PtRu/C电催化剂上甲醇吸附氧化过程的电化学原位红外光谱

采用调变的多元醇法制备了高分散的Pt/C, PtRu/C和Ru/C电催化剂. XRD计算结果表明, PtRu/C电催化剂的平均粒径和合金度分别为2.2 nm和71%. 采用电化学方法和原位傅里叶变换红外反射光谱方法(in situ FTIRS)研究了甲醇在3种电催化剂上的吸附氧化过程, 发现PtRu/C对甲醇的催化活性明显高于Pt/C, Ru的加入一方面影响了甲醇在Pt上的解离吸附性能, 另一方面提供了Ru-OH物种, 从而抑制了低电位下电催化剂中毒. 红外光谱研究结果表明, 线性吸附态CO(COL)是主要毒化物种, 反应产物主要是CO2, 还有少量的甲酸甲酯. 根据实验结果讨论了甲醇在PtRu/C电催化剂上的氧化机理.     

甲醇氧化PtSnCo/C阳极催化剂

通过乙二醇液相分步还原法制备了金属质量分数为20%的PtSn/C二元及PtSnCo/C三元催化剂.采用X射线衍射(XRD)光谱法、能量散射谱(EDS)对催化剂进行了表征;通过阳极线性伏安扫描法(LSV)、连续循环伏安法(CV)、预吸附单层CO溶出法研究了其电化学性质.结果表明,PtSnCo/C三元催化剂较商业化JM-PtRu/C催化剂具有更好的氧化甲醇催化活性.循环伏安扫描100圈后发现,PtSn/C二元催化剂的甲醇氧化峰电流快速衰减到其初始氧化峰电流的11%左右,而PtSnCo/C三元催化剂仅衰减到其初始值的50%左右,这表明PtSnCo/C三元催化剂具有更好的化学稳定性.在PtSnCo/C催化剂上,甲醇氧化起始电位比直接吸附CO后的CO阳极溶出电位负,意味着甲醇在PtSnCo/C催化剂上氧化的中间产物不是CO,而是比CO更为活泼且易于氧化的中间物种.     

具有高活性和突出的抗中毒性能的Pt修饰Ru/C催化剂的制备和表征(英文)

采用两步浸渍-还原法制备了一种具有高Pt利用效率,高性能的Pt修饰的Ru/C催化剂(Ru@Pt/C).对于甲醇的阳极氧化反应,该催化剂的单位质量铂的催化活性分别为Pt/C、自制PtRu/C和商业JMPtRu/C催化剂的1.9、1.5和1.4倍;其电化学活性比表面积分别为Pt/C和自制PtRu/C的1.6和1.3倍.尤为重要的是该催化剂对甲醇氧化中间体具有很好的去除能力,其正向扫描的氧化峰的峰电流密度(If)与反向扫描氧化峰的峰电流密度(Ib)之比可高达2.4,为Pt/C催化剂的If/Ib的2.7倍,表明催化剂具有很好的抗甲醇氧化中间体毒化的能力.另外,Ru@Pt/C催化剂的稳定性也高于Pt/C、自制PtRu/C和商业JMPtRu/C催化剂的稳定性.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对催化剂进行了表征,Pt在Ru表面的包覆结构得到了印证.Ru@Pt/C的高铂利用效率、高性能和高抗毒能力使其有望成为一种理想的直接甲醇燃料电池电催化剂.     

不同温度烧制介孔碳作为直接甲醇燃料电池催化剂载体

以嵌段共聚物P123为模板制备介孔氧化硅SBA-15, 并以此SBA-15为模板, 以蔗糖为碳源在不同的温度下(600-900 °C)制备介孔碳CMK-3. 采用浸渍还原法, 以硼氢化钠为还原剂, 制备介孔碳载Pt电催化剂, 即20% (w) Pt/CMK-3. 利用循环伏安法(CV)、计时电流法等测试电催化剂对甲醇的催化氧化性能及稳定性. 预吸附单层CO溶出伏安法研究测试催化剂抗CO中毒能力. 结果表明在烧制温度为900 °C时制备的介孔碳载Pt催化剂具有最好的催化性能和稳定性, 而在烧制温度为700 °C时制备的介孔碳载Pt催化剂对CO有较低的溶出电位.     

