Chemical profiling of Ziziphi spinosae semen using on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based on a novel phthalic anhydride bonded stationary phase

Ziziphi spinosae semen has been widely used to treat insomnia and anxiety. To profile its chemical components, an online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed. In this two-dimensional liquid chromatography system, a novel phthalic anhydride-bonded stationary phase column was combined with a C18 column. As a result, this new stationary phase exhibited remarkable differences in separation selectivity from C18, achieving a good orthogonality of 83.3%. Moreover, this new stationary phase with weaker hydrophobicity than C18 realized solvent compatibility in the online configuration. Coupled with tandem MS, 154 compounds were identified, including 51 unreported compounds. Compared with one-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, this online two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system exhibited a much higher resolving power in isomer separation. This work provided an effective separation and characterization method for the material basis of Ziziphi spinosae semen. This strategy provides ideas for the material basis research of other traditional Chinese medicines.     

The influence of organic sample solvents on the separation efficiency of basic compounds under strong cation exchange mode

This study investigated the influence of organic sample solvents on separation efficiency of basic compounds under strong cation exchange (SCX) mode. The mixtures of acidic aqueous solution and organic solvent such as acetonitrile, ethanol, methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were tested as sample solvents. For later-eluting analytes, the increase of sample solvent elution strength was responsible for the decrease of separation efficiency. Thus, sample solvents with weak elution strength could provide high separation efficiencies. For earlier-eluting analytes, the retention of organic sample solvents was the main factor affecting separation efficiency. Weakly retained solvents could provide high separation efficiency. In addition, an optimized approach was proposed to reduce the effect of organic sample solvent, in which low ionic solvent was employed as initial mobile phase in the gradient. At last, the analysis of impurities in hydrophobic drug berberine was performed. The results showed that using acidic aqueous methanol as sample solvents could provide high separation efficiency and good resolution (R > 1.5).     

High-performance liquid chromatography quantitative analysis of ephedrine alkaloids in Ephedrae Herba on a perfluorooctyl stationary phase

Ephedrae Herba is one of the most commonly used herbal medicines, and it has been shown that most of the clinical efficacy for cold and asthma is exerted by its alkaloidal components. A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed using a perfluorooctyl column for the simultaneous determination of five alkaloids (norephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and methylephedrine) in Ephedrae Herba. The mobile phase comprising acetonitrile and 15 mM ammonium trifluoroacetate was used to elute the targets in isocratic elution mode. The method was validated for linearity (R² > 0.999), repeatability, intraday and interday precision, recoveries with trueness (93.87–110.99%), limits of detection (5.35–5.76 µg/mL), and limits of quantification (20 µg/mL). The quantitative results revealed that the developed method was precise and accurate. Then it was successfully applied to determine the difference in the contents of three batches of Ephedrae Herba from three pharmaceutical companies.     

Exploratory Purification of Compounds from Aqueous Extracts of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus massoniana</Emphasis> Lamb. by Two-Dimensional Preparative Liquid Chromatography

An off-line orthogonal two-dimensional preparative liquid chromatography method was developed for isolation of high-purity compounds from aqueous extracts of Pinus massoniana Lamb., which has efficient therapeutic properties in recipes of traditional Chinese medicines. A polar-enhanced reversed-phase (RP) column, XAqua C18 was selected for the first-dimensional separation. A HILIC column and a hydrophobic RP column were both explored in the second dimension. The preparation results indicated hydrophilic RP × HILIC mode would provide better separation efficiency for polar complexes, i.e., the second-dimensional separation was finished in less than 30 min and high-purity compounds were obtained. In this work, 16 fractions were collected efficiently in the first dimension with a recovery up to 96%, and six compounds with high purity and enough quantity were identified by NMR and high resolution mass spectrometry, including epicatechin, betuloside, taxifolin-3-O-xyloside, cedrusin-4-O-glucoside, massonianoside C and massonianoside D, and five are glycosides, including flavonoid glycosides, lignanoid glycosides and an arylbutanoid glycoside. Betuloside was first reported in the preparation of Pinus massoniana Lamb. This work demonstrated a flexible strategy of compromise in between time and resolution for selecting solvent and column to enhance preparative efficiency of polar complex systems.     

