气相色谱-质谱法测定苦参中生物碱

以乙醇为溶剂用微波辐射溶剂回流提取法提取苦参中生物碱,经蒸发除去乙醇后提取物残渣用稀盐酸溶解,所得溶液用氯仿萃取除去其中的杂质,所得水相经碱化后再次用氯仿萃取使生物碱溶入氯仿中.蒸发除去萃取液中氯仿,残留物溶于一定量的甲醇中,用作气相色谱-质谱分析.应用此方法分离并测定了苦参中7种生物碱.结果表明:常规的溶剂回流提法(即不用微波辐射)相比较,微波辐射溶剂回流提取法的提取率明显提高.     

微波辅助提取-气相色谱-质谱法测定石蒜中加兰他敏和力可拉敏

采用乙醇(95+5)溶液于70℃提取石蒜中加兰他敏和力可拉敏,所得提取液经过滤后旋转蒸发至干。残渣溶于盐酸(2+98)溶液中,用氯仿萃取3次以除去杂质,用氨水调节水相酸度至pH 10,再用氯仿萃取3次,合并萃取液并蒸发至干。用甲醇溶解残渣,所得溶液用DB-5MS毛细管柱分离,进样量为1μL。质谱分析中采用电子轰击离子源及在(m/z)50～550范围内全扫描方式检测。检索图谱库NBS 75K.L及NIST 147对样品作定性分析,并根据[M~+]286及[M~+]288的丰度分别对加兰他敏和力可拉敏作定量分析。对方法做回收及精密度试验,测得回收率在93.0%～106.0%之间,相对标准偏差(n=9)为5.5%(加兰他敏)和2.4%(力可拉敏)。     

灯盏花中重金属元素的化学形态及分布

应用火焰原子吸收光谱法(测定铅、铬、镉)及原子荧光光谱法(测定汞、砷)对灯盏花中重金属的化学形态及其分布进行了研究。0.5g经过预处理的试样用浓硝酸消解并经高氯酸冒烟至近干,用水溶解残盐并定容为25mL。在此溶液中分别用上述两方法测定5种金属元素的总量。分别用5种不同萃取溶剂,即乙醇-水(80+20)混合溶液、亚沸重蒸馏水、1mol·L-1氯化钠溶液、乙酸(2+98)溶液及0.6mol·L-1盐酸溶液,对10g试样进行连续超声萃取。各次所得萃取液分别用硝酸和高氯酸按上述方法处理后测定其中5种金属的含量。文中给出了上述金属元素在各种化学形态中的含量及分布状态,此次结果对评价中草药的生物功能及毒性能有参考价值。     

微波辅助衍生化-气相色谱法测定烟草中非挥发性有机酸

在气相色谱法测定烟草中非挥发性有机酸中,提出了用硫酸-甲醇(1+7)混合溶液作衍生试剂,在微波炉中于选定的条件下对所测定的有机酸进行衍生化.经酯化的溶液用二氯甲烷萃取,萃取液蒸缩至2 mL,分取1μL进样作气相色谱分析.测定中采用AC 20毛细管柱及火焰离子化(FID)检测器并用戊二酸作内标,对7种非挥发性有机酸用标准...     

气相色谱法快速测定茶浓缩汁中10种有机膦农药的残留量

用二氯甲烷提取样品中残留的10种有机膦农药(OPhP's),所得萃取液用无水硫酸钠脱水后,在35℃和0.006 MPa的条件下经旋转蒸发至干,用二氯甲烷2.00 mL溶解残渣,此溶液毋需净化直接进样用气相色谱法进行测定.测定中采用DB-1701、RTX-5双毛细管色谱柱和双火焰光度检测器,10种农药的检出限(3S/N)在3～10μg·L-1之间.用标准加入法在3个浓度水平上对方法的回收率及精密度作了试验,求得其回收率在83.3%～112.6%之间,相对标准偏差(n=8)在3.4%～6.9%之间.     

