液相色谱中的一个新的表征参数Z Ⅲ.反相高效液相色谱中的生物大分子分离体系

研究了在反相高效液相色谱中的烷基醇-甲酸-水、烷基醇-三氟醋酸-水和烷基醇-磷酸盐-水三种流动相,9种生物大分子的分离体系中Z的表征。发现当蛋白质完全变性时,Z值与其分子量呈正比,而与置换剂分子大小呈反比。Z值会因流动相中离子对试剂的存在而减小,且浓度愈大,减小程度愈甚。对于在异丙醇-水溶液中的不同种类离子对试剂而言,对蛋白构象变性影响的减小顺序为44％(V/V)甲酸>0.05mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(pH<2.5)>0.1％(V/V)三氟醋酸。     

醋酸水流动相体系中硅胶键合相上生物大分子保留行为的研究

 提出了以醋酸 水作为流动相的体系中 ,在ODS柱上分离生物大分子的反相高效液相色谱 (RPLC)方法。实验结果表明 ,醋酸 水的洗脱能力强于甲醇 水 三氟醋酸体系 ,在一定程度上克服了色谱分离中一些蛋白质的不可逆吸附且具有便于冷冻干燥的优点。用参数Z(1mol溶剂化溶质被溶剂化固定相吸附时从两者接触表面释放出置换剂的摩尔总数 ) ,logI(与 1mol溶质对固定相亲和势有关的常数 )和 j(与 1mol溶剂对固定相亲和势有关的常数 )对 9种蛋白质在此流动相体系中的保留进行了表征。     

Separation of peptides by HPLC using a surface-confined ionic liquid stationary phase

A butylimidazolium bromide surface-confined ionic liquid stationary phase was synthesized in-house. The synthesized phase was investigated for the separation of five peptides (Gly-Tyr, Val-Tyr-Val, leucine enkephalin, methionine enkephalin, and angiotensin-II). The peptides were successfully separated in less than 5 min. The effect of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) on the separation of peptides was evaluated with results confirming that TFA was not acting as ion-pairing agent in separation of peptides on this phase.     

梯度加压毛细管电色谱分离蛋白质

 以1.5 μm无孔硅胶颗粒(non-porous silica,NPS)为固定相,采用电压和压力联合驱动流动相,用反相梯度加压毛细管电色谱(p-CEC)在7.5 min内实现了核糖核酸酶A、细胞色素C、溶菌酶和肌红蛋白等4种蛋白质的快速、高效的分离。比较了梯度加压毛细管电色谱和微柱液相色谱(μ-HPLC)分离蛋白质的结果,同时考察了固定相、离子对试剂三氟醋酸(TFA)浓度和电压等条件对梯度加压毛细管电色谱分离蛋白质的影响。结果表明,梯度p-CEC可以通过调节电压精细调节带电溶质的保留,提高分离选择性,缩短分离时间,得到较高的柱效。该方法在蛋白质分离分析及蛋白质组学的研究中具有很大的应用潜力，为高效快速地分离蛋白质开辟了新的途径。     

Effect of anionic ion-pairing reagent hydrophobicity on selectivity of peptide separations by reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Despite the continuing dominance of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as the anionic ion-pairing reagent of choice for peptide separations by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), we believe that a step-by-step approach to re-examining the relative efficacy of TFA compared to other ion-pairing reagents is worthwhile, particularly for the design of separation protocols for complex peptide mixtures, e.g., in proteomics applications. Thus, we applied RP-HPLC in the presence of different concentrations of anionic ion-pairing reagents - phosphoric acid, TFA, pentafluoropropionic acid (PFPA) and heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA)--to a mixture of three groups of four 10-residue peptides, these groups containing peptides of +1, +3 or +5 net charge. Overall separation of the 12-peptide mixture improved with increasing reagent hydrophobicity (phosphate- < TFA- < PFPA- < HFBA-) and/or concentration of the anion, with reagent hydrophobicity having a considerably more pronounced effect than reagent concentration. HFBA, in particular, achieved an excellent separation at a concentration of just 10 mM, whereby the peptides were separated by charged groups (+1 < +3 < +5) and hydrophobicity within these groups. There was an essentially equal effect of reagent hydrophobicity and concentration on each positive charge of the peptides, a useful observation for prediction of the effect of varying counterion concentration hydrophobicity and/or concentration during optimization of peptide purification protocols. Peak widths were greater for the more highly charged peptides, although these could be decreased significantly by raising the acid concentration; concomitantly, peptide resolution increased with increasing concentration of ion-pairing reagent.     

Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of protamines

The protamines from the gonads of the sturgeonAcipenser stellatus have been separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The proteins were eluted with mixtures of water and ethanol having a gradient of ethanol concentrations in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The influence of the concentration of TFA and the temperature of the column on separation was studied. The quantitative (95–98%) isolation of the protamines from the column was achieved at a temperature of 30°C and a 0.15% concentration of TFA.     

The catalytic oxidation of organic compounds in superacids

Transformations of aromatic and aliphatic organic substances in anhydrous trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) at room temperature were studied. TFA was found to be capable of activating molecular oxygen dissolved in it. This activated oxygen endows the acid with strong oxidizer properties. Transformations of organic substances in TFA involved the formation of peroxo compounds, and alkylaromatic molecules were only oxidized at the benzene ring, side chains remaining intact. The transformations of toluene and p-xylene in trifluoroacetic acid were similar in a way to the biochemical oxidation of these substrates by mono-and dioxygenases. Mechanisms were suggested for the oxidation of toluene, p-xylene, and propylene by active oxygen in superacids.     

Membrane-Based Continuous Remover of Trifluoroacetic Acid in Mobile Phase for LC-ESI-MS Analysis of Small Molecules and Proteins

We developed a "continuous" trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) remover based on electrodialysis with bipolar membrane for online coupling of liquid chromatography (LC) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) using TFA containing mobile phase. With the TFA remover as an interface, the TFA anion in the mobile phase was removed based on electrodialysis mechanism, and meanwhile, the anion exchange membrane was self-regenerated by the hydroxide ions produced by the bipolar membrane. So the remover could continuously work without any additional regeneration process. The established LC-TFA remover-MS system has been successfully applied for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of small molecules as well as proteins.     

Simultaneous determination of water-soluble vitamins excreted in human urine after eating an overdose of vitamin pills by a HPLC method coupled with a solid phase extraction

We have applied a quick and convenient method for determining water-soluble vitamins excreted in human urine. We found that the Sep-Pak C(18) cartridge was useful for preconcentration and recovery of water-soluble vitamins in urine with minimized loss of vitamins. The recovery of vitamins was well over 90%. The separation was carried out by gradient elution with 90/10 (v/v%) methanol/water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and water with 0.1% TFA on a muBondapak C(18) column. The separation was completed within 15 min. We measured concentrations of water-soluble vitamins excreted in urine after swallowing an overdose of vitamin pills on purpose, and found that the concentration of each vitamin increased rapidly to the maximum in 2-3 h and decreased swiftly.     

Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of protamines

The protamines from the gonads of the sturgeonAcipenser stellatus have been separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The proteins were eluted with mixtures of water and ethanol having a gradient of ethanol concentrations in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The influence of the concentration of TFA and the temperature of the column on separation was studied. The quantitative (95–98%) isolation of the protamines from the column was achieved at a temperature of 30°C and a 0.15% concentration of TFA.Moscow Technological Institute of the Meat and Dairy Industry. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 744–748, November–December, 1986.     

