Co/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂上肉桂醛的选择加氢──反应性能的考察

研究了γ－Al2O3负载的Co／γ－Al2O3催化剂上肉桂醛的选择加氢反应．反应结果表明,以CoCl2作为前驱物的Co／γ－Al2O3催化剂的选择性要高于以Co（NO3）2作为前驱物的Co／γ－Al2O3催化剂,而活性则正好相反．当钴的负载量小于9％时,随着钴负载量的增加,催化剂的活性和选择性随之增加,当钴的负载量大于9％时,随着钴负载量的增加,Co／γ－Al2O3催化剂的活性略有增加,而生成肉桂醇的选择性变化也很小,认为9％的钴负载量是催化剂反应活性和选择性的一个阈值．在所选定的范围内,反应温度和压力对肉桂醛加氢的选择性几乎没有影响．     

Cu－Zn／γ－Al2O3催化剂的制备及其在选择加氢反应中的催化性能

 通过浸渍法制备了不同Cu／Zn比的γ－Al2O3和改性γ－Al2O3负载的Cu－Zn催化剂，并用XRD，XPS和SEM等手段对催化剂进行了表征．XRD表征结果表明，还原活化前催化剂中的Cu和Zn分别以CuO和ZnO的形式存在；还原活化后Cu以单质的形式存在；催化剂失活后，单质Cu又转变成CuO．XPS和SEM分析结果表明，催化剂中金属的价态及颗粒的形貌在反应前后发生了变化．所制备的催化剂在糠醛加氢制糠醇反应中表现出较高的选择性．用Co改性的γ－Al2O3负载的Cu－Zn催化剂不仅具有较高的催化活性和选择性，而且还呈现出较长的寿命．催化剂中的Cu晶相是催化活性中心；催化剂中的Cu晶相转变成CuO和烧结是催化剂失活 的主要原因．     

Pt,Ru和Pd助剂对F-T合成中Co/γ-Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

 采用浸渍法制备了添加贵金属Pt,Ru和Pd助剂的Co/γ-Al2O3催化剂,并考察了它们在F-T合成反应中的催化性能. 结果表明,添加贵金属助剂可以显著提高Co/γ-Al2O3催化剂的催化活性. XRD和TPR表征结果表明,贵金属助剂不但可以使催化剂的金属分散度增加,而且可以通过氢溢流促进催化剂表面活性相的Co3O4以及与载体Al2O3有相互作用的非活性相钴氧化物物种的还原,从而改善催化剂的还原性能. TPSR结果进一步表明,添加贵金属助剂后催化剂对CO的吸附解离能力增强,从而使吸附态CO的加氢活性提高.     

加氢处理催化剂的制备和表征 Ⅰ.MoNiP/Al2O3催化剂的制备及助剂的作用

 采用专利方法制备出一种新型的γ－Al2O3,并以其为载体,制备出加氢处理催化剂MoNiP／Al2O3．用PAS－CA,XPS,DRS,TPR和微型反应色谱等技术对γ－Al2O3和催化剂进行了表征,考察了Ni和P两种助剂的作用．结果表明,γ－Al2O3具有较大的孔径,集中的孔分布和较高的机械强度;活性金属Mo在γ－Al2O3表面上的化学分散量（分散阈值）可达5．04～5．82μmol／m2．因而特别适合用作高活性加氢处理催化剂的载体．引入的Ni主要是同Mo／Al2O3催化剂表面上较稳定的金属－载体相互作用复合物反应,并生成类NiMoO4化合物;在MoNi／Al2O3催化剂中引入P,有利于抑制四面体配位结构的物种Mo［T］,增加八面体配位结构的物种Mo［O］,改善催化剂的还原性能,从而提高催化剂的加氢处理活性．助剂Ni和P的最佳含量分别为w（Ni）＝4．0％和w（P）＝2．6％．     

红外光谱研究Pt-Re/Al2O3重整催化剂的表面结构

CO和NO吸附或两者竞争吸附在Pt／Al2O3，Re／Al2O3和Pt－Re／Al2O3催化剂上的红外光谱可以给出Pt和Re的表面结构信息．本文研究的催化剂为低金属载量的Pt／Al2O3，Re／Al2O3和工业型Pt－Re／Al2O3，其中Pt含量0．22％，Re含量0．43％（质量分数）．实验结果表明，用NO与CO双分子竞争吸附的红外光谱实验方法可分别表征还原态Pt－Re／Al2O3重整催化剂上Pt表面和Re表面，并视需要可对Pt表面和Re表面进行半定量分析．在还原态工业型Pt－Re／Al2O3重整催化剂表面上，没有明显迹象表明有Pt－Re合金形成．     

甲烷部分氧化制合成气:载体及助剂对Ni系催化剂活性的影响

 采用浸渍法制备了Ni系催化剂,并用程序升温还原和X射线衍射技术对催化剂进行了表征,用固定床微反装置考察了催化剂的催化活性．活性考察结果表明,在Ni担载量为8％的Ni／γ－Al2O3,Ni／δ－Al2O3,Ni／θ－Al2O3和Ni／α－Al2O3四种催化剂上,甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应的活性及产物选择性存在着明显的差异．在770℃下,甲烷转化率及CO和H2的选择性按Ni／γ－Al2O3＜Ni／δ－Al2O3＜Ni／θ－Al2O3≈Ni／α－Al2O3顺序排列．在相同的条件下,加入适量的CeO2助剂后,Ni／γ－Al2O3和Ni／δ－Al2O3上的反应活性和选择性显著提高,而Ni／θ－Al2O3和Ni／α－Al2O3上的活性和选择性却变化不大．同时,表征结果显示,Ni易与γ－Al2O3形成镍铝尖晶石NiAl2O4,加入CeO2助剂能有效地抑制该组分的生成,而Ni／α－Al2O3样品中未发现NiAl2O4．因此,不同Ni／Al2O3催化剂体系上的反应活性及选择性的差异可归结为不同结构Al2O3载体的性质不同,及CeO2对抑制镍铝尖晶石生成的效果不同．     

