单金属锰、铁卟啉对空气氧化α-蒎烯的催化作用及取代基效应

以α-蒎烯为底物,空气作氧化剂,研究了苯环上带有不同取代基团的单锰卟啉和单铁卟啉对空气氧化α-蒎烯的催化作用及反应中的取代基效应.结果表明,单锰卟啉及单铁卟啉催化氧化α-蒎烯得到双键和烯丙位一、二级碳氢键的氧化产物,没有烯丙位三级碳氢键的氧化产物.环氧化合物是主要产物,而且氧化产物的产率随时间的变化呈较好的线性关系.随着苯环上meso位取代基Cl,CH3,OCH3和OH的供电子能力的增强,锰卟啉和铁卟啉对α-蒎烯的催化活性逐渐减弱,α-蒎烯的转化率逐渐降低.锰卟啉和铁卟啉的催化反应表观速率常数k与环外苯基上的取代基特性常数σ均呈良好的线性关系,Hammett关系式分别为lnk=1.2168σ-7.9968,lnk=0.6251σ-8.2426;线性相关系数分别为0.9507和0.9715.     

钯催化芳烃/烯烃与烯丙酯的氧化Heck交叉偶联反应的最新研究进展

芳烃与烯烃通过两分子sp2-C—H键脱氢偶联,构建多取代烯烃的反应称之为氧化Heck反应或脱氢Heck反应,也叫Fujiwara-Moritani反应.在过去的几十年里,由于此类反应直接通过C—H键官能团化形成C—C键而备受关注.然而,绝大多数的此类转化只能适用于缺电子烯烃.富电子烯烃如烯丙酯或烯丙醚类化合物参与的氧化Heck偶联很少被报道.近几年来,我们课题组以及其他研究小组发展了一些十分高效的钯催化芳烃/烯烃与烯丙酯/烯丙醚的氧化脱氢偶联新方法.本文将概述这些有趣的、原子经济的氧化偶联反应的最新研究进展.     

不同引发剂引发SBS接枝马来酸酐的机理研究

采用FTIR和1 H NMR研究了引发剂过氧化二苯甲酰 (BPO)和偶氮二异丁腈 (AIBN)对聚苯乙烯 聚丁二烯 聚苯乙烯 (SBS)接枝马来酸酐 (MAH)的影响 ,讨论了相应的接枝机理 ,通过丁二烯 (PB)段碳碳双键(CC)随接枝率变化的规律进一步验证了机理 .结果表明 ,BPO与AIBN引发接枝的机理不同 ,BPO可引发PB的双键和烯丙位碳氢键 ,但引发烯丙位的速率比引发双键大 ;当BPO浓度达到一定量时 ,大量烯丙位的引发保护了碳碳双键 ,随BPO浓度的增大 ,碳碳双键的含量先减少后增加 .AIBN不能引发PB段烯丙位的碳氢键 ,只能引发双键接枝     

芳香胺类化合物N—H键离解能的定量构效关系研究

基于启发式方法(HM)和BP人工神经网络方法建立了5个参数的定量结构性质关系(QSPR)模型, 用于预测80个芳香胺类化合物N—H键的键离解能(BDE). 通过两种方法分别建立了线性和非线性的QSPR模型, 相关系数R分别为0.823和0.976. 通过对模型的稳定性和预测能力进行比较, 发现BP人工神经网络方法能够更好地预测芳香胺类化合物N—H键的BDE值.     

混合三聚反应及结构的研究——Ⅱ.单核及双核铁混合三聚反应的研究

通过甲酰基二茂铁与取代水杨醛和氨反应,直接合成了含一个二茂铁的混合三聚产物,N,N′-二[2-羟基-5-取代苄烯]二茂铁甲二胺.茂环上碳原子的化学位移~(13)CNMR与苯环上R取代基的Hammett常数之间存在着很好的线性关系.循环伏安法测出的E_(1/2)也与Hammett常数之间存在着很好的线性关系.通过混合三聚反应,也合成了另一类含两个二茂铁化合物,N,N′-二[二茂铁甲烯]-2-羟基-5-特丁基苯甲二胺.~1H及~(13)CNMR表明,分子内由于氢键和立体效应的影响,导致两个茂环上的化学环境不等性.     

丙烯酰乙二胺盐酸盐的合成

丙烯酰氯与Boc单保护的乙二胺反应,合成了功能单体--丙烯酰乙二胺盐酸盐,总收率65%,其结构经1H NMR和IR表征.     

