色谱技术在药物-血浆蛋白相互作用研究中的应用进展

小分子药物进入人体血液循环系统后与人血清白蛋白(HSA)、α₁ -酸性糖蛋白(AGP)等血浆蛋白存在广泛的相互作用,这些相互作用深刻影响药物在体内的分布及其与靶标蛋白的结合,进而影响药物效应的发挥。深入探究药物与血浆蛋白间的相互作用对于候选药物的成药性优化、新药研发、联合用药的风险评控等意义重大。而发展高效、灵敏、准确的分析检测方法是开展药物-血浆蛋白相互作用研究的关键。近年来,色谱技术由于其高通量、高分离性能、高灵敏度等特点在该领域得到了广泛的应用,包括测定血浆蛋白翻译后修饰对药物结合的影响,多种药物的竞争性结合等。其中,高效亲和色谱(HPAC)和毛细管电泳(CE)应用最为广泛,能够通过多种分析方法获取结合常数、结合位点数、解离速率常数等相互作用信息。该文着重综述了HPAC和CE在药物-血浆蛋白相互作用研究中的常用策略及最新研究进展,包括HPAC中常用的前沿色谱法、竞争洗脱法、超快亲和提取法、峰值分析法和峰衰减分析法,以及CE中常用的亲和毛细管电泳法(ACE)和毛细管电泳前沿分析法(CE-FA)等。最后,该文还对当前色谱方法存在的不足进行了总结,并对色谱技术在药物-血浆蛋白相互作用研究领域的应用前景和发展方向进行了展望。     

配位色谱法从葛根素浸膏中分离纯化葛根素

建立了采用配位色谱柱从葛根素浸膏中分离纯化葛根素的方法。以铜离子为中心离子,制备了中心离子含量为7%的配位色谱柱。样品上样于配位色谱柱后,以氯仿-甲醇（体积比为10∶1）混合溶剂洗脱,得到了较纯的葛根素,较之用传统的硅胶色谱柱纯化,纯度提高了11%,回收率提高了12%,且柱容量提高了两倍。配位色谱改变了葛根素在传统硅胶柱上的洗脱顺序,对目标物质的分辨率比传统硅胶色谱柱高。     

人血清白蛋白生物色谱柱的性能研究及应用于铁棒锤中活性成分的筛选

以大孔硅胶为基质,采用羰基咪唑法合成了人血清白蛋白(HSA)生物色谱填料。详细评价了该填料对药物的分离性能,温度和pH对药物保留的影响。结果表明,该种生物色谱填料的分离性能优良,可以在短时间内基线分离4种药物分子。用HSA色谱柱对铁棒锤中有效成分进行了分离,通过LC-MS分析结果显示,该色谱柱可以分离出其中4种活性成分(脱乙酰去氧乌头碱、苯甲酰脱氧乌头碱、乌头原碱、16-O-去甲基乌头次碱)。     

盐酸丙咪嗪-人血清白蛋白结合作用的毛细管区带电泳测定法

采用毛细管区带电泳(CZE)技术,研究了抗抑郁三环类碱性药物盐酸丙咪嗪与人血清白蛋白(HSA)的结合作用。通过经典方法(超滤法)对该方法进行了方法学确证。该法适宜于水溶性良好的碱性药物(迁移时间足够短,且与蛋白质形成的复合物较稳定)-蛋白系统中分子间相互作用的定量考察。应用SAS 统计软件中非线性回归分析平台自编程序,求得了丙咪嗪与HSA的结合常数和结合位点数:K=0.18 L/μmol;n=2.2。 实验证明:该法可靠、简单、高效、低耗。     

液相预柱毛细管电泳技术在手性药物对映体与白蛋白相互作用研究中的应用

在对碱性药物吡啶茚胺、四氢萘唑啉、去甲肾素茶碱和维拉帕米(verapamil)等药物手性拆分的基础上,运用液相预柱毛细管电泳（LPC-CE）技术,建立了对药物对映体与人血清白蛋白（HSA）相互作用体系中对映体浓度的检测方法.　该技术利用HSA与药物在生理pH下的电泳特性差异,使HSA留在预柱内或反向流出,不进入手性拆分区域,从而消除白蛋白对药物对映体拆分及浓度检测的干扰.　对维拉帕米对映体与HSA结合参数以及多药物组分竞争结合的研究表明,该技术为多种药物与蛋白共存的复杂体系研究提供了一条有效的途径.     