Method development and validation for trifluoroacetic acid determination by capillary electrophoresis in combination with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C4D)

A method was developed to determine traces of trifluoroacetic acid as impurity in synthetic or semi-synthetic drugs as antibiotics, macropeptides, etc. Capillary electrophoresis in combination with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C⁴D) was used due to lack of UV absorbance property of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The optimized method took less than 1 min with good linearity (R² = 0.9995) for trifluoroacetic acid concentration from 2 to 100 ppm. It also has a good repeatability expressed by the relative standard deviation (% RSD) which is 1.2 and 2.1% for intraday and interday precision, respectively, at 50 ppm TFA, and good sensitivity with 0.34 ppm, 1.2 ppm LOD and LOQ, respectively. In addition, the content of TFA in synthetic drug, was determined using the validated method which gave good linearity (R² = 0.9996) for trifluoroacetic acid spiked into drug in a concentration range of 2-80 ppm, with good intraday repeatability of 2.0%.The analysis is performed in a background electrolyte composed of 20 mM morpholinoethane-sulfonic acid (Mes) and 20 mM l-histidine (l-His) pH 6.1. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was added as flow modifier in a concentration (0.2 mM) lower than the critical micellar concentration. Ammonium formate 6 ppm was used as internal standard. The applied voltage was 30 kV in reverse polarity. A fused silica capillary with 75 μm internal diameter and total length 47 cm (31 cm to C⁴D detector and 37 cm to DAD detector) was used.     

Ion-pair Reversed-phase×Low-pH Reversed-phase Two-dimensional Liquid Chromatography for In-depth Proteomic Profiling

High-resolution liquid chromatography separation is essential to in-depth proteomic profiling of complex biological samples. Herein, we established an ion-pair reversed-phase×reversed-phase two-dimensional liquid chromatography (IPRP×RP 2DLC) strategy for comprehensive proteomic analysis. Both RPLC separation dimensions were performed at low pH, with trifluoroacetic acid(TFA) and formic acid(FA) as mobile phase addictive, respectively. As the good separation resolution offered by ion-pairing effect of TFA, the fractionation efficiency was greatly improved with 74.0% peptides identified in just one fraction. Comparing with conventional high pH RP fractionation, the overall separation rate of IPRP was about 1.6 times that of high-pH RP, which increased the number of identified peptides by 21%. Further, 2169 proteins and 8540 peptides were confidently identified from crude serum sample by our IPRP×RP 2DLC strategy, exhibiting great potential in clinical proteomics in the future.     

Remarkable amine-TFA self assembly

Supramolecular assemblies that are formed between amines and trifluoroacetic acid were studied using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Distinctive association behavior of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines with trifluoroacetic acid upon identical experimental conditions is observed and indicates that steric effects dominate in the formation of these protonated clusters. Extraordinary complexation behavior is observed in the case of R-(+)-alpha-methylbenzylamine and 4-tert-butyl-cyclohexylamine that form high-order clusters. The strong relation between stereochemistry and assembly results in the specific association characteristics of trans 4-tert-butyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine when compared with the cis isomer. The cis isomer gives rise to a highly abundant [M(4)TFA(3) + H](+) ion (M = amine molecule, TFA = trifluoroacetic acid), as observed for other primary amines. However, the trans isomer generates higher [M(n)TFA(m) + H](+) cluster ions, the largest and most abundant being an [M(7)TFA(6) + H](+) ion. Collision induced dissociation spectra that were recorded for several [M(n)TFA(m) + H](+) cluster ions typically show the consecutive losses of M.TFA moieties. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the highly abundant [M(4)TFA(3) + H](+) clusters are macrocycles and support the formation of these structures with TFA and not with acetic acid.     

The Hammett acidity function H0 in trifluoroacetic acid–dichloromethane mixtures

The acidity function (H₀) of solutions of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in dichloromethane was measured by the indicator method at 298 K in the whole concentration range. The H₀ value for the most acidic solution studied (12.93 M trifluoroacetic acid) is −3.09. The equation describing the dependence of H₀ on the acid concentration was determined. The obtained quantitative data were used for a spectrophotometric study of the basicity of 2,9,16,23-tetra-tert-butylphthalocyanine. Two forms with different UV/vis spectra were observed and their stability constants determined.     

Determination by hplc of trifluoroacetate levels in plasma and urine of patients anaesthetized with halothane

A new method is described for determination of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in biological fluids. Optimum extraction is achieved by addition of 18-crown-6 ether and acidification of the sample. The 4-bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin derivatives of the carboxylic acid are prepared and a sample is subjected to HPLC. A linear analytical curve of peak area against TFA concentrations ranging between 0.2 and 20 mug ml is obtained, and the minimum detectable concentration is estimated to be 0.1 mug ml .     