N—O键解离焓的密度泛函理论研究

在高精度计算方法G3和G3B3的基础上,比较了密度泛函理论(DFT)十几种方法对N—O键解离焓(BDE)相对于实验值的计算精度,发现用B3P86方法计算15种化合物N—O键的BDE,均方根误差最小,仅为6.36kJ·mol-1,计算值与实验值的线性相关系数为0.991.在此基础上,用该方法分别计算了非芳香化合物及芳香化合物的N—O键BDE.通过自然键轨道分析,发现部分N—O键的BDE与N—O键的键长、原子电荷密度及键级之间存在定量关系.此外,在B3P86方法的基础上预测了几种典型的杂环芳香化合物N—O键BDE值.     

配合物的稳定性与配位体酸碱强度之间的直线自由能关系——Ⅵ.N-(邻位取代苯基)氨基乙酸的铜(Ⅱ)、镍(Ⅱ)配合物的稳定性

Hammett方程一般适用于对位或间位取代的芳香系化合物。前文曾报道N-(对位或间位取代苯基)氨基乙酸的铜(Ⅱ)、镍(Ⅱ)及锌(Ⅱ)配合物的稳定性与配位体酸碱强度之间存在直线自由能关系,符合一般规律。但邻位取代效应使Hammett方程常常不能适用,主要是在不同的反应体系中,取代基与反应中心有不同程度的相互作用。然而,当邻位取代基并不明显地存在电子效应外的其它效应时,也可观察到符合Hammett方程的直线自由能关系。本文研究了N-(邻位取代苯基)氨基乙酸配合物体系的直线自由能关系。用pH法在0.10 M高氯酸钠存在下25℃测定了N-o-RPhNHOH_2COOH(R=CH_3O,     

铜催化含氮和硫化物的乙烯基化反应研究

以铜为催化剂,结合不同的反应条件,分别阐述了酰胺、胺、唑类化合物和硫化物与卤代烯烃的交叉偶联反应,从而分别得到了各种烯酰胺、烯胺、N-烯基唑类化合物和烯基硫醚化合物.上述亲核试剂与1,4-二卤-1,3-二烯化合物反应,经过两次乙烯基化反应,可以高效地得到各种取代的吡咯和噻吩衍生物.进一步阐述了N—H键以及其邻位C—H键也能够和1,4-二卤-1,3-二烯反应,生成唑并吡啶衍生物.     

SAPO-34催化剂上反应条件对乙烯转化制丙烯的影响

系统研究了反应条件对SAPO-34上乙烯转化制丙烯的影响.结果表明,提高空速或加大He/C2H4稀释比有利于抑制丙烯二次反应的发生,提高丙烯的选择性.升高温度导致乙烯转化率下降,甲烷和乙烷的选择性增加;在相同转化率下,丙烯选择性随温度上升而下降.乙烯在SAPO-34上的转化反应表现出明显的诱导期,且反应条件对诱导期的长短有较大影响.     

理论研究丁羟粘合剂化学键解离及其对力学性能的影响

端羟基聚丁烯(HTPB)是推进剂中的常用的粘合剂,老化是其贮存和使用中的重要问题。通过量子化学计算HTPB 与甲基二异腈酸酯(TDI)形成的网络模型简化结构中化学键的均裂解离能(BDE),分析了键能与老化分解的关系。键能计算结果证明可靠且可用于比较分析。与CH₂ 基团相连的C-O 键的BDE值最小,推测该键最弱并且在热老化过程会发生断裂分解,降解产物主要是CO₂。HTPB 中的烯丙基伯羟基与TDI 形成的聚氨酯中α-C-H 属于最弱的X-H(X=C, N)键,推测其容易受到自由基的进攻发生氢转移反应。对容易断裂分解的C-O 键,提出了可能的老化机理。计算的C-O 键断裂活化能与其解离能近似相等,热老化过程中断键生成自由基并通过无势垒过程释放出CO₂。整个过程的热老化半衰期是温度的指数衰减函数,表明随着温度的提高HTPB-TDI 聚氨酯老化加速。热力学计算证明老化形成的氨基自由基和烷基自由基能够重新结合。采用分子动力学动态分析方法,分析了HTPB-TDI 聚氨酯网络老化前后的结构变化及其对弹性力性质的影响,发现释放CO₂ 的过程伴随着体系密度降低。对假定的CO₂ 扩散聚集以及CO₂ 从体系中扩散消失的模型进行了模拟,发现拉伸模量和剪切模量在这两种情形下会增加。     