光谱及电化学方法研究头孢哌酮钠和盐酸环丙沙星与人血清白蛋白的拮抗作用

在模拟生理条件下,用荧光光谱、紫外吸收光谱并结合电化学方法,研究了头孢哌酮钠(CPZ)和盐酸环丙沙星(CPFX)单独存在与同时存在时与人血清白蛋白(HSA)的相互作用。结果表明:药物与HSA的作用力主要为静电力,HSA的荧光猝灭为静态猝灭;药物与HSA结合位点数约为1;CPZ与CPFX间存在拮抗作用;拮抗作用使药物与HSA间的结合距离r值降低。电化学方法研究表明药物与蛋白相互作用形成了非电活性的的超分子化合物,使得溶液中游离的药物浓度降低。     

C18丙烯酰胺硅胶柱对肌肽分离能力的比较

建立了一种以牛肉中肌肽为代表,反相分离测定亲水性物质的方法.选用丙基酰胺键合硅胶亲水作用色谱柱,反相分析测定牛肉中亲水性成分-肌肽的含量,样品无需衍生处理.结合HPLC-MS联用技术确定了保留时间为10.276～10.609min的色谱峰就是肌肽峰.将该色谱柱与常规C18色谱柱进行对比后发现,该色谱柱对L-肌肽的保留能...     

高效迎头分析法测定药物-人血清白蛋白混合液中游离药物浓度

 用高效迎头分析法 (HPFA)测定了药物 人血清白蛋白 (HSA)混合液中游离药物的浓度。样品溶液不经任何处理直接进样到装有内表面反相固定相的色谱柱中 ,用 67mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液 ( pH 7 4 ,I =0 17mol/L)作流动相。当进样体积足够大时 ,游离药物以平顶峰的形式被洗脱出来 ,平顶峰区域洗脱液中的药物浓度等于样品溶液中游离药物的浓度。收集平顶峰区域的洗脱液 ,然后将一定体积的洗脱液注入到反相色谱柱中 ,测定游离药物的浓度。用该法测定酮基布洛芬 HSA和头孢哌酮 HSA两种混合液中游离药物的浓度。     

中药小分子阿魏酸和丹皮酚与人血清白蛋白的竞争结合作用研究

用亲和色谱研究了两种中药小分子阿魏酸(FA)、丹皮酚(PAE)在人体生理条件缓冲溶液(pH7.4)条件下与人血清白蛋白(HSA)的相互作用.从药物分子在蛋白质分子上有多种类型相互独立的结合位点的假定出发,应用Langmuir吸附模型和竞争置换分析研究了FA,PAE与HSA的竞争性相互作用.结果表明,FA,PAE与HSA之间存在一类位点,且FA与PAE竞争HSA上的indole位点(siteⅡ).根据热力学参数推测出FA,PAE与HSA之间的作用力主要为氢键作用.从FA,PAE竞争HSA上同一位点的角度,对中医用药中常将含有FA与含有PAE的中药配伍使用,以提高疗效的临床用药现象进行了解释.     

反相高效液相色谱法及电喷雾离子阱质谱法分析中药复方制剂肾宝片

建立了一种反相高效液相色谱梯度洗脱,以检测波长切换方法,同时测定中药复方制剂肾宝片中5种主要成分的含量。采用Alltima C18柱,以乙腈-水为流动相,用检测波长切换法,将5种主要成分分离测定,并采用高效液相色谱与电喷雾离子阱质谱(MS^3)联用,成功分离和鉴别了该制剂中的20种成分。本文建立的方法简便、灵敏、准确、可靠,可用于中药制剂肾宝片的质量控制。     

Analysis of drug–protein binding by ultrafast affinity chromatography using immobilized human serum albumin

Human serum albumin (HSA) was explored for use as a stationary phase and ligand in affinity microcolumns for the ultrafast extraction of free drug fractions and the use of this information for the analysis of drug–protein binding. Warfarin, imipramine, and ibuprofen were used as model analytes in this study. It was found that greater than 95% extraction of all these drugs could be achieved in as little as 250 ms on HSA microcolumns. The retained drug fraction was then eluted from the same column under isocratic conditions, giving elution in less than 40 s when working at 4.5 mL/min. The chromatographic behavior of this system gave a good fit with that predicted by computer simulations based on a reversible, saturable model for the binding of an injected drug with immobilized HSA. The free fractions measured by this method were found to be comparable to those determined by ultrafiltration, and equilibrium constants estimated by this approach gave good agreement with literature values. Advantages of this method include its speed and the relatively low cost of microcolumns that contain HSA. The ability of HSA to bind many types of drugs also creates the possibility of using the same affinity microcolumn to study and measure the free fractions for a variety of pharmaceutical agents. These properties make this technique appealing for use in drug-binding studies and in the high-throughput screening of new drug candidates.     

