PALEOMONSOONS OF CHINA OVER THE LAST 130,000 YEARS——PALEOMONSOON RECORDS

The characteristics of the modern monsoon climate o?China may be used as clues for recognizing the records of paleomonsoon climate. The present paper deals primarily with the various paleomonsoon records of the last 130,000 years in the southeast monsoon area. These records mainly come from the following three fields: (i) the historical, (ii) the geological, including loess-paleosol sequence, deserts, lakes, snowlines, timberlines, the phenomena of continental desertization and so on, and (iii) the biological, presented by vegetation and mammals. Among these records, the loess-paleosol sequence in the Loess Plateau reflects a climatic history characterized by alternation of two different climatic periods when the Asian winter monsoon and summer monsoon showed pronounced effects on environment, respectively.     

AN EXPERIMENTAL SIMULATION ON FORMATION OF SUMMER MONSOON CIRCULATION OVER ASIA——IMPORTANT ROLE OF CROSS-EQUATORIAL CURRENT

In the experimental simulation carried out in a rotating annulus of stratified fluid, theeffects of the cross-equatorial current over the West Indian Ocean, the Tibetan Plateauand different thermal factors have been included according to the similarity requierements.and thus the Asian summer monsoon circulation systems, such as the SW monsoon current,the Indian monsoon depression, the monsoon trough, the Iran high and the shear line overSouth China in the lower-middle layer, and the Tibetan high and easterlies over South Asiain the upper layer, have been well simulated. The experimental results show that the cross-equatorial current over the West IndianOcean plays a key role in the formation of the Asian monsoon systems. The SW monsoonis directly and originally evolved from it. In addition, together with the NE current inthe southeastern part of the Iran high, it composes the cyclonic shear flow situation, andthus provides an important background for the formation of monsoon depression. Underthese conditions, the latent heat of rainfall and the cooling effect over the surface of theArabian Sea can cause the Indian monsoon depression to further develop. According tothe experimental results in different cases, this paper also sheds light on some of the fun-damental mechanism of monsoon systems.     

ON THE ABRUPT CHANGE IN SOUTH ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON CLIMATE AND ITS SYNCHRONISM WITH THE GLOBAL RAPID WARMING

This paper has analysed the major characteristics of long-term variation, of summermonsoon climate in South Asia since 1888. An abrupt enhancement of summer monsoon inthe 1920s and its synchronism with the global rapid warming have been detected by theMann-Kendall Rank Statistic test. Based on diagnostic analysis on the atmospheric circulationover the monsoon region and the thermal conditions of both ocean and land during theperiod of abrupt change, it is found that the warming over land was stronger and earlierthan that over the ocean, which would enhance the land-sea thermal contrast and thereforebe favorable to the development of monsoon low and the disturbance in the monsoon flow.This may be a direct factor for the abrupt enhancement of summer monsoon.     

AN EXPERIMENTAL SIMULATION ON THE MECHANICAL EFFECT OF TIBETAN PLATEAU ON ZONAL CIRCULATION OF STRATIFIED ATMOSPHERE

The present work is intended to simulate, in a rotating annulus of stratified liquid, the me-chanical effect of the Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau on the zonal circulation. The main featuresof three flow patterns around the plateau for different Rossby number R and rotating Eulernumber E are analysed. and a division diagram of the flow pattern in (R, E) plane is given.It has been found that under the condition that similarity criterions R and E of the experimentalfluid are the same as those existing in the atmosphere for monthly mean states in spring, au-tumn and winter months, the experimental results are satisfied for the following weathersystems over the plateau and its vicinities: the low vortex, trough and shear line over thesoutheast part of the plateau, the tilted ridge over the northwest part of the plateau, the troughpatterns over the upstream and dewnstream of the plateau, the vertical circulation structure, thejets on both north and southeast sides of the plateau, and so on. This shows that the mec     

Preferential Oxidation of CO in Excess Hydrogen over CuO-CeO2 Catalyst Prepared by Chelating Method

