甲烷在Ni/TiO2催化剂表面的活化

考察了Ni/TiO2催化剂甲烷部分氧化和二氧化碳重整制合成气的反应活性,实验表明,以TiO2为载体的镍系催化剂对于甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应具有较好的活性,尤其对H2的选择性较高,对二氧化碳重整制合成气反应具有较好的低温反应活性.采用脉冲-质谱在线分析等技术,在无气相氧条件下向Ni/TiO2催化剂脉冲CH4,发现甲烷在催化剂表面的活化（转化）及其氧化产物的选择性与金属催化剂表面氧的浓度密切相关.CH4与Ni/TiO2催化剂作用过程中存在明显的氢溢流和氧溢流现象,可能是这种溢流效应使得Ni/TiO2催化剂具有良好的反应活性和抗积碳性能.     

Ni/Al2O3催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应机理

用变应答／质谱在线检测技术研究了Ｎｉ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气的反应要理，研究结果指出，在常压９７３Ｋ条件下，Ｎｉ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气按直接氧化机理进行，Ｈ２和Ｃ烛甲烷部分氧化的一次产物，其主要反应可表示如下：１．ＣＨ４＋ｘＮｉ－ＮｉｘＣ＋２Ｈ２，２．Ｏ２＋２Ｎｉ－２ＮｉＯ，３．ＮｉｘＣ＋ＮｉＯ－ＣＯ＋（ｘ＋１）Ｎｉ。     

甲烷部分氧化制合成气Ⅳ．镍铜催化剂的反应性能及影响因素的考察

对镍铜甲烷部分氧化催化剂的制备化学研究表明，在Ａｌ２Ｏ３、ＳｉＯ２、ＭｇＯ、ＴｉＯ２、Ｙ型分子筛等载体中，具有较好氢溢流功能的Ａｌ２Ｏ３所担载的镍铜催化剂，有最佳的反应性能，载体的产物溢流功能对反应中合成气的生成是有利的．对于ＮｉＯ－ＣｕＯ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂，组分Ｃｕ的最佳含量是Ｃｕ／Ａｌ＝０．２／４（原子比），Ｎｉ／Ａｌ（原子比）在１／４－１．５／４范围内催化剂均保持最佳的反应性能，此时，甲烷转化率为９８．１％，对ＣＯ、Ｈ２的选择性分别达９７％、１００％．制备方法对催化性能影响的结果显示，以（ＮＨ４）２ＣＯ３为沉淀剂的共沉淀法，是制备ＮｉＯ－ＣｕＯ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂的最佳方法．ＮｉＯ－ＣｕＯ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂的甲烷部分氧化性能在４００－５００℃间有一突跃，并在７００℃时达到最佳值；过高的反应气空速对ＣＯ、Ｈ２的选择性是不利的     

天然气二氧化碳转化制合成气的研究──催化剂抗积炭性能(英文)

采用脉冲色谱技术、ＸＲＤ、ＴＰＲ和ＸＰＳ等方法研究了在天然气二氧化碳转化制合成气反应中催化剂的抗积炭性能。实验结果表明,在Ｎ　Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂中添加ＣｅＯ２和ＭｇＯ助剂（催化剂记为Ｎｉ／ＡＲＭ）能有效抑制甲烷脱氢反应,提高二氧化碳消炭能力,增加催化剂的抗积炭性能。其主要原因是,添加ＣｅＯ２和ＭｇＯ助剂增加了活性组分镍的分散度,加强了活性组分和载体的相互作用。改性后的Ｎｉ／ＡＲＭ催化剂在１０２３Ｋ、二氧化碳／天然气／氧气比为２．４／０．１以及１１２３Ｋ、二氧化碳／天然气／氧气比为１．４／１／０．０５的条件下反应８００小时后活性不降低,产物中合成气（ＣＯ＋Ｈ２）摩尔百分含量始终保持在９４－９６％左右。说明该催化剂具有较高的活性、选择性和抗积炭性。     

Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂上CH_4部分氧化制合成气机理的IR研究(英文)

在２．９％（ｗｔ）Ｎｉ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上用ｉｎｓｉｔｕＦＴＩＲ研究了ＣＨ４部分氧化制合成气的反应机理。结果表明，催化剂表面的活性碳物种与化学吸附的Ｏ原子反应生成ＣＯ；ＣＨ４／Ｏ２（２：ｌ）混合气在催化剂表面吸附的ＩＲ谱图表明只有Ｈ２Ｏ和ＣＯ２存在，说明ＣＨ４和ＣＯ２的重整反应没有发生。因此，我们认为ＣＯ和Ｈ２是一级产物。     

Ni系列催化剂上甲烷直接氧化制合成气

采用固定床流动反应装置，考察负载型Ｎｉ系列催化剂在甲烷直接氧化制合成气反应上的催化活性．空速为５．０×１０５ｈ－１，ＣＨ４／Ｏ２＝２条件下，不同Ｎｉ含量的催化剂中，１５％Ｎｉ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３活性较好．利用ＴＰＤ和ＸＲＤ技术将催化剂引发温度与催化剂组成进行关联，并在７００℃下考察空速对催化性能的影响．随着空速的增加，ＣＨ４的转化率增加，７．０×１０５ｈ－１时达到最大，与此同时，ＣＯ的选择性一直增加．实验结果说明在非平衡体系中，ＣＯ和Ｈ２是由ＣＨ４直接转化而来，ＣＯ２是ＣＯ深度氧化的产物，在此基础上对催化剂过程的机理作了初步的探讨．     

稀土氧化物对Ni／α—Al2O3催化甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应的影响

研究了稀土金属氧化物（Ｌａ２Ｏ３，ＣｅＯ２，Ｐｒ６Ｏ１１和Ｎｄ２Ｏ３）对Ｎｉ／α－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应的影响．Ｘ光粉末衍射和活性考察结果表明，稀土氧化物使Ｎｉ／α－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂的稳定性有显著提高．稀土氧化物与活性组份Ｎｉ之间的相互作用抑制了催化剂表面Ｎｉ晶粒的生长和迁移，由于这种作用也抑制了催化剂表面积炭的生成．在实验中还发现ＣｅＯ２容易进行Ｃｅ３＋Ｃｅ４＋氧化还原反应而对反应具有催化活性．     

甲烷与二氧化碳在Na2WO4—Mn／SiO2催化剂上反应制C2烃及其反应机理的 …

考察了Ｎａ２ＷＯ４－Ｍｎ／ＳｉＯ２催化剂上甲烷与二氧化碳反应制Ｃ２烃及其反应机理，８２０℃时，Ｃ２烃选择性可达９４．５％，随着着温度继续升高，虽然甲烷的转化增加，但Ｃ２烃选择性逐渐降低。Ｏ２－ＴＰＤ，ＣＨ４及脉冲实验表明，８００℃脱附的表面昌格氧为活性氧物种，在催化甲烷活化的同时，ＣＯ２可在该催化剂上活化分解为活性氧物种。     

六铝酸盐SrNiAl11O19—δ催化二氧化碳重整甲烷制合成气反 …

本文通过晶格取代作用，制备了以Ｎｉ为活性组分的六铝酸盐复合氧化物催化剂ＳｒＮｉＡｌ１１Ｏ１９－δ并通过ＸＲＤ，ＸＰＳ，ＴＰＲ等实验技术，对催化剂的结构和性质进行了表征。结果表明，六铝酸盐ＳｒＮｉＡｌ１１Ｏ１９－δ对二氧化碳重整甲烷制合成气反应具有良好的催化活性和稳定性，在７８０℃反应２小时，ＣＨ４和ＣＯ２转化率分别为９５．０％和９３．４％，没有发现活性组分Ｎｉ高温烧结和催化剂失活。     