Correlation between Site ll-Specific Human Serum Albumin (HSA) Binding Affinity and Murine in vivo Photosensitizing Efficacy of Some Photofrin Components

Human serum albumin (HSA) is one of the key components in human blood that may influence drug distribution. As such, it is important to know the affinity of any drug for albumin. Previously, Photofrina mixture of monomeric, dimeric and oligomeric porphyrins, has been subjected to HSA binding studies. However, due to its complex nature, binding studies on Photofrin or other hematoporphyrin derivatives with HSA are inconclusive. In this report, the binding properties of some components (dimers and trimers) of Photofrin® and the relationship between murine photosensitizing efficacy and those binding properties were investigated. The interaction of these porphyrins with HSA was investigated by direct ultrafiltration and fluorescent titration techniques with fluorescent probes such as dansyl-L-proline (DP), which is known to interact selectively with site II on HSA. Porphyrins also were tested for antitumor activity in a mouse model following intravenous administration and exposure to laser light. Together, the results suggest that the photosensitizers that were preferentially bound to site II of HSA were most effective at controlling murine tumor regrowth     

Study of interaction between drug enantiomers and human serum albumin by flow injection-capillary electrophoresis frontal analysis

Flow injection (FI)-CE coupled with frontal analysis (FA) was applied to the study of stereoselectivity binding of amlodipine (AL) to HSA. Under protein-drug binding equilibrium, the unbound concentrations of drug enantiomers were measured by plateau height. The stereoselectivity of AL binding to HSA was proved by the different free fractions of two enantiomers. In physiological phosphate solution (pH 7.4, ionic strength 0.17) when 200 microM (+/-)AL was equilibrated with 300 microM HSA, the concentration of unbound R-AL was about 1.5 times higher than that of its antipode. The binding constants of two enantiomers, KR-AL and KS-AL, were 9910-11200 and 90200-104000 M(-1), respectively. The results obtained by the method were compared with those determined by conventional equilibrium dialysis (ED)-CE and fluorescence spectra. Hydroxypropyl-beta-CD (HP-beta-CD) (10 mM) was used as a chiral selector in pH 3.7 phosphate buffer. L-tryptophan (L-try) and ketoprofen (Ket) were used as displacement reagents to investigate the binding sites of AL to HSA. A binding synergism effect between hydrochlorothiazide (QL) and AL was observed and the results suggested that QL can destroy binding equilibrium of R-AL and S-AL toward HSA and they can occupy the same binding site of HSA (site I). The reproducibility was confirmed by RSD (RSD<1.5%) of the plateau height determined by FI-CE frontal analysis (FI-CE-FA). The FI-CE-FA was a good method to study protein-drug interaction.     

Characterization of Interactions Between Fluoroquinolones and Human Serum Albumin by CE–Frontal Analysis

The binding of fluoroquinolones to the transport protein, human serum albumin (HSA), under simulated physiological conditions has been studied by capillary electrophoresis–frontal analysis (CE–FA). The binding of these drugs to human plasma was evaluated by using ultrafiltration and capillary electrophoresis. The free drug concentration [D]_f at each HSA concentration was determined by the plateau height in the electropherograms and the calibration lines. The binding constants of fluoroquinolones and HSA were estimated using nonlinear regression with origin 7.5 software. The fluoroquinolones were found to show low affinity toward HSA, with binding constants ranging from 1.73 × 10² to 5.40 × 10² M⁻¹. The percentages of protein binding (PB) for fluoroquinolones to HSA were between 8.6 and 22.2%, while the PB percentages for fluoroquinolones to human plasma were between 10.2 and 33.1%. It can be found that the PB percentages for fluoroquinolones to HSA are mostly lower than those for fluoroquinolones to human plasma. It suggests that HSA is the primary protein responsible for the binding of fluoroquinolones in human plasma. The thermodynamic parameters were obtained by CE–FA. The positive ∆H and ∆S values obtained by CE–FA showed that the binding reaction was an endothermic process, and the entropy drive the binding and hydrophobic interaction played major roles in the binding of fluoroquinolones to HSA.