阵列纳米管中铂:钌原子比对甲醇电催化氧化活性的影响（英文）

采用电化学沉积技术在3-氨丙基三甲基硅氧烷修饰的多孔氧化铝膜板中制备了具有不同Pt/Ru原子比的双元Pt/Ru阵列纳米管电极（NTAEs）。分别用X-射线衍射和扫描电镜表征了催化剂结构和形态。电化学结果表明：通过控制前驱沉积液的浓度可得到不同PtRu原子比的NTAEs。所制备的Pt 或 Pt/Ru合金阵列纳米电极的真实表面积大,催化活性强,有利于物质传输,对甲醇电氧化显示出显著的催化性能。实验中还系统研究了催化剂组成与CO和CH3OH电催化氧化性能的关系,发现Pt/Ru=50:50的阵列纳米管电极对CO电氧化显示出最好的催化活性;对甲醇电氧化,则Ru原子比为40%的催化剂显示最佳催化性能。     

炭载Pt-Ag双金属催化剂对甲醇氧化反应的电催化

以NaBH4为还原剂,将K2PtCl6和AgNO3前体进行共还原制备了一系列具有不同组成的碳载PtmAg/C合金催化剂（m为Pt/Ag原子比,m为0.05～1.0）,在酸性介质中考察了该系列催化剂对甲醇氧化反应的电催化性能。 与单组分Pt/C催化剂相比,系列PtmAg/C催化剂呈现出较高的催化氧化甲醇的活性与抗CO毒化能力,而且该催化剂的性能与其组成密切相关。 随m值增加,PtmAg/C催化剂对甲醇氧化反应的质量比催化活性(MSA)、本征催化活性(IA)与稳定性均逐步增加,当m=0.5时催化活性达到最高,其MSA和IA分别是Pt/C催化剂的5.1和4.8倍。     

水合氧化钌对铂电催化剂上甲醇电氧化反应的促进作用

以多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)为载体,制备了Pt载量为20%的Pt-(RuOxHy)m/MWCNTs催化剂(m为Ru/Pt原子比),在m≤0.4时考察了不同电势区间循环伏安预处理对其催化性能的影响.水合氧化钌(RuOxHy)的存在明显提高了Pt催化剂抗CO毒化的能力,而在甲醇电氧化反应中Pt的质量比活性(MSA)随样品中m值增大呈先升后降趋势.经低电势区间(-0.20～0.46 V vsSCE)预处理稳定的催化剂中,Pt-(RuOxHy)0.10/MWCNTs样品中Pt的甲醇电氧化反应的MSA提高至相应单组分Pt/MWCNTs的9倍.将预处理电势区间扩展到高电势(即-0.20～0.96 V VS SCE)会造成钌组分溶解流失,导致催化剂抗CO毒化能力下降.在经过高电势区间的预处理后,Pt-(RuOxHy)0.20/MWCNTs对甲醇电氧化反应呈现出最高的催化活性,为单组分Pt催化剂的1.4倍.这些结果证实,水合氧化钌是Pt电催化剂的有效助剂.     

甲醇在Pt/C和Pt/WO_3/C电极上的电氧化

用液相还原法制备碳载Pt(Pt/C)和碳载Pt/WO3(Pt/WO3/C)催化剂.实验表明该催化剂中加入一定量的WO3后,其对甲醇的催化氧化活性和稳定性都有一定提高,并以Pt、W原子比为1∶1的催化剂性能最好.这是由于Pt催化剂中加入了WO3后,其电化学活性比表面积增大,并且降低了对CO吸附强度.     

Pt-Ni-P/Ti蜂窝状电极的制备及其催化甲醇氧化性能研究

Ti基体上,通过电沉积-置换的方法制备了具有蜂窝状结构的Pt-Ni-P/Ti催化电极.采用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）对催化剂进行了表征.通过阳极线性伏安扫描法（LSV）、连续循环伏安法（CV）、预吸附单层CO溶出法研究了其甲醇氧化催化活性和抗CO中毒能力.SEM测试结果显示,非晶态Ni-P置换制备的Pt-Ni-P催化剂受“异地溶解-沉积”机理的影响而呈蜂窝状结构,而晶态Ni置换制备的Pt-Ni催化剂受“原位溶解-沉积”机理呈麦粒状.电化学测试结果表明,Pt-Ni-P/Ti电极在碱性介质中的甲醇氧化起始电位和CO氧化起始电位均比Pt-Ni/Ti电极更负,表明P掺杂可以增强Pt-Ni的甲醇氧化催化活性和抗CO中毒能力.     

