PALEOMONSOONS OF CHINA OVER THE LAST 130,000 YEARS——PALEOMONSOON VARIATION

Based upon the effect of land-sea interaction on the paleomonsoon variation and the time series of climatic proxy-indicators, the historical Asian monsoon variation over the last 130,000 and 18,000 years has been reconstructed with an emphasis on the basic characteristics of summer monsoon circulation. The monsoon-climatic cycles and associated model of environmental development over the central and eastern China are proposed and the mechanism of paleomonsoon variation of China preliminarily discussed. The variation of East Asian monsoon circulation should be regarded as a regional result of both solar-radiation changes and the global glacial-interglacial cycles. The episodic uplifting of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau since the late Miocene has to a large extent controlled the forming and evolution of the paleomonsoon circulation of China.     

CHANGES OF QUATERNARY CLIMATE OF LOESS DISTRICT IN CHINA

On the basis of the data of sporo-pollen analysis, the weathering index of loess and paleosol layers and the climatic differences between the periods of the formation of loess and paleosol as reflected by intensities of natural remanent magnetization of loess and paleosol, it may be confirmed that the loess layers represent the climate of glacial stages, while paleosol was formed during interglacial stages. The climatic changes in the loess area of China have undergone 23 cycles which were combined with the paleomagnetic dating. TL ages of paleosol layers and the average ages of termination could be excellently correlated with the δ~(18)O stages of deep sea core V_(28-239). Thus, it may be recognized that the Luochuan and Xi'an loess-paleosol sequences are the typical climatostratigraphy in China and even in the world.     

Influence of Soil Moisture and Vegetation on Climate (Ⅱ)——Numerical Experiments on Persistence of Short-term Climatic Anomalies

Numerical experiments on the influence of soil moisture and vegetation on the persistence of short-term climatic anomalies are performed with a vertical one-dimensional climate model in the atmosphere-soil-vegetation system.The experimental results indicate that, as shown by theoretical analysis in Part Ⅰ of this paper,soil hydrology is crucially important for maintenance of short-term climatic anomalies over land areas. Possible physical process concerned with impact of soil moisture and vegetation on the persistence is further discussed.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT CHANGE AND SE MONSOON STRENGTH, DAIHAI LAKE, INNER MONGOLIA

Daihai Lake, located in NW margin of SE monsoon region, belongs to the sensitive area for climatic fluctuation. The analysis of continuous sedimentary column with an age of 100 ka indicates that there exists the different quasiperiodicity in time scales for monsoon shift. The climatic fluctuation in the Daihai Basin shows all along the alternation of cold and dry with a warm and wet climatic pattern, suggesting that the strength and drift of SE monsoon play a controllable role in the climatic change.     

INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE AND VEGETATION ON CLIMATE (Ⅰ)——THEORETICAL ANALYSIS TO PERSISTENCE OF SHORT-TERM CLIMATE ANOMALIES

Influence of soil moisture and vegetation on persistence of short-term climate anomalies isanalyzed theoretically through a heat and water balance model in coupled air-land system.It is shown that the soil hydrologic condition, rather than the soil thermal situation, is adominant factor in maintenance of climatic anomalies. The persistence of climate anomaliesis dependent largely on the capacity of water and heat exchange on the land surface. The cli-mate anomalies would persist longer for less soil moisture or vegetation cover. Furthermore,compared with humid areas, the climate anomalies persist longer in an arid climate envi-ronment.     

ON THE ABRUPT CHANGE IN SOUTH ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON CLIMATE AND ITS SYNCHRONISM WITH THE GLOBAL RAPID WARMING

This paper has analysed the major characteristics of long-term variation, of summermonsoon climate in South Asia since 1888. An abrupt enhancement of summer monsoon inthe 1920s and its synchronism with the global rapid warming have been detected by theMann-Kendall Rank Statistic test. Based on diagnostic analysis on the atmospheric circulationover the monsoon region and the thermal conditions of both ocean and land during theperiod of abrupt change, it is found that the warming over land was stronger and earlierthan that over the ocean, which would enhance the land-sea thermal contrast and thereforebe favorable to the development of monsoon low and the disturbance in the monsoon flow.This may be a direct factor for the abrupt enhancement of summer monsoon.     