     

Characterization of Interactions Between Fluoroquinolones and Human Serum Albumin by CE–Frontal Analysis

The binding of fluoroquinolones to the transport protein, human serum albumin (HSA), under simulated physiological conditions has been studied by capillary electrophoresis–frontal analysis (CE–FA). The binding of these drugs to human plasma was evaluated by using ultrafiltration and capillary electrophoresis. The free drug concentration [D]_f at each HSA concentration was determined by the plateau height in the electropherograms and the calibration lines. The binding constants of fluoroquinolones and HSA were estimated using nonlinear regression with origin 7.5 software. The fluoroquinolones were found to show low affinity toward HSA, with binding constants ranging from 1.73 × 10² to 5.40 × 10² M^?1. The percentages of protein binding (PB) for fluoroquinolones to HSA were between 8.6 and 22.2%, while the PB percentages for fluoroquinolones to human plasma were between 10.2 and 33.1%. It can be found that the PB percentages for fluoroquinolones to HSA are mostly lower than those for fluoroquinolones to human plasma. It suggests that HSA is the primary protein responsible for the binding of fluoroquinolones in human plasma. The thermodynamic parameters were obtained by CE–FA. The positive ?H and ?S values obtained by CE–FA showed that the binding reaction was an endothermic process, and the entropy drive the binding and hydrophobic interaction played major roles in the binding of fluoroquinolones to HSA.     

Binding of caffeic acid to human serum albumin by the retention data and frontal analysis

A new mathematical model and frontal analysis were used to characterize the binding behavior of caffeic acid to human serum albumin (HSA) based on high‐performance affinity chromatography. The experiments were carried out by injecting various mole amounts of the drug onto an immobilized HSA column. They indicated that caffeic acid has only one type of binding site to HSA on which the association constant was 2.75 × 10⁴/m . The number of the binding site involving the interaction between caffeic acid and HSA was 69 nm . The data obtained by the frontal analysis appeared to present the same results for both the association constant and the number of binding sites. This new model based on the relationship between the mole amounts of injection and capacity factors assists understanding of drug–protein interaction. The proposed model also has the advantages of ligand saving and rapid operation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fluorescence study on the interaction of human serum albumin with bromsulphalein

The binding of bromsulphalein (BSP) with human serum albumin was investigated at different temperatures, 298 and 308 K, by the fluorescence spectroscopy at pH 7.24. The binding constant was determined by Stern-Volmer equation based on the quenching of the fluorescence HSA in the presence of bromsulphalein. The effect of various metal ions on the binding constants of BSP with HSA was investigated. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated according to the dependence of enthalpy change on the temperature as follows: DeltaH and DeltaS possess small negative (9.3 kJ mol(-1)) and positive values (22.3 J K(-l)mol(-l)), respectively. The experimental results revealed that BSP has a strong ability to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA through a static quenching procedure. The binding constants between BSP to HSA were remarkable and independent on temperature. The binding constants between HSA and BSP decreased in the presence of various ions, commonly decreased by 30-55%. The hydrophobic force played a major role in the interaction of BSP with HSA. All these experimental results and theoretical data clarified that BSP could bind to HSA and be effectively transported and eliminated in body, which could be a useful guideline for further drug design.     

Characterization of antihistamine-human serum protein interactions by capillary electrophoresis

An important topic in the drug discovery and development process is the role of drug binding to plasma proteins. In this paper the characterization of the interaction between antihistamines (cationic drugs) towards human serum albumin (HSA) and alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP) under physiological conditions by capillary electrophoresis-frontal analysis is presented. Furthermore, the binding of these drugs to all plasma proteins is evaluated by using ultrafiltration and capillary electrophoresis. Antihistamines present a wide-ranging behaviour with respect to their affinities towards plasma proteins. Orphenadrine, phenindamine, tripelenamine and tripolidine principally bind to HSA; carbinoxamine, dimetindene and etintidine principally bind to AGP; brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine and ranitidine present an important binding to lipoproteins and/or globulins and finally, chlorcyclizine, cinarizine, cyclizine, doxylamine, hydroxyzine, perphenazine and terfenadine do not bind to lipoproteins and/or globulins but bind to HSA and AGP in different extension. The interaction of antihistamines with HSA is determined by the hydrophobicity (direct relationship) and the polar surface area (indirect relationship) of the compounds. The steric parameters and hydrogen bonding character of compounds seems to be related with the binding of antihistamines to AGP. The antihistamine-HSA affinity constants were evaluated and the K(1) values ranged from 7 x 10(2)M(-1) (for doxylamine) to 4 x 10(4)M(-1) (for phenindamine).