微波辅助萃取多物理场耦合模型的构建及验证

以姜科类植物草豆蔻中山姜素为模拟对象, 基于微波辅助萃取(MAE)过程中微波场、 温度场及浓度场等物理场之间的耦合关系, 利用Comsol软件构建了MAE多物理场耦合模型. 模拟了不同萃取时间、 微波功率下萃取体系的电磁场分布、 温度分布以及山姜素扩散分布; 通过比较萃取液温度和山姜素浓度的模拟值与实验值, 结合误差分析对模型进行了验证, 以同类植物砂仁中的异槲皮苷为萃取目标验证了模型的适用性. 结果表明, 微波功率越大, 电磁场强度越强, 萃取液温度越高, 山姜素扩散越明显, 越有利于萃取; MAE萃取山姜素和异槲皮苷的萃取液温度模拟值与实验值之间的相对均方根误差(RRMSE)分别在1.9%~4.5%和1.9%~2.8%之间, 其浓度RRMSE分别在1.7%~3.2%及1.6%~4.1%之间, 均小于5.0%, 表明建立的模型准确、 可靠, 且适用性良好. 该模型综合考虑了MAE过程中的多个物理场及其耦合关系, 可为深入研究其萃取机理提供参考.     

气相色谱法测定毛豆中一些残留杀虫剂

提出了用气相色谱法测定毛豆中3种残留杀虫剂(氟虫腈、溴虫腈及茚虫威)的灵敏方法.用正己烷一丙酮(1 1)的混合溶液将样品中3种杀虫剂萃取分离.分取所得萃取液2 mL两份,分别用所提出的两组不同SPE微柱和两种不同的混合溶剂进行纯化和淋洗处理.一种处理所得溶液供测定氟虫腈及溴虫腈之用,另一种处理所得溶液供测定茚虫威之用.在气相色谱分析中采用HP-5毛细管色谱柱(30 m×320 mm,0.25 μm),微池电子捕获检测器和外标法定量.对方法的回收率及精密度作了试验,测得回收率在64.3%～92.8%之问,相对标准偏差(n-5)在5.3%～10.8%之间.此方法对3种杀虫剂的测定下限(10S/N)依次为0.5,0.5及2.5μg·kg-1.     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物源性食品中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留

建立了禽蛋、动物肌肉、内脏和蛋制品中氟虫腈及其代谢物氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜、氟虫腈亚砜的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)检测方法。在QuEChERS方法基础上,针对目标物化学性质和样品杂质情况,对提取溶液的种类、提取次数、净化材料等参数进行了优化。最终样品经乙腈提取,NaCl、无水MgSO_4盐析分层,提取液经PSA结合C_(18)进行分散固相萃取净化,以UPLC-MS/MS进行测定,基质外标法进行定量分析。结果表明,动物源性食品中氟虫腈、氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜、氟虫腈亚的平均加标回收率在75.7%~104.5%之间,相对标准偏差在1.3%~10.4%之间,检出限在0.5~1.6μg/kg之间,定量限为5.0μg/kg。此方法快速、简便、灵敏度高、准确,可用于禽蛋、动物肌肉、内脏和蛋制品中氟虫腈及其3种代谢物残留的同时测定。     

气相色谱-质谱法分析鉴定鱼体内杀虫双

应用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用检测了国产新杀虫剂杀虫双。试样(5 g)经用0.1 mol.L-1HCl提取,并经离心分离除去不溶物。所得澄清试液,用0.1 mol.L-1NaOH溶液调节至pH 9,再用0.1 mol.L-1硫化钠处理,随后用CHCl3萃取,将萃取液蒸至近干用甲醇1 mL定容。此溶液供GC-MS检测。气相色谱分析时用弹性石英毛细管色谱柱(DB1701,30 m×0.25 mm,0.25μm)。质谱测定中SIM模式的特征离子为m/z70,103和149。用不同浓度的杀虫双标准溶液(0.1,0.2,0.5和1.0 mg.L-1)制作标准曲线作为定量依据。用标准加入法进行平行12次测定,得到RSD在8.5%~16.8%之间,回收率在80%~91%之间。     

用磷酸三丁酯萃取分光光度法测定微量碲

在氢溴酸溶液中,加抗坏血酸还原游离溴后,用TBP萃取黄色溴化碲络合物,使碲与其他干扰元素分离,而直接比色测定碲.实验结果表明黄色络合物在TBP甲苯溶液中最大吸收在450毫微米,溶液颜色稳定,并符合Beer定律.用20%TBP甲苯溶液萃取即能使萃取液消光度达最高值.溴化钠可代替部分氢溴酸.萃取率和分配系数分别为95.6%和21.7. 微量铁、毫克量铜、强氧化剂和强还原剂干扰,而其他包括常与碲在矿石中共生的硒、金、银、汞、铊等元素及一些常见的酸及盐类均无显著影响.     

