有机物同分异构体的学习进阶研究

分析了高中生学习同分异构体的思维过程,建构碳架异构、位置异构、官能团类型异构、信息加工推理的四维度五水平模型。合理设计学习进阶,系统发展高中同分异构体思维水平,得到三学段五层级十二进阶设计。系统规划进阶,精准评价思维,建议使用结构模型和思维导图进行教学,发展学生同分异构体的思维水平,培养学生模型认知的核心素养。     

学习进阶模型的构建及其应用——以中学化学课程标准内容文本分析为例

课程标准内容文本的2大核心问题：如何合理地选取核心内容,即确定内容标准;如何合理地制定表现标准。前者需要完成对概念学段的选取以及对概念本体的陈述,后者需要设定学生学习某概念后的学习表现以及这种概念和表现所对应的认识层级。而在一段时间内对“概念本体”“学习表现”“认识层级”3大要素的刻画回答的正是学习过程中什么在进阶,即心理构造的问题,这3者构成了学习进阶的要素模型。基于3要素的学习进阶要素模型可以用于评价学生的学习表现,也可以用于评价不同课程标准的文本陈述。     

回归知识本原 构建生命课堂——以“常见物质的检验”为例

以“常见物质的检验”的教学为例,运用化学史料帮助学生自主建构知识体系,促进学生追寻知识本原,实现思维进阶,发展核心素养,并阐述运用化学史料构建高中化学生命课堂的实施策略。     

基于提升学生科学论证能力的“元素周期律”进阶教学

以《化学2》中的"元素周期律"的教学设计为例,基于学习进阶理论建构高中元素周期律认识模型并设计学生进阶论证任务。通过学案上元素周期律的核心探究问题,驱动学生的"证据导向式"论证活动,在科学探究和数据分析的过程中,培养了学生基于证据和数据的实证研究意识,提升了学生逻辑推理和论证能力,以期为培养学生高阶思维的探究式教学提供案例参考。     

问题情境引领下的进阶式探究教学实践——氯化铜和亚硫酸钠在水溶液中的反应

以氯化铜和亚硫酸钠在水溶液中反应先生成橙黄色沉淀后转化为白色沉淀的这个“异常”现象为线索,以培养学生形成解决问题的思路和科学探究思维为目标,巧设递进式问题情境引导学生探究两种沉淀成分并剖析反应原理,同时使手持技术赋能氯化亚铜制备方案的优化,发展基于证据推理得出结论和对实验结果的反思评价等关键能力。学生在探究与发现的过程中自主实现知识模型的建构与核心素养的发展,最终构建“问题-探究-结论-应用”的进阶式探究性教学模式。     

聚焦学科核心素养提升的初中化学教学探索—以“酸的化学性质”为例

以酸的化学性质为载体,对知识进行上位和深层整合,将核心知识、学习活动与评价紧密结合,借助完整的科学探究,应用“宏观、微观、符号表征相结合”的学科思维方式,增进“组成构成决定性质、性质决定用途”学科思想的理解,培养高级思维和创新能力。自主建构“元素组成和微粒种类统领角度下的基于类别认识物质化学性质”的整体思维模型,实现物质化学性质认识的角度进阶。聚焦涵盖学科知识,积淀学科核心素养,落实学科育人的初中化学教学,实现初高中衔接。     

师范生化学教学设计能力构成、水平层级及发展进阶研究

教学设计能力是师范生教学能力培养的重要组成部分。利用定性与定量相结合的研究方法从“教学设计知识”“教学设计技能”“教学设计态度与意识”等3个维度构建了师范生化学教学设计能力的构成模型及水平层级模型。开发了教学案例分析和问卷等2种测评工具对师范生化学教学设计能力进行实证研究,探查了师范生在“中学化学教学设计与实践”课程中化学教学设计能力的发展进阶。结果表明:师范生教学设计知识由单一发展为多样化,教学设计的技能从没有角度进阶到了多角度,教学设计态度与意识从不积极、不自信发展为积极且自信。     

美国《科学教师培养标准(2020年版)》述评*

美国《科学教师培养标准(2020年版)》针对《新一代科学教育标准》的推行而修订,立足于科学教育最新研究成果,尤其突出学科内容知识的重要性,补充对科学本质和科学文化的要求,强化对工程和技术、交叉概念、学科观念的理解,突出学习进阶规律在科学教师培养中的应用。此外,在学科教学法、学习环境、安全、对学生学习的影响等维度做出相应的改动。该标准启示我国:借鉴国际改革趋势出台中国特色的科学教师培养标准,但科学教师培养也要本土化;学科内容知识对科学教师专业发展非常重要;科学教师的培养应立足于学习进阶的规律;职前科学教师培养需要注重学习环境建设。     

基于思维模型建构的“物质检验”初中复习教学研究

以让学生自主建构物质检验的思维模型为目标设计教学,通过完成物质检验的探究任务,学生自主建构思维模型,形成完整的思路,从而提高解决此类问题的能力。并在北京某中学初三年级进行教学实践,对教学实施效果进行了检验,根据教学实践总结出建构“物质检验”思维模型教学的有效教学策略：基于建模历程与生活情境选择素材;以学生为中心自主建构“物质检验”思维模型,引导学生经历多样化的思维发展过程;学生经历不同层级进阶的模型建构历程。     

学习进阶本土化研究的意义及面临的问题

基于学习进阶(LPs)在美国新一轮科学教育改革中的重要地位和意义,结合我国科学教育新课程改革实施以来的进展与反思,阐述了学习进阶的本土化研究,对学生的认知发展、教师的教学与评价、课程标准及教科书的修订完善、科学素养的培养等方面的意义,分析了学习进阶的"本土化"研究过程中,在融入国内课程与教学、研究思路与方法等方面所面临的一些亟待解决的问题。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。