甲醇电氧化催化剂Pt/CeO2-CNTs与PtRu/C的比较研究

为认识合成催化剂Pt/CeO2-CNTs与商用催化剂PtRu/C(E-TEK)的催化性能和结构特点, 用CO溶出法和恒电位氧化法比较了这两种催化剂对CO的电氧化活性, 运用循环伏安法和恒电位氧化法比较了这两种催化剂对甲醇的电氧化活性. CO电氧化实验结果表明, PtRu/C上CO的电氧化活性明显优于Pt/CeO2-CNTs; 甲醇电氧化实验结果却表明, Pt/CeO2-CNTs与PtRu/C上甲醇电氧化表观活性相当. 为从结构特点上解释PtRu/C上CO电氧化和甲醇电氧化活性的不一致, 对PtRu/C进行了循环伏安扫描和CO溶出实验. 结果表明, PtRu/C的甲醇电氧化电流之所以没有预期高, 一是由于Pt比表面积不够大, 同时Pt-Ru之间协同作用有待提高. 本研究结果表明, 尽管Ru对Pt上CO电氧化有显著助催化作用, 但要充分发挥其对Pt上甲醇电氧化的助催化作用, 需同时提高Pt表面积和Pt-Ru接触界面. 该结论对设计甲醇电氧化催化剂具有普适意义.     

Electrospun bimetallic nanowires of PtRh and PtRu with compositional variation for methanol electrooxidation

Binary metallic nanowires (NWs) of PtRh and PtRu were synthesized by electrospinning method with compositional variation from 1:3 to 2:1. The electrospun bimetallic NWs were highly alloyed with diameters smaller than 60 nm and lengths up to hundreds of micrometers. The PtRh and PtRu NWs with 1:1 atomic ratio resulted in the higher catalytic mass activity over the methanol electrooxidation than those with the different atomic ratios, and the mass activity of Pt₁Ru₁ NWs was superior to the other NWs and even better than the commercial catalyst of the highly dispersed Pt₁Ru₁ nanoparticles on carbon. Moreover, the bimetallic NW electrocatalysts showed the better stability than the bimetallic nanoparticles. The enhancements of electrocatalytic properties for the Pt₁Rh₁ and Pt₁Ru₁ NWs could be attributed to their one-dimensional features, which can outperform on the electro-oxidations over the fuel cell electrodes.     

Relating the Composition of PtxRu100−x/C Nanoparticles to Their Structural Aspects and Electrocatalytic Activities in the Methanol Oxidation Reaction

A controlled composition‐based method—that is, the microwave‐assisted ethylene glycol (MEG) method—was successfully developed to prepare bimetallic Pt_xRu_100?x/C nanoparticles (NPs) with different alloy compositions. This study highlights the impact of the variation in alloy composition of Pt_xRu_100?x/C NPs on their alloying extent (structure) and subsequently their catalytic activity towards the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). The alloying extent of these Pt_xRu_100?x/C NPs has a strong influence on their Pt d‐band vacancy and Pt electroactive surface area (Pt ECSA); this relationship was systematically evaluated by using X‐ray absorption (XAS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and electrochemical analyses. The MOR activity depends on two effects that act in cooperation, namely, the number of active Pt sites and their activity. Here the number of active Pt sites is associated with the Pt ECSA value, whereas the Pt‐site activity is associated with the alloying extent and Pt d‐band vacancy (electronic) effects. Among the Pt_xRu_100?x/C NPs with various Pt:Ru atomic ratios (x=25, 50, and 75), the Pt₇₅Ru₂₅/C NPs were shown to be superior in MOR activity on account of their favorable alloying extent, Pt d‐band vacancy, and Pt ECSA. This short study brings new insight into probing the synergistic effect on the surface reactivity of the Pt_xRu_100?x/C NPs, and possibly other bimetallic Pt‐based alloy NPs.     