The CuO-CeO2 catalyst prepared by chelating method has a superior catalytic performance for the preferential oxidation of CO in rich hydrogen, compared with the CuO-CeO2 catalyst prepared by coprecipitation method. The CO conversions over these catalysts, at 120℃and 120000 ml/(g-h) in the absence of CO2 and H2O, are 99.6% and 88.6%, respectively, and the selectivity of O2 over these catalysts is very close (i.e. 51.3% and 55.8%, respectively). The influence of certain factors such as hydrogen concentration, carbon monoxide concentration, H2O, O2/CO ratios, and space velocity on the catalytic performance of CuO-CeO2 catalyst prepared by chelating method is also studied. The results show that the addition of hydrogen and H2O has a negative effect on the catalytic performance of CuO-CeO2 catalyst, however, the variation of space velocity and the O2/CO ratio causes a comparatively slight influence.     

A Dynamic Analysis and Numerical Simulation of Explosive Development of an Extratropical Cyclone Over Land

The present paper has made a dynamic and diagnostic study of the process of explosive deepening of an extratropical cyclone over North China on April 25-26, 1983, in order to gain an insight into the physical mechanism of explosive development of cyclone over land. It turns out that this cyclone occurred in the strong baroclinic zone, and the vorticity and thermal advection triggered the initial development of the cyclone. Subsequently, as the rainfall increased, the effect of condensational heating became more and more important. During the time period of rapid intensification (from 1200GMT 25 to 0000GMT 26 April, 1983, the central surface pressure fell down from 998. 2 to 988. 3 hPa), the peak of diabatic heating profile continuously descended, leading to a rapid increase in heating amount in the lower troposphere. This condition is favorable to the explosive development of rotational circulation or vortex. The numerical simulations have further demonstrated the importance of the lowering of heating p     

NON-LINEAR DYNAMIC INSTABILITY OF TWO DIMENSIONAL SLAB SYMMETRIC DISSIPATIVE DISTURBANCES ON ROTATING EARTH

The non-linear instability of the two-dimensional slab symmetric disturbances of the dis-sipative system on the rotating earth subject to the forcing of the mean temperature field isinvestigated by means of the 5 modes low order truncated spectrum. We get the catastropheof the butterfly type. For a given definite value to the horizontal temperature gradient, withthe decrease of the static stability, the equilibrium state of the system generally proceeds start-ing from a quiescent single stable state, then abruptly jumping to the single stable state witha circulation of a certain strength, hereafter again residing stably in the double stable state ofstrong circulation. Moreover, there does not appear the periodic and non-periodic variation.Without temperature gradient, only a definite and comparatively weak vertical eddy viscosityin conjunction with the non-linear mechanism of the system itself and the linear static insta-bility of the environment can lead to the periodic or non-periodic variation.     

EFFECT OF THE COMPOSITION OF m-CRESOL/H2O SOLVENT ON HYDRODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF NYLON 6

The intrinsic viscosity [ η], Huggins constant (KH), [ η]0, α3 and flow activation energy values of nylon 6 have been measured in water/m-cresol (0/100-20/80) systems at different temperatures (20-60℃). It has been found that the intrinsic viscosity, [η]0 and α3 increase with the increase in water contents in m-cresol up to 15% and then decrease. They increase with the increase in temperature irrespective of solvent composition. It has been noted that the percent increase of α3 is the highest at 60℃ and the lowest at 20℃ for a particular solvent system. The intrinsic viscosity data obey Arrhenius equation over the considered conditions. The activation energy and the KH values decrease very sharply with the addition of water,giving a minimum value at 15% of water and then increase slowly. The variation of all the parameters has been explained in terms of variation in thermodynamic quality of solvent with the addition of water to m-cresol and change in temperature,resulting in the change of conformational and orientational properties of polymer molecules. This change of solvent quality also results in variation of selective sorption of solvent over the polymer, such as hydrogen bonding, etc.     

Distribution of Helium Isotopes in Western Pacific Upper Layer

3He/4He ratios in samples of sea water obtained at depths from surface to 300 m in the upper layer of the Western Pacific Ocean were measured by a mass spectrometer VG5400. The lateral and vertical distribution of He isotopes in the studied area was discussed in detail on the basis of 3He/4He ratios. Excess and depleted 3He. in relation to δ3He value of surface water in equilibrium with air has been discussed in the area, which may be mainly attributed to the incorporation of the North Pacific Intermediate Water with the Equatorial Upwelling and the exchange of water masses between the South China Sea and the Western Pacific, respectively. The present work in Western Pacific has also indicated that He isotopes may be used as a tracer for mixing processes of water masses and oceanic circulation.     