墨西哥鼠尾草与齿叶薰衣草挥发油化学成分比较

采用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取墨西哥鼠尾草和齿叶薰衣草挥发油,通过GC-MS分析其化学成分,并用峰面积归一化法计算各组分的相对含量。结果表明,墨西哥鼠尾草和齿叶薰衣草挥发油化学成分和含量有较大差别。     

千山野菊花挥发性化学成分的提取与分析

报道了用蒸馏-萃取法和同时蒸馏-萃取法提取千山野菊花中挥发性物质，测得用两种方法提取的千山野菊花挥发油含量分别为6．1％和7．0％，用GC／MS法从千山野菊花挥发油中分别分离并确定出34种和29种化学成分，分别占千山野菊花挥发油总检出量的89．47％和90．72％，用峰面积归一化法得出各类化学成分在挥发油中的相对百分含量。     

The Chemical Profiling of Essential Oils from Different Tissues of Cinnamomum camphora L. and Their Antimicrobial Activities

Cinnamomum camphora L. is grown as an ornamental plant, used as raw material for furniture, as a source of camphor, and its essential oil can be used as an important source for perfume as well as alternative medicine. A comparative investigation of essential oil compositions and antimicrobial activities of different tissues of C. camphora was carried out. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation with a Clevenger apparatus and their compositions were evaluated through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), enantiomeric composition by chiral GC-MS, and antimicrobial properties were assayed by measuring minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Different plant tissues had different extraction yields, with the leaf having the highest yield. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 18, 75, 87, 67, 67, and 74 compounds in leaf, branch, wood, root, leaf/branch, and leaf/branch/wood, respectively. The significance of combining tissues is to enable extraction of commercial quality essential oils without the need to separate them. The oxygenated monoterpene camphor was the major component in all tissues of C. camphora except for safrole in the root. With chiral GC-MS, the enantiomeric distributions of 12, 12, 13, 14, and 14 chiral compounds in branch, wood, root, leaf/branch, and leaf/branch/wood, respectively, were determined. The variation in composition and enantiomeric distribution in the different tissues of C. camphora may be attributed to the different defense requirements of these tissues. The wood essential oil showed effective antibacterial activity against Serratia marcescens with an MIC of 39.1 μg/mL. Similarly, the mixture of leaf/branch/wood essential oils displayed good antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus while the leaf essential oil was notably active against Trichophyton rubrum. C. camphora essential oils showed variable antimicrobial activities against dermal and pulmonary-borne microbes.     

The issue of contamination in recycling

This paper describes a model study aimed at establishing the main contamination issues for material recycling of HDPE blow-moulded containers. Detergent, bleach, lubricating oil and white spirit containers purchased from retailers have been recycled separately. Both atmospheric contamination during recycling, and the presence of contaminants in the recycled pellets and containers, have been measured. Standard washing and extrusion procedures were used with no attempt to optimise the treatment at this stage. The main contaminants found in the recycled bottles were oil and white spirit (both up to 0.6% by weight). Small amounts of chlorine (from bleach), limonene (from detergent) and oil additives were also found in the reprocessed pellet.     

Identification and quantification of the antimicrobial components of a citrus essential oil vapor

The anti-bacterial components of a citrus essential oil vapor were identified as linalool, citral and beta-pinene using a bioautography method and quantified by GC-MS. Essential oil vapor release, monitored in real-time with Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization - MS (APCI-MS), showed differences in the vapor release profile oflimonene, beta-pinene and linalool over 24 hours, while Solid Phase Micro-extraction (SPME) GC-MS demonstrated changes in composition of the vapor at 35 degrees C. Fourteen isolates were tested in vitro for their susceptibility to the EO vapor and to linalool, citral and beta-pinene vapors, both separately and in a mixture containing the three components in the amounts at which they occur in the EO vapor. All eleven Gram-positive strains tested were susceptible to the EO vapor, linalool, citral and beta-pinene vapors separately and the mixture with zones of inhibition of 4.34 cm, 5.32 cm, 5.58 cm, 4.86 cm and 4.68 cm, respectively. Of the three Gram-negative strains tested, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10145 was resistant to all the vapors. When bacteria inoculated onto stainless steel surfaces were exposed to either the EO vapor or a linalool/citral/beta-pinene vapor mixture there was no significant difference in reduction for the Gram-positive isolates, while the Gram-negative isolates were resistant to both EO vapor and the linalool/citral/beta-pinene mixture.     