Algorithm and application of Monte Carlo simulation for multi-dispersive copolymerization system

A Monte Carlo algorithm has been established for multi-dispersive copolymerization system, based on the experimental data of copolymer molecular weight and dispersion via GPC measurement. The program simulates the insertion of every monomer unit and records the structure and microscopical sequence of every chain in various lengths. It has been applied successfully for the ring-opening copolymerization of 2,2-dimethyltrimethylene carbonate (DTC) with δ-caprolactone (δ-CL). The simulation coincides with the experimental results and provides microscopical data of triad fractions, lengths of homopolymer segments, etc., which are difficult to obtain by experiments. The algorithm presents also a uniform frame for copolymerization studies under other complicated mechanisms.     

Application of Single—labelled Probe—primer in PCR Amplification to the Detection of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

A new method based on the incorporation of a single-lablled probe-primer into polymerase chain reaction(PCR) for the detection of PCR-amplified DNA in a closed system is reported.The probeprimerc consists of a specific probe sequence on the 5‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘-end and a primer sequence on the 3‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘-end.A flurophore is located at the 5‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘end.The primeR-quencher is an oligonucleotide,which is complementary to the probe sequence of probe-primer and labelled with a quencher at the 3‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘-end.In the duplex formed by probe-primer and primer-quencher.the fluorophore and quencher are kept in close proximity to each other.Therefore the fluorescence is quenched.During PCR amplificatio,the specific probe sequence of probeprimer binds to its complement within the same strand of DNA,and is cleaved by Taq DNA polymerase,resulting in the restoration of fluorescence.This system has the same energy transfer mechanism as molecular beacons,and a good quenching effciency can be ensured.Following optimization of PCR conditions,this method was used to detect hepatitis b virus(HBV) dna in patient sera.This technology eliminates the risk of carry-over contamination,simplifies the amplification assay and opens up new possibilities for the real-time detection of the amplified DNA.     

Elastomeric seismic-protection isolators for buildings and bridges

A giant earthquake of magnitude 9.0 occurred in Pacific Ocean off of Tohoku District Japan on March 11, 2011. The highest seismic intensity of 7 in JMA scale was recorded in Miyagi. In the Tohoku district, around 230 buildings are seismically isolated (hereafter, SI) mainly by elastomeric isolators (seismic rubber bearings). According to the official survey reports by several organizations (for example[1]), the records of those buildings have verified the effectiveness of the seismic isolation. The response acceleration of the SI buildings was reduced by 30% to 50% of the input ground acceleration. Additionally, the difference of the conditions inside the room between SI and the fixed-base buildings was obvious as well as the damage in main structures of the buildings. The displacements of the isolators by the earthquake were around 200 mm according to the records of the instruments. As a result, the performance of SI buildings and the elastomeric isolators in the Tohoku District―Off the Pacific Ocean Earthquake 2011 were excellent, and the efficiency of the seismic isolation was verified by the records of many buildings in wide area.     

THE HISTORICAL CLIMATIC RECORDS IN ICE CORES FROM THE SURFACE LAYER OF WILKES LAND, ANTARCTICA

The information preserved in the surface layer of the Antarctic ice sheet is so abundant and detailed that in the areas with a high accumulation rate the annual climatic changes in the past can be distinguished. After conducting an investigation into the stratigraphical features of ice cores from two typical shallow boreholes in the Wilkes Land, one inland and another near the margin, analyzing δ(~18)O and the gross β radioactivity in the cores, as well as anslyzing the power spectra of δ~(18)O, the authors present some important assessments on the climatic information in the past several decades therein such as the annual mean temperature and precipitation, and suggest that there is a period of 11 years with which the climate changes cyclically in East Antactica. Such a studying method will be of value in both theory and practice to the inland Antarctica, where direct meteorological observation is deficient.     

PROBLEMS OF QUATERNARY ENVIRONMENTAL EVOLUTION AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE LUSHAN

The major Quaternary climatic deterioration of the Lushan area occurred mainly in LatePleistocene when a periglacial environment prevailed on the high summits above 1000 m a.s.l.with resulting frost shattering and gelifluction. The data from sporo-pollen analysis, fossilfauna, paleosols and the elevation of the snowline in the ice ages prove that conditions for thedevelopment of the glaciers did not exist in the Lushan during early and middle Quaternaryperiod. Evidence of former glaciation has not been found in the study on the type sedimen-tary sections in Yejialong and Dajiaochang gully. There are many relict landforms belong-ing to hot and humid tropical climate rather than to glacial one. The problems of the land-form development of the Lushan are also discussed.     

