第三次纳米自组装制备大孔主客体催化材料

本文提出了第三次纳米自组装的正向胶束、反向胶束法,并利用其制备了一种大孔主客体催化材料．以二次纳米自组装Al2O3为主体,根据压汞法,正向胶束法制备的催化材料孔容为0．62～0．80cm^3／g、比表面积为123～137mZ／g、平均孔径为20～23．3nm,孔径分布大于30nm范围的可达58．69％,堆积密度为0．43—0．55g／cm^3,活性金属负载量可达36．99％;由氮气吸附法,反向胶柬法制备的催化材料具有0．74cm^3／g的孔容、262m2／g的比表面积、11．8nm的平均孔径．结果显示,活性金属以球形或棒状的结晶态存在于主体表面,其中,正向胶束法中为直径2-3nm的微晶态纳米粒子,反向胶束法中为直径0．1μm、长1-2．5μm的棒状体．采用催化裂化柴油和催化裂化重循环油（1：2,体积比）混合而得油品对FA．Z20进行50h加氢评价实验,其单位体积活性金属的脱硫率、脱氮率、脱芳烃率（四环、五环）分别为参比剂的4．6、2．1和4．7倍,初活性良好,具有较强的抗结焦性能．     

TiO2/Eu-MCM纳米超分子材料的组装和光催化性能

利用有机相-水相界面共沉淀溶胶支持自组装方法制备粒径为15 nm、孔径为8 nm的分子筛Eu-MCM, 它拥有734 m²/g的比表面积和1.49 cm³/g的比孔容. 把TiO₂组装到Eu-MCM的孔道中, 组装成TiO₂/Eu-MCM纳米复合材料. XRD, RAMAN和选区电子衍射花样分析表明纳米复合材料中的TiO₂为锐钛型. TiO₂/Eu-MCM的发光表现为Eu^3＋离子的特征光谱, 激发峰分别为342 (⁵L₁₀), 358 (⁵L₉), 378 (⁵L₇), 390 (⁵L₆), 411 (⁵D₃), 462 (⁵D₂)和524 (⁵D₁) nm; 发射峰为579, 592, 613, 653和701 nm, 归属于⁵D₀→⁷F_J (J＝0, 1, 2, 3, 4)组态间的跃迁. 纳米复合材料的发光强度都要比Eu-MCM的发光强, 其中43%TiO₂/Eu-MCM的发光最强. 荧光和紫外漫反射结果表明客体TiO₂对主体分子筛存在能量传递效应. 在微弱的紫外灯光照射下, TiO₂/Eu-MCM纳米复合材料对苯酚的光催化氧化性能和其发光强度具有一定的相关性. 29%TiO₂/Eu-MCM的纳米复合材料拥有的比表面积、孔容和孔径分别为204 m²/g, 0.24 cm³/g和4.7 nm. 29%TiO₂/Eu- MCM对苯酚具有68%的最高光催化氧化产率和85%催化氧化选择性.     

均相水解法制备金红石含量可控的纳米TiO2

用均相水解法通过调节对甲苯磺酸的添加量制备了金红石含量线性可控的纳米TiO2粒子,相同条件下,没有加入对甲苯磺酸时,制备的TiO02颗粒为纯锐钛矿晶型．制备的纳米TiO2颗粒,其单晶尺寸为19．5mm(金红石),13．5mm(锐钛矿),比表面积72．7m^2／g,通过公式计算得到了制备的TiO2纳米颗粒带隙能为2．83eV,比P25和纯锐钛矿纳米TiO2颗粒的带隙能均低．     

α-Fe2O3纳米立方体和纳米棒组装空心微球的可控合成及其磁学性能

在0．15mol／L Clˉ和0．05mol／L SO4^2-的存在下,通过Fe^3＋溶液140℃水热反应12h分别得到α—Fe2O3纳米立方体和α-FeOOH纳米棒自组装的微球,将得到的α-FeOOH纳米棒自组装微球经600℃热处理2h后转化为α—Fe2O3纳米棒组装空心微球．利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和红外光谱对所得产物进行表征和分析．结果表明,所制备的单分散的α-Fe2O3纳米立方体为六方单晶结构,其边长为500nm．直径为2～4．5μm的空心微球是由直径约150nm的α-Fe2O3纳米棒组装而成．研究了Clˉ和SO4^2-在纳米立方体和空心微球形成过程中的作用,提出了可能的生长机理．在室温下测试了α-Fe2O3纳米立方体和α-Fe2O3纳米棒自组装微球的磁学特性,其矫顽力和剩余磁化强度分别为2858.3 Oe（1 Oe=79．58 A／m）和0．195emu．g^-1（1 emu．g^-1=15．7914×10^-9 A·m^2·kg^-1）,218．87 Oe和0．071 emu．g^-1．     

