固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定畜禽粪便中的23种抗生素残留

称取经冷冻干燥、粉碎的样品0.200g,加入由0.1mol·L~(-1) Na_2EDTA-Mcllvaine缓冲溶液、乙腈、甲酸按体积比19.5∶80∶0.5混合而成的提取剂10mL和100μg·L~(-1)内标混合溶液50μL,混匀后用甲酸(1+10)溶液调节pH至4.0~5.0,加入正己烷15mL,超声提取15min,振荡15min,于4℃下,以8 000r·min~(-1)离心5min,取下层清液6mL,用串联的SAX-HLB固相萃取柱净化,用1mL乙腈(4+1)溶液淋洗,淋洗液于60℃经氮气吹干,用0.6 mL甲酸(0.5+99.5)溶液溶解残渣,溶液过0.22μm微孔滤膜。滤液在BEH C_(18)色谱柱上分离,以乙腈-0.1%(体积分数)甲酸溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,质谱分析中采用电喷雾离子源和多反应监测模式。23种抗生素的质量浓度在一定范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)在0.2~3.3μg·kg~(-1)之间。加标回收率在51.7%~102%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在3.5%~13%之间。方法用于分析北京郊区21家规模化畜禽养殖场的畜禽粪便中的抗生素残留,检出了多种抗生素。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定水产品中加替沙星、莫西沙星和左氧氟沙星

提出了同时测定水产品中加替沙星、莫西沙星和左氧氟沙星的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。样品经乙腈提取、正己烷除脂浓缩后用Supelclean LC-SCX固相萃取柱富集,用氨水甲醇(25+75)溶液洗脱。洗脱液氮气吹干,用乙腈-水(10+90)溶液溶解定容至2.0mL,取10μL进行分离测定。以不同体积比的乙腈与5mmol·L~(-1)乙酸铵的混合溶液为流动相作梯度淋洗,经ACQUITY UPLC BEH C_(18)色谱柱分离,采用电喷雾正离子源及多反应监测模式测定。对3种化合物的质谱裂解规律进行了研究,3种化合物的质量分数在1 00μg·kg~(-1)以内呈线性,检出限(3S/N)在3.7～4.8μg·kg~(-1)之间;以3种水产品样品为基体,在3个标准加入水平下进行回收率和精密度试验,加标回收率在70.5%～83.7%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)均不大于13%。     

凝胶渗透色谱净化-气相色谱法测定茶叶中30种有机氯及菊酯类农药残留量

茶叶样品(1.00g)用水5 mL湿润后加入50mL乙腈高速匀浆提取3min。混合物滤入已盛有固体氯化钠2 g的具塞量筒中,取上清液20.0mL于45℃蒸发至近干,加入乙酸乙酯环己烷(1+1)混合溶剂10.0mL溶解残渣后进行凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)净化。流动相为上述混合溶剂,流量为4.7mL·min~(-1)。收集9～20min时间段的流出液,在45℃蒸至近干,加正己烷定容为5.0mL,供气相色谱分析。采用Rxi-5MS石英毛细管柱进行分离和电子捕获检测器进行检测,所测农药的线性范围为0.02～0.50mg·L~(-1)。检出限(3S/N)在1×10~(-4)～2×10~(-3)mg·kg~(-1)之间。试验测得方法的回收率在83.2%～114.6%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)在0.9%～4.8%之间。     

气相色谱法测定蔬菜中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量

从1.0kg蔬菜中选其可食用部分,切碎后用四分法取样,取适量样品经充分捣碎制得分析用样品。称取试样25.00g用50mL乙腈高速匀浆提取,收集滤液40～50mL与5g氯化钠振荡盐析。定量分取上层清液10mL置于80℃水浴上吹氮至干,加正己烷2mL溶解残渣,所得溶液流经Florisil小柱纯化,用丙酮-正己烷(1+9)混合液淋洗2次,每次5mL,洗脱液在50℃水浴上吹氮至干,用正己烷定容至2.0mL,取1μL进样进行气相色谱分析。采用Varian CP-Sil 5CB毛细管色谱柱分离及电子捕获检测器定量检测,5种拟除虫菊酯类农药可很好地分离。其峰面积值与相应质量浓度均在0.01～1.0mg·L~(-1)之间呈线性,检出限(3S/N)在1.6～2.0μg·kg~(-1)之间。在3个浓度水平上(0.02,0.10,0.50mg·kg~(-1))加入各农药标准溶液,按方法作回收率及精密度试验,测得回收率和相对标准偏差(n=6)分别在90.5%～106.4%和0.98%～6.3%之间。     

凝胶渗透色谱-固相萃取净化-气相色谱-串联质谱法测定茶叶中33种农药的残留量

茶叶样品以乙酸乙酯-环己烷(1+1)混合溶液为提取剂高速匀浆提取,提取液经凝胶渗透色谱净化除去大部分的色素、脂类和蜡质,再用Carb-NH_2固相萃取小柱(SPE)进一步除去样液中残余的杂质。将洗脱蒸发至近干,加丙酮1mL溶解,采用气相色谱串联质谱法在分时段选择反应监测模式下进行测定,外标法定量。33种农药的测定下限(10S/N)均小于0.01mg·kg~(-1)。当加标水平为0.01mg·kg~(-1)时,大部分农药的回收率在75%～116%之间,相对标准偏差小于10%。     