甲烷部分氧化制合成气

对镍铜甲烷部分氧化催化剂的制备化学研究表明，在Ａｌ２Ｏ３、ＳｉＯ２、ｍｇＯ、ＴｉＯ２、Ｙ型分子筛等载体中，具有较好氢溢流功能的Ａｌ２Ｏ３所担载的镍铜催化剂，有最佳的反应性能、载体的产物溢物功能对反应中合成气的生成是有利的，对ＮｉＯ－ＣｕＯ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂，组分Ｃｕ的最佳含量是Ｃｕ／Ａｌ＝０．２／４（原子比），Ｎｉ／Ａｌ（原子比）在１／４－１．５／４范围内催化剂均保持最佳的反应性能，此时，甲烷转化     

Rh/SiO_2催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气的反应机理

采用原位Raman光谱技术,在原料气中的O2未完全耗尽的条件下,对CH4部分氧化制合成气反应的Rh/SiO2催化剂床层前部贵金属物种的化学态以及由CH4解离所生成的碳物种进行了表征.在此基础上采用脉冲反应和同位素示踪技术,比较了CH4的部分氧化及其与H2O和CO2的重整等反应对催化剂床层氧化区内CO和H2生成的相对贡献,并将实验结果与Ra-man光谱表征结果进行了关联.结果表明,在600°C下将还原后的4%Rh/SiO2催化剂切入CH4:O2:Ar=2:1:45原料气,催化剂床层前部未检测到铑氧化物的Raman谱峰,但可清晰检测到源于CH4解离的碳物种;在700°C和接触时间小于1ms的条件下,催化剂床层的氧化区内已有大量CO和H2生成,在相同的实验条件下,CH4与H2O或CO2重整反应对氧化区内合成气生成的贡献则很小;以CH4:16O2:H218O:He=2:1:2:95为原料气的同位素示踪实验结果表明,在原料气中16O2未完全耗尽的情况下,反应产物中C16O的含量占CO生成总量的92.3%,表明CO主要来自CH4的部分氧化反应.上述结果均表明,在O2存在下Rh/SiO2催化剂上CO和H2可以通过CH4直接解离和部分氧化机理生成.     

In-Situ FT-IR Investigation Methane to Syngas over of Partial Oxidation of Rh/SiO2 Catalyst

Partial oxidation of methane to syngas （POM） over Rh/SiO2 catalyst was investigated using in-situ FT-IR. When methane interacted with 1.0wt%Rh/SiO2 catalyst, it was dissociated to adsorbed hydrogen and CHx species. The adsorbed hydrogen atoms were transferred to SiO2 surface by ＂spill-over＂ and reacted with lattice oxygen to form surface -OH species. POM mechanism was investigated over Rh/SiO2 catalyst using in-situ FT-IR. It was found that CO2 was formed before CO could be detected when CH4 and O2 were introduced over the preoxidized Rh/SiO2 catalyst, whereas CO was detected before CO2 was formed over the prereduced Rh/SiO2 catalyst.     

In-Situ FT-IR Investigation of Partial Oxidation of Methane to Syngas over Rh/SiO_2 Catalyst

Partial oxidation of methane to syngas(POM)over Rh/SiO_2 catalyst was investigated using in-situ FT-IR.When methane interacted with 1.0wt%Rh/SiO_2 catalyst,it was dissociated to adsorbed hydrogen and CH_x species.The adsorbed hydrogen atoms were transferred to SiO_2 surface by"spill-over"and reacted with lattice oxygen to form surface -OH species. POM mechanism was investigated over Rh/SiO_2 catalyst using in-situ FT-IR.It was found that CO_2 was formed before CO could be detected when CH_4 and O_2 were introduced over the preoxidized Rh/SiO_2 catalyst,whereas CO was detected before CO_2 was formed over the prereduced Rh/SiO_2 catalyst.     