Remote substituent effects on allylic and benzylic bond dissociation energies. Effects on stabilization of parent molecules and radicals

The effect of remote substituents on bond dissociation energies (BDE) is examined by investigating allylic C-F and C-H BDE, as influenced by Y substituents in trans-YCH=CHCH2-F and trans-YCH=CHCH2-H. Theoretical calculations at the full G3 level model chemistry are reported. The interplay of stabilization energies of the parent molecules (MSE) and of the radicals formed by homolytic bond cleavage (RSE) and their effect on BDE are established. MSE values of allyl fluorides yield an excellent linear free energy relationship with the electron-donating or -withdrawing ability of Y and decrease by 4.2 kcal mol-1 from Y = (CH3)2N to O2N. RSE values do not follow a consistent pattern and are of the order of 1-2 kcal mol-1. A decrease of 4.1 kcal mol-1 is found in BDE[C-F] from Y = CH3O to NC. BDE[YCH=CHCH2-H] generally increases with decreasing electron-donating ability of Y for electron-donating groups and does not follow a consistent pattern with electron-withdrawing groups, the largest change being an increase of 3.6 kcal mol-1 from Y = (CH3)2N to CF3. The G3 results are an indicator of benzylic BDE in p-YC6H4CH2-F and p-YC6H4CH2-H, via the principle of vinylogy, demonstrated by correlating MSE of the allylic compounds with physical properties of their benzylic analogues.     

Remote substituent effects on homolytic bond dissociation energies

In the study we tried to answer two questions. First, does X-Z homolytic bond dissociation energy (BDE) of Y-C6H4-X-Z obey the Hammett relationship? Second, if it does what factors determine the magnitude and sign of the slope (rho+) of Hammett regression against substituent sigma(p)(+) constants? We collected a large number of X-Z BDEs for over one-thousand Y-C6H4-X-Z systems using the RMP2/6-311++G**//UB3LYP/6-31G* method. We found that remote substituent effects on X-Z BDEs are determined by both the ground effect (i.e. stabilization/destabilization of X-Z by the substituents) and the radical effect (i.e. stabilization/destabilization of X. by the substituents). The ground or radical effect is determined by the electron demand of X-Z or X. in the same way as the deprotonation enthalpy of HOOC-C6H4-X-Z or HOOC-C6H4-X. is affected by X-Z or X. . As a result, rho+ (BDE) for X-Z bond homolysis can be quantitatively predicted by using the change in deprotonation enthalpy from HOOC-C6H4-X-Z to HOOC-C6H4-X. .     

Thiyl radical-mediated cleavage of allylic C-N bonds: scope, limitations, and theoretical support to the mechanism

Thiols mediate the radical isomerization of allylic amines into enamines. The reaction results in the cleavage of the allylic C-N bond, after treatment with aqueous HCl. The mechanism involves the abstraction of an allylic hydrogen alpha to nitrogen by thiyl radical, followed by a return hydrogen transfer from the thiol to the carbon gamma to nitrogen in the intermediate allylic radical. The scope and limitations of the reaction with respect to the nature of the thiol, to the structure of the allylic chain, and to the nature of the substituents at nitrogen were investigated. The experimental results were interpreted on the ground of DFT calculations of the C-Halpha BDE in the starting allylic amines, and of the C-Hgamma BDE in the resulting enamines. The efficiency of the initial hydrogen transfer is the first requirement for the reaction to proceed. A balance must be found between the S-H BDE and the two above-mentioned C-H BDEs. The incidence of stereoelectronic factors was analyzed through NBO calculations performed on the optimized geometries of the starting allylic amines. Additional calculations of the transition structures and subsequent tracing of the reaction profiles were performed for the abstraction of Halpha from both the allyl and the prenyl derivatives by p-TolS(*). The latter allowed us to estimate the rate constant for the abstraction of hydrogen by thiyl radical from an N-prenylamine and an N-allylamine.     