凝胶渗透色谱净化-液相色谱-同位素稀释串联质谱法测定肉及肉制品中的甲萘威残留

称取试样约5g(精确至0.01g),加入1.000 mg·L~(-1)甲萘威-D7同位素内标溶液50μL,加入适量水(肉样加水1.5mL,肉制品加水3mL),加40mL丙酮,均质1min,加氯化钠6g,充分摇匀,再加30mL石油醚,振摇30min,静置30min。取有机层上清液,经无水硫酸钠过滤,旋转蒸发浓缩至约1mL,加2mL乙酸乙酯-环己烷(1+1)混合液,再浓缩至约1mL,如此重复3次。用乙酸乙酯-环己烷(1+1)溶液定容至10.0mL,经0.22μm滤膜过滤,进行凝胶色谱(GPC)净化。GPC条件如下:Bio Beads S-X3凝胶色谱净化柱(400mm×30mm),乙酸乙酯-环己烷(1+1)混合液为流动相,馏分收集段10.0～15.0min,在线浓缩加热温度45℃,真空度2.0×10~4Pa。以乙腈为替换溶剂替换两次后将净化液定容至1.0mL,进行液相色谱-串联质谱分析。采用HSS T3色谱柱(100mm×2.1mm,1.7μm)进行分离,以0.1%(体积分数)甲酸溶液-乙腈(6+4)为流动相,质谱分析中采用电喷雾正离子源和多反应监测模式。甲萘威的质量浓度在0.010～0.500mg·L~(-1)内和其峰面积与内标峰面积之比呈线性关系,测定下限(10S/N)为0.005mg·kg~(-1)。加标回收率在81.0%～105%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在3.8%～16%之间。     

固相萃取-毛细管区带电泳法同时测定豆制品中4种碱性染料

采用固相萃取结合毛细管区带电泳法同时测定豆制品中碱性橙2、碱性橙21、碱性橙22和碱性嫩黄O。2.00 0g样品经50mmol·L~(-1)乙酸铵溶液5.00mL超声提取两次,提取液经Oasis HLB固相萃取柱净化,用氨水-乙腈(5+95)溶液进行洗脱,洗脱液经氮气吹干,残渣用乙腈-水(25+75)溶液溶解并定容至1.00mL后进行毛细管区带电泳分离,分离电压为20kV,分离温度为30℃,运行缓冲溶液为含20%(体积分数)乙腈的40mmol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾溶液(pH 2.5),采用紫外检测器,检测波长为210nm。4种碱性染料在7min内达到基线分离,线性范围均为1.25~50mg·L~(-1),检出限(3S/N)在0.5~0.7mg·kg~(-1)之间。加标回收率在73.6%~93.1%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)小于10%。     

脂质体免疫传感器的制备及其应用于测定尿液中2,4-D的量

将4种溶质(以10∶10∶1∶1质量比混合的DPPC、胆固醇、DPPG及DPPE)的混合物22mg,溶于4mL氯仿-异丙醚-甲醇(6+6+1)混合溶剂中。向此溶液中加入0.15mol·L-1亚铁氰化钾溶液1mL,于45℃超声涡旋5min使其包埋于脂质体中。将此脂质体包埋的亚铁氰化钾溶液1mL,通过戊二醛(0.7+99.3)溶液2mL的作用,与200μL 2,4-D免抗体溶液(10.53g.L-1)交联。另将自制MWNT′s修饰的石墨电极插入0.05mol·L-1脂质体-抗体-吡咯溶液中,用循环伏安法在0～0.75V电位区间扫描10次,扫描速率为50mV.s-1。由此制成的免疫传感器应用于测定尿样中2,4-D含量,其线性范围为0.05～2.5 mg·L-1之间,检出限(3S/N)为15.4μg·L-1。     

离子色谱法测定肥料中三聚氰胺的含量

采用离子色谱分析法检测肥料中三聚氰胺的含量。样品用氨水-甲醇-水(2+7+1)溶液超声振荡提取,离心后经氮气吹干,用3 mmol·L~(-1)甲烷磺酸溶液定容,分离柱和保护柱均为Dionex IonPac R SCS1,淋洗液为含3mmol·L~(-1)甲烷磺酸的乙腈-水(15+85)。采用非抑制型电导检测器检测。三聚氰胺的线性范围为1.00~1 000mg·L~(-1),检出限(3S/N)为5mg·kg~(-1),测定下限(9S/N)为15mg·kg~(-1)。加标回收率在79.3%~116%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在3.4%~13%之间。     

超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆飞行时间质谱法测定人体尿液中14种内源性甾体激素含量

样品5.000 0g,加pH 6.8的磷酸缓冲溶液2.0mL、β-葡萄糖醛酸甙酶150μL混合,于55℃培养2h,冷却至室温,用乙醚5mL超声5min,提取2次。合并提取液,经氮气吹干后,加甲醇(3+7)溶液5mL溶解残渣,再经Oasis HLB固相萃取柱净化,用甲醇-乙腈(1+1)溶液5mL洗脱。净化液经氮气吹干,用乙腈(95+5)溶解并稀释至1mL后进行色谱分离,以HSS T3色谱柱为固定相,以不同体积比的乙腈和含0.1%(体积分数)甲酸的5mmol·L~(-1)乙酸铵溶液的混合液为流动相进行梯度洗脱。质谱分析中采用电喷雾离子源和全信息串联质谱采集模式。14种内源性甾体激素的质量分数在一定范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)在0.5~5.0μg·kg~(-1)之间。按标准加入法在3个浓度水平上进行回收试验,回收率在80.6%~99.2%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.1%~7.9%之间。     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.