LIQUID CRYSTALLINE BEHAVIOR OF AROMATIC COPOLYAMIDE IN CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID

The liquid crystalline behavior of anisotropic solutions in 100% sulphuric acid ofaromatic copolyamide obtained by low-temperature solution copolycondensation of tere-phthalic acid chloride (TPC), p-phenylene diamine (PPD) and 4, 4'-diamino-diphenylether(DAPE) has been studied by optical microscopy and X-ray diffeaction. The effects ofinherent viscosity, concentration of copolyamide in sulphuric acid, the content of the thirdmonomer (DAPE) and sequence distribution of copolyamide on the critical concentration,isotropic temperature, phase diagram and texture of liquid crystal were investigated. Theschlieren texture was observed and the results of X-ray diffraction indicate that the con-centrated solutions of copolyamide exhibit nematic liquid crystalline behavior.     

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIMETALLIC Pd-Fe/Al_2O_3 CATALYSTS—CHARACTERIZATION BY TEM,EDX,XPS and ESR

Suppurted bimetallic catalysts Pd-Fe/Al_2O_3 were prepared by im-pregnating method in different dipping sequences.Transmission electron mi-croscopy(TEM-EDX),X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray photoelectron spec-troscopy(XPS)and electron spin resonance(ESR)were employed to charac-terize the catalysts.It is shown that the impregnating sequence has influence onthe diffusiun and distribution of the metals in the pores of Al_2O_3support.Themetal group diffusion is controlled by its charge.On the surface of the cata-lysts,the iron is in oxidative state while the palladium is zerovalent whenFeCl_3 is first loaded.However,on the surface of the other two,the palladiumis in both oxidated and metallic states.The amount of Fe~(3+)in the catalyst dif-fers with the dipping sequence.ESR results shows that in different catalystsprepared in various sequences Fe~(3+)exists in different environments.     

STUDY ON CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION OF CLIMATIC ANOMALY IN 1970'S

In this paper, based on the global surface air temperature field from 1969 to 1978, westudy on the formation of frequent, appearance of climatic anomalies. During 1970's themeridional temperature gradient in the middle and high latitudes grows larger than normal,thus intensifying the atmospheric baroclinicity. It results in enhancing the atmospheric varia-bility and exciting more disturbances, Moreover, the climatic variation in various latitudesdoes not appear at, the same time. It seems that there are some key areas where their climat-ic situation may affect the climate in other areas, The climatic variation usually first ap-pears in the equatorial ocean area or in the continental region at the polar and higher lati-tudes zone. Then it will spread out to the middle latitudes and generate a short-range cli-matic fluctuation.     

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIMETALLIC Pd-Fe/Al_2O_3 CATALYSTS—CHARACTERIZATION BY INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION

Series of bimetallic catalysts Pd-Fe/Al_2O_3 with various palladiumand iron contents were prepared by impregnating metal precursors in differentsequences.Techniques were employed to characterize the catalysts,XRD forthe existing form of the supported metals,XPS for the surface metal contentsand chemical states,in silu IR with the aid of CO as a probe molecule for theinfluence of iron amount and adding sequence upon the dispersion and the elec-tronic state of palladium.On the catalyst prepared by coimpregnating,the pal-ladium and iron contents are higher than those prepared by impregnating in dif-ferent sequence,but the ratio of Pd/Fe(in atom)is lower than those on thelatter two.The iron atoms shield the palladium and enhance the dispersity ofpalladium.In the catalyst prepared by first impregnating with iron and thenwith palladium,the iron has a strong ability to disperse palladium and the dis-persity increases with the iron loading.In the catalyst prepared by first dopingwith palladium and then iron,the     

STRUCTURE IN THE PRECORE REGION OF HEPATITIS B CORE GENE AFFECTING ITS EXPRESSION IN E.coil

Restriction fragments of HBV-DNA, cleaved by endonuclease HhaI,containing HBcAg gene were trimmed by BAL-31 exonuclease to remove different lengths of the precore sequence.They were inserted into plasmid pUR222 at EcoRI site through synthetic linker ligation. Transformants in E.coli BMH7118 showing different levels of HBcAg gene expression were screened and analyzed for their nucleotide sequences in the junction region both by Maxam and Gilbert's chemical degradation method and by M13 chain termination method. Results of sequence analysis of different transformants revealed a partial palindromic (loop and stem) structure, at -7 to -35 nucleotide with regard to ATG of the HBcAg gene as position +1, which has dramatic effect on the level of expression of the inserted gene using the same promoter,SD sequence and identical N-terminus.The amount of HBcAg synthesized differed from 9% in the high expressing plasmid to less than 0.01% of the total cell proteins in the low expressing transformants.The findings w     