Eu/MCM-41介孔复合体系的制备与表征

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂，正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为无机硅源，以及1，3，5-三甲苯(TMB)为加长剂合成了有序介孔分子(MCM-41)。选择Eu(DBM)3phen为客体，纳米级介孔分子筛为主体，在氯仿中进行分子组装，制备了具有强发光性能的超分子纳米复合材料Eu(DBM)3phen-MCM-41。采用XRD，HRTEM，FTIR和荧光光谱分析等对产物的结构与性能进行了分析。结果表明，在361nm紫外光激发下，Eu配合物在613nm处有较强的荧光，归属于^5Do→^7F2跃迁峰，且在400～550nm波段有介孔基体的荧光发光。     

焙烧温度对纳米级SO4^2-／TiO2固体超强酸性能的影响

用锐钛型纳米TiO2制备了纳米级SO4^2-／TiO2固体超强酸，考查了焙烧温度对酸强度、比表面积、红外光谱及其催化活性的影响．结果显示该催化剂在450℃焙烧3h，可以形成纳米级SO4^2-／TiO2固体超强酸的结构，用该催化剂催化乙酸和丁醇酯化反应可使酯化率达到98．4％。     

聚(2-甲氧基-5-乙氧基苯)撑纳米阵列的形态和光学特性

在阳极氧化铝(AAO)模板的纳米孑L内通过1—甲氧基—4—乙氧基苯(MEB)的氧化偶合聚合组装聚(2—甲氧基—5—乙氧基苯)撑(MEO—PPP)纳米纤维阵列，通过对纳米线的分子结构，AAO模板和聚(2—甲氧基—5—乙氧基苯)撑纳米纤维阵列的形态和形貌表征表明，AAO模板的纳米孔均匀有序且相互平行，定向生长的聚(2—甲氧基—5—乙氧基苯)撑纳米纤维的分子链与AAO纳米孔的轴线平行，聚合物分子链的定向排列能够显著提高电导率，MEO—PPP分子链的聚对苯撑(PPP)骨架有良好的π-π^*共轭体系，引起吸收带向长波方向移动，MEO—PPP纳米纤维阵列比其无序纳米纤维有5nm的发射蓝移。     

TiO2催化超声降解甲基橙溶液

采用经过处理后工业生产的TiO2作为催化剂,以超声降解甲基橙反应为模型,研究了各种因素对。TiO2催化超声降解的影响。研究表明,在TiO2催化剂作用下超声降解甲基橙的效果明显。TiO2催化剂用量在0．3～0．5g／L之间,超声波频率25kHz,输出功率1．0W／cm^2,pH=1．0时,甲基橙水溶液初始浓度为20mg／L的条件下,90min左右基本可全部降解,COD的去除率达到99．0％。     

硼离子对铕掺杂SiO2干凝胶发光性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Al单掺和B，Al共掺的Eu掺杂SiO2干凝胶。利用荧光光谱、IR，XRD，DSC，TG／DTG等技术研究了硼离子、退火温度对样品发光性质的影响。经500℃以上退火处理用248nm激发的样品，产生Eu^3＋离子^5D0→^7FJ的特征发射，^5D0→^7F1的跃迁分裂为两个峰。比较615nm处的发光强度，掺硼酸样品的发光强度是不加硼酸发光强度的3．3倍。这是因为B离子的加入，在材料中形成了Si—O—B键，破坏了网络的对称性，加强了Eu^3＋的红光发射。当退火温度上升到850℃用350nm激发时，样品有很强的Eu^2＋蓝光发射。Al单掺的发射中心在437nm处，发射半峰宽约为70nm，而B，Al共掺样品的发光中心蓝移到425nm处，单掺样品的蓝光强度几乎是共掺样品强度的2倍。这是由于硼酸的加入改变了基质的网络结构，从而导致单掺和共掺样品发射峰位和强度的改变。     

非晶红色荧光粉Cd3AlSi3O12:Eu3+的制备及发光性能

使用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Cd3Al2Si3O12:Eu3+非晶体系红色荧光粉,并对其发光性质进行了研究.该荧光粉在Eu3+的位于394 nm的5L6能级和464 nm的5D2能级的激发下能够产生强的5D0→7F的红光特征发光,最佳掺杂摩尔分数为25％.Cd3Al2Si3O12:Eu3+荧光粉与传统的Y2O3:Eu3+相比较,其发光强度是Y2O3:Eu3+的2.4倍左右(在394和464 nm的激发下).Cd3Al2Si3O12:Eu3+的热稳定性好,比已经商业化的YAG:Ce3+的热猝灭影响要小得多.所有这些结果表明Cd3A12Si3O12:Eu3+可作为暖白光LED用红色荧光粉.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。