烷烃中碳氢键离解能的估算及其应用

将烷烃中的C－H键看成氢原子H与烷基Ri相连接而成的Ri－H键，以烷基的 HOMO能级和氢原子的轨道能来关联Ri－H键的离解能BDE。研究表明，烷烃分子中 Ri－H键的离能BDE与烷基Ri的极化效应指数PEI（Ri）有良好的线性关系：BDE＝ c+dPEI(Ri)。所得方程具有良好的估算精度。烷基Ri极化效应指数PEI（Ri）在羟 基自由基与烷烃反应速度常数的定量相关中，也得到良好的应用。     

煤显微组分分子结构模型的量子化学研究

采用分子力学和半经验量子化学方法，研究了神木煤显微组分的分子结构模型，比较了镜质组和惰质组分子模型的能量构成、不同类型键的键长和键裂解能。研究结果表明，扭转能和范德华能是分子中的主要作用力，取代基对体系能量有明显影响，烷基取代基使体系能量增加，而苯基取代基使体系能量降低；脂肪C—C键长比芳香C—C键长长，说明脂肪C—C在受热过程中比芳香C—C更容易断裂分解。对各键裂解能的计算结果表明，Car—Cal键的裂解能高于Cal—Cal，Car—O醚键的裂解能高于Cal—O醚键。而惰质组结构模型中除C—O醚键外，各键的裂解能均高于镜质组，说明惰质组结构模型比镜质组有较高的热稳定性。     

Si-H, P-H 和 S-H 键离解能Alfa取代基效应研究

CBS-Q and G3 methods were used to generate a large number of reliable Si--H, P---H and S--H bond dissociation energies （BDEs） for the first time. It was found that the Si--H BDE displayed dramatically different substituent effects compared with the C--H BDE. On the other hand, the P---H and S--H BDE exhibited patterns of substituent effects similar to those of the N--H and O--H BDE. Further analysis indicated that increasing the positive charge on Si of XSiH3 would strengthen the Si--H bond whereas increasing the positive charge on P and S of XPH2 and XSH would weaken the P---H and S--H bonds. Meanwhile, increasing the positive charge on Si of XSiH2^＋ stabilized the silyl radical whereas increasing the positive charge on P and S in XPH＂ and XS＊ destabilized P- and S-centered radicals. These behaviors could be reasonalized by the fact that Si is less electronegative than H while P and S are not. Finally, it was demonstrated that the spin-delocalization effect was valid for the Si-, P- and S-centered radicals.     

X-H (X = C, N, O, Si, P, S) 键离解能计算的密度泛函方法研究

使用了不同密度泛函方法计算X-H (X = C, N, O, Si, P, S) 键离解能，并分析不同密度泛函方法的计算精度。研究发现大多数密度泛函方法包括B3LYP, B3P86, B3PW91, G96LYP, PBE1PBE，和BH&HLYP都明显低估键离解能13-25 kJ/mol。该现象与是否使用无限基组无关，因为即使使用无限基组键离解能仍然被低估。因此密度泛函方法不适合用于键离解能的估算。其中B3P86方法的偏差最小。进一步分析表明，使用限制性开壳层计算并无任何优势，在大多数情况下非限制性开壳层计算实际上比限制性开壳层计算要好。最后，我们发现了密度泛函方法对键离解能的低估是系统的，因此建议利用校准后的UDFT/6-311++G(d, p)方法计算化学键离解能。     

Remote substituent effects on bond dissociation energies of para-substituted aromatic silanes

UB3LYP/6-31G(d) and ROMP2/6-311++G(d,2p) methods were used to calculate the Si-X bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of a number of para-substituted aromatic silanes (4-Y-C(6)H(4)-SiH(2)X, where X = H, F, Cl, or Li). It was found that the substituent effect on the Si-H BDE of 4-Y-C(6)H(4)-SiH(3) was small, as the slope (rho(+)()) of the BDE- regression was only 0.09 kJ/mol. In comparison, the substituent effect on the Si-F BDE of 4-Y-C(6)H(4)-SiH(2)F was much stronger, whose rho(+ )()value was -2.34 kJ/mol. The substituent effect on the Si-Cl BDE of 4-Y-C(6)H(4)-SiH(2)Cl was also found to be strong with a rho(+)() value of -1.70 kJ/mol. However, the substituent effect on the Si-Li BDE of 4-Y-C(6)H(4)-SiH(2)Li was found to have a large and positive slope (+9.12 kJ/mol) against. The origin of the above remarkably different substituent effects on the Si-X BDEs was found to be associated with the ability of the substituent to stabilize or destabilize the starting material (4-Y-C(6)H(4)-SiH(2)X) as well as the product (4-Y-C(6)H(4)-SiH(2)* radical) of the homolysis. Therefore, the direction and magnitude of the effects of Y-substituents on the Z-X BDEs in compounds such as 4-YC(6)H(4)Z-X should have some important dependence on the polarity of the Z-X bond undergoing homolysis. This conclusion was in agreement with that from earlier studies (for example, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 9363). However, it indicated that the proposal from a recent work (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5518) was unfortunately not justified.