Syngas production by combined carbon dioxide reforming and partial oxidation of methane over Ni/α-Al2O3 catalysts

Ni/α-Al2O3 catalysts were found to be active in the temperature range 600~900 ℃ for both CO2 reforming and partial oxidation of methane. The effects of Ni loading, reaction temperature and feed gas ratio for the combination of CO2 reforming and partial oxidation of CH4 over Ni/α-Al2O3 were investigated. Catalysts of xwt%Ni/α-Al2O3 (x = 2.5, 5, 8 and 12) were prepared by wet impregnating the calcined support with a solution of nickel nitrate. XRD patterns and activity tests have verified that the 5wt%Ni/α-Al2O3 was the most active catalyst, as compared with the other prepared catalyst samples. An increase of the Ni loading to more than 5 wt% led to a reduction in the Ni dispersion. In addition, by combining the endothermic carbon dioxide reforming reaction with the exothermic partial oxidation reaction, the loss of catalyst activity with time on stream was reduced with the amount of oxygen added to the feed.     

Hydrogen production from a combination of the water-gas shift and redox cycle process of methane partial oxidation via lattice oxygen over LaFeO3 perovskite catalyst

A redox cycle process, in which CH4 and air are periodically brought into contact with a solid oxide packed in a fixed-bed reactor, combined with the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction, is proposed for hydrogen production. The sole oxidant for partial oxidation of methane (POM) is found to be lattice oxygen instead of gaseous oxygen. A perovskite-type LaFeO3 oxide was prepared by a sol-gel method and employed as an oxygen storage material in this process. The results indicate that, under appropriate reaction conditions, methane can be oxidized to CO and H2 by the lattice oxygen of LaFeO3 perovskite oxide with a selectivity higher than 95% and the consumed lattice oxygen can be replenished in a reoxidation procedure by a redox operation. It is suggested that the POM to H2/CO by using the lattice oxygen of the oxygen storage materials instead of gaseous oxygen should be possibly applicable. The LaFeO3 perovskite oxide maintained relatively high catalytic activity and structural stability, while the carbonaceous deposits, which come from the dissociation of CH4 in the pulse reaction, occurred due to the low migration rate of lattice oxygen from the bulk toward the surface. A new dissociation-oxidation mechanism for this POM without gaseous oxygen is proposed based on the transient responses of the products checked at different surface states via both pulse reaction and switch reaction over the LaFeO3 catalyst. In the absence of gaseous-phase oxygen, the rate-determining step of methane conversion is the migration rate of lattice oxygen, but the process can be carried out in optimized cycles. The product distribution for POM over LaFeO3 catalyst in the absence of gaseous oxygen was determined by the concentration of surface oxygen, which is relevant with the migration rate of lattice oxygen from the bulk toward the surface. This process of hydrogen production via selective oxidation of methane by lattice oxygen is better in avoiding the deep oxidation (to CO2) and enhancing the selectivity. Therefore, this new route is superior to general POM in stability (resistance to carbonaceous deposition), safety (effectively avoiding accidental explosion), ease of operation and optimization, and low cost (making use of air not oxygen).     

Ir/SiO2上甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应的原位时间分辨红外和原位Raman光谱表征

采用原位时间分辨红外光谱和原位显微Raman光谱技术对Ir/SiO₂上甲烷部分氧化(POM)制合成气反应的初级产物和反应条件下催化剂表面物种进行了跟踪考察,实验结果表明,在H₂预还原的新鲜Ir/SiO₂表面,CO是V(CH₄):V(O₂):V(Ar)=2:1:45混合气反应的初级产物,因而甲烷的直接氧化过程是CO生成的主要途径;而在稳态反应条件下,CO生成的途径可能主要来自CO₂和H₂O与催化剂表面积碳物种(CHx)和/或CH₄的反应.催化剂上生成的积碳可能是导致稳态条件下Ir/SiO₂上POM反应机理不同于H₂预还原的新鲜催化剂的主要原因.     