The Analysis of Environmental Samples by Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectral analysis was carried out on shellfish samples taken in the vicinity of the Arrow oil spill at Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia. Oil samples were also analyzed, samples being obtained from the tanker and also from the beach.

After extraction of the oil and shellfish samples, group separations were made into aliphatic, aromatic and oxygenated fractions, which were analyzed separately by mass spectrometry. The validity of the group separations was established, since, in the analysis of the so-called aliphatic fraction, no evidence of aromatics could be seen by mass spectrometry.

On the other hand, polycyclic hydrocarbons were found in some of the aromatic fractions. Identification was based upon standard mass spectrometric analysis already performed on known examples of the polycyclics.

It was concluded that the possibility of oil contamination can be confirmed by the mass spectrometric analysis of appropriate samples. It was also concluded that the so-called control samples should have been taken at a greater distance from the oil spill.     

两相溶剂萃取黄连木籽油制备生物柴油

以黄连木籽为原料,采用乙醇/异己烷两相不互溶溶剂对其进行萃取处理.考察了乙醇／异己烷体积比、萃取温度和萃取时间对萃取过程的影响.通过实验确定最佳的萃取条件为,黄连木仁粉50 g,乙醇异己烷总体积300 mL,乙醇/异己烷体积比为50∶50,萃取温度40℃,萃取时间30 min.在此条件下,黄连木籽油出油率达到99.5％...     

改变相比/顶空气相色谱法测定变压器油中溶解气体的分配常数

采用改变相比/顶空气相色谱法测定了甲烷、乙炔、乙烯、乙烷和丙烷在变压器油中的分配常数。顶空瓶中的气体样品经石英毛细管送到气相色谱仪的六通进样阀样品管中,然后进行分离和定量。采用标准曲线法定量,通过测定5个不同相比时轻烃组分的顶空浓度,计算顶空浓度倒数与相比之间的线性回归方程,测定了20 ℃和50 ℃时烃类气体在变压器油中溶解气体的分配常数。除甲烷外,计算所得的分配常数与文献值基本吻合,油中溶解气体浓度的实验值与实际值之间的相对误差小于4.14%,表明用此方法可以测定不同温度下变压器油中溶解气体的分     

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oil from berries of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill

Essential oils of Schisandra chinensis seeds and berries without seeds were separately extracted. A total of 55 compounds were identified in the essential oil of berries without seeds (EOB), representing 85.75% of the total content. A total of 52 compounds were identified in the essential oil of seeds (EOS), representing 89.74% of the total content. For EOB, the top three content compounds were α-cis-bergamotene (10.79%), 4,11-selinadiene (5.28%) and α-cadinol (5.19%), while the top three content compounds of EOS were ylangene (10.16%), β-himachalene (9.46%) and di-epi-α-cedrene (8.92%). The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was tested using the DPPH radical-scavenging method. The antioxidant activity of EOB was higher than EOS. The IC(50) values of EOB and EOS were 8.4 and 15.8?mg/mL, respectively. This study concluded that EOB and EOS were not only different in extraction yield but also in chemical composition and antioxidant activity.     

Photocyanation of pyrene across an oil/water interface in a polymer microchannel chip

Photocyanation of pyrene (PyH) across an oil/water interface was explored by using two types of polymer microchannel chip. The chips (channel depth of 20 microm and width of 100 microm) were fabricated on the basis of photolithography and an imprinting method, with micromachined silicon templates being used for imprinting. As a typical example of the photoreaction, an aqueous NaCN solution and a propylene carbonate solution of PyH and 1,4-dicyanobenzene were brought separately into a Y-structured microchannel chip with the same flow velocity by pressure driven flow. Light irradiation onto the whole of the channel chip by a high-pressure Hg lamp resulted in formation of 1-cyanopyrene (PyCN), as confirmed by GC-MS analysis of the oil phase. The results demonstrated that the interfacial photochemical reaction of PyH proceeded successfully along the water/oil solution flow in the microchannel. Under optimum conditions by using a three-layer channel chip, absolute PyCN yields as high as 73% were attained with a reaction time of 210 s.