A New Triterpenoid Saponin from the Seeds of Deccaria segetalis

The seeds of Vaccaria segetalis (Neck) Garcke, which is distributed all over China,except southern China, are used in Chinese folk medicine for promoting diuresis,activating blood circulation and relieving carbuncles 1. Previous studies on the seeds ofthis plant have led to the isolation of seven cyclic peptides 2-5 and several saponins 6-]o.We have repoyted the isolation and structural elucidation of Segetosides A, C-E from theseeds of Vaccaria segetalis I I-13. FuFther investigation of…     

STABILITY OF TETRANUCLEAR EARLY TRANSITION —METAL CLUSTERS

<正> The bonding capacities of tetranuclear early transition-metal clusters have been estimated based on the extended Huckel calculations.Using the Walsh diagram which shows orbital levels during the variation in geometry,a method has been established to determine their stability which is described with three factors:the symmetry and geometrical size,the distribution of ligands,and the number of cluster core electrons(CCEs).The stabilities of many cluster compounds can be successfully explained.     

Methane dehydro-aromatization over Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts in the absence of oxygen: Effect of steam-treatment on catalyst stability

The effect of steam-treatment to HZSM-5 zeolite and Mo/HZSM-5 with a steaming time range of 0.5-1 h on the catalytic performance of methane dehydro-aromatization (MDA) over Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst prepared with impregnation has been studied in detail in combination with the characterization of 1H MAS NMR technique. Both the deactivation rate constant (kd) and the Brnsted acid sites per unit cell were calculated to quantitatively evaluate the stability of Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts treated with steam at 813 K before and after impregnation of molybdenum species, and the corresponding variation of their Brnsted acid sites. The results reveal that a V-shape relationship between kd and the number of B1 acid sites per unit cell is presented on Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst under the tested steam-treatment and reaction conditions.     

Amplified Immunoassay of Human IgG Using Real—time Biomolecular Interaction ANalysis （BIA） Technology

An automated biomolecular interaction analysis instrument(BIAcore)based on surface plasmon resonance(SPR)has been used to determine human immunoglobulin G(IgG) in real time.Polyclonal anti-human IgG antibody was covalently immobilized to a carboxymethyldextran-modified gold film surface.The samples of human IgG prepared in HBS buffer were poured over the immpbilized surface.The signal amplification antibody was applied to amplify the response signal.After each measurement,the surface was regenerated with 0.1mol/L H3PO4.The assay was rapid,requiring only 30 min for antibody immobilization and 20 min for each subsequent process of immune binding,antibody amplification and regeneration.The antibody immobilized surface had good response to human IgG in the range of 0.12-60 nmol/L with a detection limit of 60 pmol/L.The same antibody immobilized surface could be used for more than 110 cycles of binding,amplification and regeneration.The results demonstrate that the sensitivity,specificity and reproducibility of amplified immunoassay using real-time BIA technology are satisfactory.     

INFLUENCE OF TIBETAN PLATEAU ON LOW LEVEL JET IN EAST ASIA

In this paper, the essential role played by tie Tibetan Plateau in the formation of large scale low level jet over China is shown. Using the ECMWF limited area model we have performed some numerical experiments with various modified orography for a real case. The comparison of no-mountain run with the control one shows that the Plateau acts as a west boundary to the flows from the south, thus helping concentrate the momentum in a narrow belt. The close connection between the jet and the monsoon current is also investigated. The confluence of the currents from the subtropical high and mid-latitude trough mainly results in the strong wind centre at mid-troposphere rather than at lower level.     