Formation of iron complexes from trifluoroacetic acid based liquid chromatography mobile phases as interference ions in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis

Two unexpected singly charged ions at m/z 1103 and 944 have been observed in mass spectra obtained from electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis of liquid chromatography effluents with mobile phases containing trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) that severely interfered with sample analysis. Accurate mass measurement and tandem mass spectrometry studies revealed that these two ions are composed of three components; clusters of trifluoroacetic acid, clusters of mass 159 and iron. Formation of these ions is inhibited by removing TFA from the mobile phases and using formic acid in its place, replacing the stainless steel union with a titanium union or by adding a small blank fused-silica capillary column between the chromatography column and the electrospray tip via a stainless steel union without any adverse effects to chromatographic separation, peak broadening or peptide identifications.     

Effect of the mobile phase composition on the separation and detection of intact proteins by reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry

Various buffers (ammonium acetate, ammonium formate, and ammonium hydrogencarbonate), acids (formic acid, acetic acid, heptafluorobutyric acid, and trifluoroacetic acid), and bases (ammonium hydroxide and morpholine) covering the range from 2 to 11.5 have been investigated for their performance in the separation of proteins by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and in their detection by electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). These additives were first tested for the detection of standard proteins by ESI-MS by flow-injection analysis (FIA). Those additives yielding the highest signals were employed for the separation of standard proteins by using three different reversed-phase columns: two C18 columns (4.6 mm I.D. and 2.1 mm I.D.) and one perfusion column (2 mm I.D.). The sensitivity of the LC-MS system was evaluated with the column giving the best results and with those LC eluents enabling the LC separation of the proteins and also yielding the highest MS signals. For that purpose, calibration curves were compared for both LC-MS and FIA-MS. Formic acid was the additive yielding the highest responses in FIA-MS and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) gave the best separation and recovery of the proteins. However, problems related to poor recovery of the proteins in the column when formic acid was used and the significant signal suppression observed in MS when TFA was employed, made neither of them suitable for the sensitive detection of the proteins in LC-MS.     

反相高效液相色谱法分离蛋白质的研究

采用反相高效液相色谱法考察了几种大孔硅胶烷基键合固定相在等度淋洗条件下进行蛋白质分离的色谱性能。研究了冲洗剂中有机溶剂异丙醇的浓度、离子对酸（ＴＦＡ）浓度对蛋白质保留时间的影响。探讨了蛋白质在ＲＰ－ＨＰＬＣ中的保留机理。结果表明,大孔硅胶（２０～３０ｎｍ）短链（Ｃ４和Ｃ８）烷基键合固定相适合蛋白质的分离。     

Tetrafluoroboric acid, a useful deprotecting reagent in peptide synthesis

We have found that tetrafluoroboric acid (HBF4) in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in the presence of thioanisole cleaves various protecting groups currently used in peptide synthesis. HBF4 in TFA cleaves an amino acid amide from 4-methylbenzhydrylamine resin more effectively than trifluoromethanesulfonic acid in TFA. Lamprey gonadotropin-releasing hormone (a 10-residue peptide amide) was synthesized using 1 M HBF4-thioanisole in TFA by both solution-phase and solid-phase methods.     

(PAA-b-F127-b-PAA)-Blg复合物的合成及乳化性能

采用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)方法合成了PtBA-b-F127-b-PtBA(PtBA为聚丙烯酸叔丁酯), 经三氟乙酸水解得到PAA-b-F127-b-PAA(PAA为聚丙烯酸). 进一步通过碳二亚胺的水溶性衍生物1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC?HCl)在水溶液中成功地耦合β-乳球蛋白(Blg)和PAA-b-F127-b-PAA. 蛋白的三级构象没有受到反应条件的影响. 与纯Blg相比, (PAA-b-F127-b-PAA)-Blg复合物的乳化性能大大提高.