助剂CeO2对Co/Al2O3催化剂上F-T合成反应性能的影响

 在用于F－T合成的Co／Al2O3催化剂中加入少量助剂,能够提高CO转化率和C5＋烃选择性．主要考察了助剂CeO2添加量和催化剂焙烧温度等因素对F－T合成反应的影响,并通过程序升温还原、程序升温氧化及X射线衍射等手段对催化剂进行了表征．结果表明,在Co／Al2O3催化剂中加入少量CeO2（n（Ce）／n（Co）＝0．1～0．14）,能够有效提高催化剂的催化活性和C5＋烃选择性;焙烧温度则以相反的趋势控制F－T反应活性和链增长几率;助剂的加入降低了催化剂的起始还原温度,改善了催化剂的还原性能．但是,催化剂的积碳量有所增加,经10h反应后,催化剂上存在两种类型的积碳．     

CeO2-ZrO2复合氧化物对金属蜂窝整体催化剂性能的影响

 用浸渍法制备了不同比例的CeO2－ZrO2复合氧化物，并用XRD，H2－TPR和BET等研究了复合氧化物的晶相、还原性能及热稳定性．结果表明，所制备的CeO2－ZrO2复合氧化物形成了固溶体，Ce0．6Zr0．4O2比Ce0．90Zr0．10O2更容易被H2还原；1100℃老化后，晶胞参数无明显变化，比表面积仍有11．8m2／g．模拟二冲程摩托车尾气组成，对用贵金属Pt，Pd，Rh与CeO2及CeO2－ZrO2固溶体所制备的催化剂进行了活性评价．结果显示，1100℃老化后，催化剂仍具有很高的氧化活性．在贫氧区，Pt－Pd－Rh／Ce0．6Zr0．4O2－Al2O3对碳氢化合物氧化的催化活性则有一定的优势，是一种具有较高热稳定性的催化剂．     

用CuO／γ－Al2O3催化剂同时脱除烟气中的SO2和NO

 研究了用CuO／γ－Al2O3催化剂同时脱除烟气中的SO2和NO，并在固定床反应器中考察了反应条件对其催化活性的影响．结果表明，温度和SO2对CuO／γ－Al2O3的催化活性均具有双重影响．新鲜催化剂和硫化催化剂上最适宜的脱硝温度分别为250～300℃和300～450℃，最适宜的n（NH3）／n（NO）约为1．2．烟气中的氧可大大提高CuO／γ－Al2O3的脱硫脱硝活性．综合考虑吸附硫容和NO脱除率，CuO／γ－Al2O3同时脱硫脱硝的最适宜温度为350～450℃．温度和SO2在高温区对CuO／γ－Al2O3活性的影响源于两者对NH3氧化活性的改变，高温下CuO／γ－Al2O3的活性下降是因为NH3氧化加剧；SO2通过使催化剂硫化生成硫酸盐来抑制NH3氧化，从而提高CuO／γ－Al2O3的活性．吸硫饱和的催化剂可于5％NH3中还原再生，再生后其硫容较初始时降低，但其活性大幅度提高．     

氧化铝对Fe－Cu－Zn－K－Al低碳醇合成催化剂性能的影响

 采用N2吸咐，TPR和XRD等表征手段对高温熔融法制备的Fe－Cu－Zn－K－Al催化剂中氧化铝的作用进行了研究．结果表明，当比表面积低于4．0m2／g时，催化剂性能受比表面积的影响非常明显．少量的Al2O3即可有效地增加催化剂的比表面积，提高醇的收率和C2＋OH的选择性；大量的Al2O3虽然能使催化剂的比表面积有所增加，但醇的收率和C2＋OH选择性却显著降低．这是Fe－Cu－Zn－K－Al催化剂中Al2O3同时具有物理作用和化学作用所致．物理作用能有效地增加还原后催化剂的比表面积，提高金属利用率，分散催化剂的活性组分，使其更容易还原，进而提高催化剂活性和选择性．化学作用影响到催化剂的电子性质，从而导致催化剂的活性和选择性降低．TPR和XRD结果表明，在Fe－Cu－Zn－K－Al催化剂中，助剂Al2O3的作用随着其含量的变化而有所不同．当Al2O3含量较低时，其物理作用是主要的；随着Al2O3含量的增加，其化学作用更为明显，甚至导致新物相AlFeO3生成，进而影响催化剂的催化性能．     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

化学计量中不确定度评定研究进展

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性的参数。本文针对化学计量不确定度评定基础模型仅适用于线性模型、概率分布为正态分布或缩放位移t分布等局限,介绍了近年来不确定度评定的研究热点:蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM),不确定度评定的来源、评定概念、评估方法及其发展过程,扩大了测量不确定度评定与表示的适用范围。     

微量钙的测定方法研究进展

介绍了1995-2006年期间测定微量和痕量钙的方法,如电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法以及离子色谱法等的工作原理和特点,并说明了其测定微量钙的应用领域。并对微量钙的测定技术进行了展望(引用文献55篇)。