Markov switching promotion regime. After obtaining the optimal promotion plan, our analysis also considers the behavior of the optimal promotion decision; the retailer’s price format selection, either an Every-Day-Low-Price policy (EDLP) or a Promotion policy (HiLo); and the impact of information sharing of promotion status on the system’s performance. Our results suggest that a retailer tends to overpromote if inventory cost is excluded in its promotion decision, that increasing the market share is a preferable action for both the retailer and the supplier, that total margin and price-elasticity play an important role in selecting the price format, and that the profitability for a supplier of sharing promotion information depends on the transition probabilities of the Markov switching regime. 相似文献
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Jinxing Xie Deming Zhou Jerry C. Wei Xiande Zhao 《European Journal of Operational Research》2010,200(2):368-376
Early order commitment (EOC) is a strategy for supply chain coordination, wherein the retailer commits to purchasing from a manufacturer a fixed order quantity a few periods in advance of the regular delivery lead time. In this paper, we formulate and analyze the EOC strategy for a decentralized, two-level supply chain consisting of a single manufacturer and multiple retailers, who face external demands that follow an autocorrelated AR(1) process over time. We characterize the special structure of the optimal solutions for the retailers’ EOC periods to minimize the total supply chain cost and discuss the impact of demand parameters and cost parameters. We then develop and compare three solution approaches to solving the optimal solution. Using this optimal cost as the benchmark, we investigate the effectiveness of using the wholesale price-discount scheme for the manufacturer to coordinate this decentralized system. We give numerical examples to show the benefits of EOC to the whole supply chain, examine the efficiency of the discount scheme in general situation, and provide the special conditions when the full coordination is achieved. 相似文献