Synthesis and Chromatographic Evaluation of Perfluorooctyl Stationary Phase for Separation of Basic Compounds

Fluorinated stationary phases provide unique separation effect on basic compounds, due to the fluorine atoms, and pentafluorophenyl stationary phases (PFPs) are the most widely used. Considering that some fluoroalkyls have higher fluorine contents than PFPs do, it is speculated that fluoroalkyl stationary phases should have potential new applications. Herein, we synthesized a silica-based stationary phase bonding perfluoroctyl (FC8) proved by characterization through elemental analysis and solid-state ¹³C cross-polarization/magic-anglespinning nuclear magnetic resonance. The chromatographic behavior of the stationary phase was evaluated with test compounds. In addition, to further study the applicability of FC8 materials, Corydalis decumbens (Thunb.) Pers. fraction, considered as a challenging medicine on reversed-phase chromatography columns, was chosen as a test sample. Results demonstrated that the FC8 stationary phase had better and more satisfactory separation performance than the PFP stationary phase on basic compounds.

     

四轮驱动全向底盘的控制方法研究

为提高机器人移动的灵活性和机动性,使机器人到任意位置均沿直线行走并改变姿态,需在传统的两轮驱动底盘上增加驱动轮,本文主要针对四轮驱动全向底盘的控制方法进行研究。本文对四轮驱动全向底盘进行运动学分析并建模,得到了控制系统传递函数,并进仿真验证;对四轮驱动全向底盘进行了动力学建模,分析了如何避免出现“打滑”现象;导航方式采用了经济、精度较高的全向码盘导航方式;控制上采用闭环控制,加入前置探测点和超前校正环节,并且考虑了实际过程中机体的加减速问题。实验结果表明,提出的控制方法可以使四轮驱动全向底盘实现预设功能,并且具有较高的控制精度,研究内容对机器人的灵活移动有着十分重要的意义。     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱法测定人参中5种原人参二醇型人参皂苷的含量

建立了固相萃取-超高效液相色谱测定人参中5种原人参二醇型人参皂苷的方法。人参药材经粉碎后通过水饱和正丁醇溶液进行超声提取,经过亲水作用固相萃取柱净化后,在ACQUITY UPLC BEH Shield RP18色谱柱（100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm）上分离,利用乙腈/水作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用光电二极管阵列检测器检测。结果表明,5种原人参二醇型人参皂苷在5~500 μg/mL范围内具有很好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999。方法精密度的RSD值在0.95%~2.62%（n=6）之间,22 h内样品稳定性的RSD值在0.90%~2.15%（n=8）之间,日内和日间重复性的RSD值分别为5.35%~6.47%（n=6）和5.56%~6.34%（n=8）。方法的加标回收率在87.16%~101.92%之间,相对标准偏差在1.54%~4.01%（n=6）之间。所建立的方法采用亲水作用色谱模式的固相萃取材料,药材的提取液可直接作为固相萃取的上样溶液进行人参皂苷的富集和净化,并且超高效液相色谱大大缩短了分析时间。该方法简单快速、通量高、重现性好,适用于人参中5种原人参二醇型人参皂苷的定量分析。     

Optical characterization of antimony-based bismuth-doped thin films with different annealing temperatures

Antimony-based bismuth-doped thin film,a new kind of super-resolution mask layer,is prepared by magnetron sputtering.The structures and optical constants of the thin films before and after annealing are examined in detail.The as-deposited film is mainly in an amorphous state.After annealing at 170-370℃,it is converted to the rhombohedral-type of structure.The extent of crystallization increased with the annealing temperature.When the thin film is annealed,its refractive index decreased in the most visible region,whereas the extinction coefficient and reflectivity are markedly increased.The results indicate that the optical parameters of the film strongly depend on its microstructure and the bonding of the atoms.     

高效亲和色谱法测定2种中药成分与人血清白蛋白的结合率

采用高效亲和色谱技术(HPAC)对中药成分与人血清白蛋白(HSA)的相互作用进行了研究。首先采用点击化学的方法制备了表面键合有HSA蛋白的硅胶固定相并装填成亲和色谱柱,根据药物在该色谱柱上与空白硅胶柱上的保留时间差计算得到药物与蛋白的结合率。利用该方法测得模型化合物华法令与HSA的结合率与文献中采用超滤法测得的结果基本一致,表明该方法可用于测定药物与HSA的结合率。在此基础上用该方法测定了葛根素和告依春两种中药成分与HSA的相对结合率分别为10.26%和10.20%。同时用超滤的方法测定了葛根素与HSA的结合率为14.25%。结果表明,HPAC可以作为研究药物与蛋白相互作用的一种简便可行的方法,其测定结果与超滤方法一致。     

芳香化合物氧化溴化研究进展

芳香化合物的氧化溴化反应是合成芳香溴化物的重要方法之一.综述了近年来芳香化合物氧化溴化的研究进展,主要包括化学计量的氧化溴化和催化氧化溴化等部分,其中后者主要包括H2O2和O2作氧化剂的催化氧化溴化.