EVALUATING THE WATER RESOURCE IMPACTS OF CLIMATIC WARMING IN COLD ALPINE REGIONS BY THE WATER BALANCE MODEL: MODELING THE URUMQI RIVER BASIN

In view of the tendency of global climatic warming, the water balance model is employed to estimate the runoff changes in the Urumqi River Basin, Xinjiang Region, China, under ten climate change scenarios, which are combinations of temperature increases by 2K and 4K with precipitation change of 0, ±10% and ±20%, respectively, as the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide increases. The results suggest that runoff changes mainly depend on the precipitation change in the glacier-free or less glacierized basins in cold alpine regions. Effect of temperature on runoff becomes marked gradually with the increase in precipitation. Runoff from glacierized areas, however, is much more sensitive to the temperature change.     

SEQUENCE STRUCTURE OF ETHYLENE-VINYL SUBSTITUTED COPOLYMER WITH ~(13)C NMR IV——CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE

The substituent chemical shift (SCS) has been applied to the assignment of the ~(13)C NMRspectrum of chlorinated polyethylene (CPE). CPE of different chlorine contents has been em-ployed and their sequence structure discussed. The results show that characteristic of CPEwith medium chlorine content is the dichloroethane structure in molecular chain. SCS param-etets have been obtained from the ~(13)C NMR spectra. It was found that the effects of chlorinecontent and temperature on SCS are negligible, but the substituent parameter S_1 reduced by0.39 ppm when C_2Cl_4 was added to solvent ODCB.     

RELATION BETWEEN GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LIVER CANCER AND CLIMATE-AFLATOXIN B_1 IN CHINA

This paper analyses, for the first time in China, the relationship between the data on climate (temperature and humidity) in the country, aflatoxin, hepatitis B and primary liver cancer mortality, by using the methods of geographical epidemiology and generalized factor analysis, and also approaches the characteristics of the geographical distribution of liver cancer in China from a climate-mould viewpoint. The authors come to the conclusion that climate is an important environmental condition that determines the differences in the distributions of liver cancer in different areas, and that aflatoxin B_1 is one of the main carcinogenic factors of liver cancer.     

Effect and Mechanism Analysis of Solvent on the Electron Transition of Fluoroquinolones Based on Quantum Chemical Calculation

Ciprofloxacin(CIP), moxifoxacin(MOX) and enrofloxacin(ENR) were selected as typical fluoroquinolones(FQs) to analyze the excitation-enhancing effect and mechanism of solvents on FQs' electron transition based on quantum chemical calculations. The UV spectra of three FQs in gas and five different solvents(water, cyclohexane, dimethylsulfoxide, methanol, acetone) were calculated using Gaussian 09 software. The transition mechanisms of FQs' main electron transitions were analyzed by natural bond orbital(NBO) theory, and the solvent effect on each electron transition was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively by sensitivity analysis and an established index system. The excitation enhancing mechanism of solvent on electron transitions of FQs was analyzed from the view of photo-induced reactions between solvent and FQs molecules. The results show that there are two main transitions located in the spectrum ranges of 300~380 and 240~300 nm for each FQ in any medium, which are assigned as n →π* and π→π* electron transitions, respectively. By comparison, the n →π* transition is more sensitive to solvent because of the energy transfer between solvent molecules and FQs, but the solvent effect on the π→π* transition is stronger than on the n →π* transition. The sequence of affected extent of solvent effect on electron transition was CIP MOX ENR, and the sequence of solvent effect was water DMSO methanol acetone cyclohexane(stronger solvent effect with increasing the dielectric constant of solvent). From the view of photo-induced reactions, the reaction between FQs*T1 and solvent*T1 has the decisive regulatory effect on the n →π* transition of FQs in solvent, and the reaction between FQsS0 and solvent*TI has an enhancing effect on the π→π* transition.