液态物质色度测定方法的改进

建立了用分光光度计测定透光率,进而计算色度Hasen值和黄色指数的方法.用它代替目视比色法,不必配制、校检标准溶液,且测定结果可用确切的数值表示.     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定中药材中痕量锑

采用微波消解法消解中药样品,以L-半胱氨酸作为预还原剂与掩蔽剂,利用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定中药中痕量锑的含量;优化了仪器的工作条件以及样品酸度、栽流酸度、硼氢化钾的用量等因素对荧光强度的影响;在最佳工作条件下,锑的质量浓度与荧光强度在10 μg·L-1以内呈线性关系,检出限达(3S/N)到0.038 4 μg·L-1.测定了两种中药样品中的锑量,5次测定的平均值分别为0.083及0.038 μg·g-1,其相对标准偏差依次为3.69%及4.12%.在两种已测定其锑量的中药样品中分别加入锑标准溶液作回收试验,测得回收率为96.0%.     

利用钨、锆-水杨基荧光酮-溴化十六烷基三甲铵络合物形成酸度的差异连续测定钨和锆

1引言研究了钨和储与水杨基荧光酮及漠化十六烷基三甲按形成三元胶束络合物时的酸度差异，发现在较低酸度（0．10～0．30mol／LHCI）时，二者均可形成稳定的三元胶束络合物，而在较高酸度（0．96～1．20mol／LHCI）时，则只有钨能形成三元络合物，铝对其无影响。本文依据这种酸度的差异，在较高酸度时测定钨，而在较低酸度时测定铝和错以差减法求得钻含量。2实验团分2．工仪器及试剂722型分光光度计。723型分光光度计。钨标准溶液：且00mg／L，储标准溶液：10‘0mg／L。水杨基荧光酮（SM）乙醇溶液：1．0Xic’mol／L。漠化十六烷基三…     

自动电位滴定法测定炼油工业污水中的氯离子

介绍自动电位滴定法测定炼油工业污水中氯离子含量。炼油工业污水样品经加热煮沸、双氧水氧化等预处理后,通过调节使其pH=2～6,以硝酸银标准溶液为滴定剂,在自动电位滴定仪上进行电位滴定。试验表明,本方法可以用来测定带色度的炼油工业污水样品,且对样品的酸碱度无苛刻要求,过量的双氧水不影响测定结果,不同浓度的标准样品其测定结果与其标称浓度无显著性差异。     

无机标准溶液的稳定性

讨论了影响无机标准溶液稳定性的因素。分别分析了标准溶液的包装、溶液的浓度、介质酸度、储存运输条件对无机标准溶液稳定性的影响,通过增加铝塑包装、提高溶液浓度及介质浓度可以有效延长标准溶液的保存时间。同时介绍了稳定性测量数据判定的3种统计学方法:趋势分析法、方差分析法和一致性检验法。     

高钒试样中钙美的快速连续测定

高钒试样中钙的测定是在一定酸度条件下,在氯化铵存在下用草酸铵沉淀钙而与钒分离,然后用硫酸溶解,再用高锰酸钾标准溶液滴定[1]或将草酸钙灼烧为氧化钙后用EDTA络合滴定[2].这些方法分析流程长,操作复杂,并且对高含量镁的测定均没有详细报道.本文提出了一种简便、快速测定高钒试样中高含量钙和镁的方法.     

简析大气中二氧化硫含量测定实验中误差的来源

通过剖析甲醛缓冲溶液吸收-盐酸副玫瑰苯胺(PRA)分光光度法测定大气中SO2含量的分析过程,明确指出实验仪器、标准溶液的稳定性、不同酸度的PRA溶液以及显色反应条件都会对测定结果带来较大的误差,并提出相应的解决方法.通过实际操作及其原理分析,引导学生主动结合专业理论知识分析实际问题,以提高实验教学质量.     

自动电位滴定法测定铁矿中水溶性氯化物

应用自动电位滴定法,在pH＞2的微酸性乙醇-水(4+1)溶液中,用0.002 mol·L-1硝酸银标准溶液为滴定剂,测定了铁矿石样品中水溶性氯化物.试样用水在95℃温度条件下浸取使其水溶性氯化物溶出,共存的硫化物的干扰采用在微碱性条件下加入过氧化氢并煮沸至无小气泡产生可予以消除,对试样的预处理方法,以及各项影响测定的参数(如溶液介质,被滴定液的酸度及温度,滴定速度及搅拌速度等)做了试验并予以优化.方法的检出限(S/N=3)为2.0μg,用标准加入法做了回收率试验,结果在99.9%～100.4%之间.     

CdTe量子点酸度敏感荧光探针测定水样中铵根离子含量

本研究在水相中合成了高质量的巯基乙酸包被的CdTe量子点.在pH 5.8～8.0范围内的PBS缓冲溶液中,CdTe量子点荧光强度与体系酸度存在良好的线性关系.利用NH+4 对量子点荧光的猝灭作用,实现了对水溶液中NH+4 的定量检测.在最优条件下,CdTe量子点酸度敏感探针荧光的猝灭程度与NH+4浓度呈良好的线性关系,线性范围为0.05～6.0 mmol/L,检出限为0.15 μmol/L.对1.0 mmol/L标准溶液平行测定11次,相对标准偏差为3.2%.利用标准加入法对水样中NH+4含量进行了测定,其结果与蒸馏-酸滴定法的结果基本一致.     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定钢铁中的痕量铋

采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定钢铁中的痕量铋。考察了观察高度、负高压、灯电流、载气流速、屏蔽气流速、介质酸度、载流酸度和硼氢化钾浓度等因素对测定结果的的影响,并优化了测定条件,研究了钢铁材料中常见元素对铋测定的影响。结果表明,用硫脲和抗坏血酸作抑制剂可以消除大量元素的干扰。铋浓度在0～100ng/mL与荧光强度呈良好的线性关系,方法的检出限为0.187ng/g。对20ng/mL的铋标准溶液平行测定10次,相对标准偏差为2.5%。用该方法对国家标准钢样品进行了测定,测定结果与标准值相符合。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。     

黄酮化合物的合成研究进展

黄酮化合物是一类具有多种生物活性的天然产物,其经典的合成方法主要为查耳酮路线和β-丙二酮路线.近年来出现了许多新技术、新方法.本文介绍了2'-羟基查尔酮的氧化关环法、黄烷酮氧化法、改进的Baker-Venkataraman法及其他合成黄酮化合物的方法.