A STUDY ON BOXIAN METEORITE FROM ANHUI PROVINCE, CHINA

Investigation on the meteorite of Boxian, Anhui Province, China has been performed through transparent and opaque minerals, chondrules, Mssbauer spectra, thermoluminescence, chemical composition, isotopic chronology, inclusion, mechanical and paleomagnetic character, etc. The meteorite has 16 transparent and 12 opaque minerals, including a new mineral named Zhanghengite. The meteorite belongs to the chemical group of LL and the transitional rock type of 3—4. The principal textures of chondrules, the formation and evolution of the meteorite have also been studied and discussed.     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF MESOSCALE IRRIGATION OVER ARID LAND ON MESOSCALE CLIMATE

The present study investigated the modification of mesoscale inhomogeneous distribu-tion of soil wetness, resulting from mesoscale irrigation over arid or semiarid lands in mid-latitude in the later summer or early autumn, on mesoscale climate under conditions withand without synoptic flow influence, using an interactive model between soil and atmo-sphere. The simulations indicated that after a mesoscale irrgation, a wet soil breeze circu-lation was thermally forced, which was, in many features, similar to that of the sea breezecirculation. The influence of synoptic flows on the structure of thermally--induced wet soilbreeze circulation was also discussed.     

DEVELOPMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION AND IRREGULARITY OF EARTH

In this paper, a study has been done on the interaction between the development ofatmospheric circulation and the irregularity of the earth rotation; relevant equations havebeen developed to show the probable variations of the earth's crust and atmospheric move-ment in the event that the earth rotation changes in velocity; some discussion has beenmade about the probable variations of the direction of atmospheric movement. To verifythe aforesaid considerations and equations, a number of circulation and weather-climate factsin connection with the changes of the earth rotation velocity are presented.     

A pneumatic micromixer facilitating fluid mixing at a wide range flow rate for the preparation of quantum dots

A novel fluid micromixer based on pneumatic perturbation and passive structures was developed. This micromixer facilitates integration and is applicable to fluid mixing over a wide range of flow rates. The microfluidic mixing device consists of an S-shaped structure with two mixing chambers and two barriers, and two pneumatic chambers designed over the S-shaped channel. The performance of the micromixer for fluids with wide variation of flow rates was significantly improved owing to the integration of the pneumatic mixing components with the passive mixing structures. The mixing mechanism of the passive mixing structures was explored by numerical simulation, and the influencing factors on the mixing efficiency were investigated. The results showed that when using a gas pressure of 0.26 MPa and a 100 m-thick polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) pneumatic diaphragm, the mixing of fluids with flow rates ranging from 1 to 650 L/min was achieved with a pumping frequency of 50 Hz. Fast synthesis of CdS quantum dots was realized using this device. Smaller particles were obtained, and the size distribution was greatly improved compared with those obtained using conventional methods.     

STUDY ON THE MOISTURE PASSAGE ON THE LOWER REACHES OF THE YARLUNG ZANGBO RIVER

A series of gorges on the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River is like an enormous crevice splitting the southeastern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet)Plateau to create a passage through which warm, wet air flow from the Indian Ocean reaches the inner part of the plateau. This moisture passage was mainly strengthened after the Pleistocene epoch in the Quaternary period and has played a major role in affecting the beginning date of the rainy season and the amount of the plateau's rainfall. It has also served as a corridor for the living things on the southern and the northern sides of the Himalayas to mingle with each other. The region along this passage is abundant in evidences of species of differentiation, variation and biological division. Also the passage has provided a favorable environment for human beings and affected natural phenomena there.     

STUDY ON BURDOCK STUNT VIROID (BSV)——THE DENATURING BEHAVIOR AND OCCURRENCE IN SEPARATE PLANT OF BSV RNA-1 AND RNA-2

By two-dimensional electrophoretic technique, it was confirmed that BSV RNA-1 and RNA-2 contained circular molecules and that they Were more stable than the ether viroids in thermodynamics. BSV RNAs extracted from individual diseased plants gave only one specific band on analytical polyacrylamide gel, either BSV RNA-1 or RNA-2. No plant which has yet been detected contained both. No variation whatever was observed in the electrophoresis mobility, even over a period of two and a half years for BSV RNA-1 and RNA-2.The calli developed from diseased leaves grew rather slowly compared with healthy ones. The replication of BSV RNA-1 in calli which had continuously grown for 6—8 months was evidenced by the distinct band of BSV RNA-1 on file gels.