制备方法对Ni/CeO2-Al2O3催化剂甲烷部分氧化催化性能的影响

采用浸渍-沉淀法、水热合成法、共沉淀法和柠檬酸络合法制备了Ni/CeO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂,考察了制备方法对该催化剂的物理结构和甲烷部分氧化(POM)催化性能的影响。利用N₂物理吸附、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、H₂-程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、NH₃-程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、热重(TG)分析等手段对反应前后催化剂的物理化学性质进行了表征。实验结果表明,浸渍-沉淀法制备催化剂的活性和产物H₂和CO的选择性最低。而柠檬酸络合法制备的Ni/CeO₂-Al₂O₃表现出最大的CH₄转化率和最高的CO、H₂选择性。BET和XRD表征结果表明,柠檬酸络合法制备的Ni/CeO₂-Al₂O₃的比表面积最大,且CeO₂晶粒粒径小、分散均匀;H₂-TPR测试表明,该催化剂负载的Ni物种和Ni与Al₂O₃相互作用产生的尖晶石NiAl₂O₄都较容易被还原成金属Ni,产生更多的活性中心;NH₃-TPD和TG分析表明,该催化剂具有较多酸性位点和表面积炭,但相比较于它的高反应活性,积炭速率较低、稳定性较高。     

焦炉煤气甲烷重整制氢热力学分析和实验研究(英文)

对焦炉煤气甲烷部分氧化重整热力学进行分析,考察反应温度、CH4/O2摩尔比及水蒸气加入量等因素对重整性能的影响,并分析焦炉煤气原始氢含量对其部分氧化重整性能的影响.分析结果表明甲烷转化率均随CH4/O2摩尔比和水蒸气加入量的增大以及反应温度的升高而增大.在CH4/O2摩尔比1.7-2.1,温度825-900℃及压力1.01×105Pa的反应条件下,可得较好重整性能;甲烷转化率,氢及一氧化碳的选择性分别为91.0%-99.9%,87.0%-93.4%和100%-107%,重整后得到的氢量增大到原始氢量的1.95-2.05倍,每摩尔焦炉煤气消耗的热量仅为2.94J,同时得出在CH4/O2摩尔比2,温度825-900℃及1.01×105Pa条件下,往焦炉煤气内添加体积分数为2%-4%的水蒸气时重整性能得到较大提高;重整后甲烷转化率、氢及一氧化碳选择性分别由92.6%、87.2%、104%增大到98.6%、96.4%、107%.并在BaCo0.7Fe0.2Nb0.1O3-δ透氧膜反应器上研究NiO/MgO固溶体催化剂焦炉煤气部分氧化重整性能.结果表明该重整反应效果较好,于875℃下获得16.3mL.cm-2.min-1透氧量,95%甲烷转化率及80.5%氢和106%一氧化碳选择性.且所得实验结果与热力学分析结果符合较好,表明NiO/MgO固溶体催化剂有较好的催化重整性能.     

Synthesis Gas Production from Natural Gas on Supported Pt Catalysts

Auto-thermal reforming of methane, combining partial oxidation and reforming of methane with CO2 or steam, was carried out with Pt/Al2O3, Pt/ZrO2 and Pt/CeO2 catalysts, in a temperature range of 300-900℃. The auto-thermal reforming occurs in two simultaneous stages, namely, total combustion of methane and reforming of the unconverted methane with steam and CO2, with the O2 conversion of 100% starting from 450 ℃. For combination with CO2 reforming, the Pt/CeO2 catalyst showed the lowest initial activity at 800 ℃, and the highest stability over 40 h on-stream. This catalyst also presented the best performance for the reaction with steam at 800 ℃. The higher resistance to coke formation of the catalyst supported on ceria is due to the metal-support interactions and the higher mobility of oxygen in the oxide lattice.