Nanoporous PtRu Alloys with Unique Catalytic Activity toward Hydrolytic Dehydrogenation of Ammonia Borane

Nanoporous (NP) PtRu alloys with three different bimetallic components were straightforwardly fabricated by dealloying PtRuAl ternary alloys in hydrochloric acid. Selective etching of aluminum from source alloys generates bicontinuous network nanostructures with uniform size and structure. The as‐made NP‐PtRu alloys exhibit superior catalytic activity toward the hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane (AB) than pure NP‐Pt and NP‐Ru owing to alloying platinum with ruthenium. The NP‐Pt₇₀Ru₃₀ alloy exhibits much higher specific activity toward hydrolytic dehydrogenation of AB than NP‐Pt₃₀Ru₇₀ and NP‐Pt₅₀Ru₅₀. The hydrolysis activation energy of NP‐Pt₇₀Ru₃₀ was estimated to be about 38.9 kJ mol^?1, which was lower than most of the reported activation energy values in the literature. In addition, recycling tests show that the NP‐Pt₇₀Ru₃₀ is still highly active in the hydrolysis of AB even after five runs, which indicates that NP‐PtRu alloy accompanied by the network nanoarchitecture is beneficial to improve structural stability toward the dehydrogenation of AB.     

高CO耐性的金属间PtBi纳米片用于甲醇电氧化

我们通过热注入的方法制备了一种高CO耐性的金属间PtBi纳米片。所制备的金属间PtBi纳米片在甲醇氧化反应(MOR)中展现出优异的催化性能和良好的稳定性能,最大的质量活性高达4.09 A·mg_Pt^-1,接近商业Pt/C的3.2倍。计时电流-时间(I-t)稳定性测试之后,活性仅仅衰减5.7%,远低于商业Pt/C。CO吸附-脱附(CO-Stripping)曲线和循环伏安演变(CV-Evolution)曲线证实了金属间PtBi纳米片高的CO耐受性。     

Implanting Atomic Dispersed Ru in PtNi Colloidal Nanocrystal Clusters for Efficient Catalytic Performance in Electro-oxidation of Liquid Fuels

Although PtRu alloy nanocatalysts have been certified to possess excellent electrocatalytic performance and CO-poisoning tolerance toward formic acid and methanol electro-oxidation, the unaffordable usages of ruthenium (Ru) and platinum (Pt) have greatly limited their widespread adoption. Here, a facile one-pot method is reported for implanting atomic dispersed Ru in PtNi colloidal nanocrystal clusters with different Ru/Pt/Ni molar ratios, greatly reducing the dosages of Pt and Ru, and further improving the catalytic performances for the electro-oxidation of formic acid and methanol. Through simple control of the amount of Ni(acac)₂ precursor, trimetallic Ru_0.3Pt_70.5Ni_29.2, Ru_0.6Pt_55.9Ni_43.5, Ru_0.2Pt_77.3Ni_22.5, and Ru_0.9Pt_27.3Ni_71.8 colloidal nanocrystal clusters (CNCs) are obtained. In particular, the Ru_0.3Pt_70.5Ni_29.2 CNCs exhibit excellent specific activities for formic acid and methanol electro-oxidation, that is, 14.2 and 15.3 times higher, respectively, than those of the Pt/C catalyst. Moreover, the Ru_0.3Pt_70.5Ni_29.2 CNCs also possess better anti-CO-poisoning properties and diffusion ability than the other RuPtNi CNCs. The excellent formic acid and methanol electro-oxidation activities of RuPtNi CNCs are ascribed to the optimal ligand effects derived from the Pt, Ni, and atomic dispersed Ru atoms, which can improve the OH adsorption ability and further the anti-CO-poisoning capability. This research opens a new door for increasing the electro-oxidation properties of liquid fuels by using lower dosages of noble metals in Pt-based catalysts.     

高CO耐性的金属间PtBi纳米片用于甲醇电氧化

我们通过热注入的方法制备了一种高CO耐性的金属间PtBi纳米片。所制备的金属间PtBi纳米片在甲醇氧化反应(MOR)中展现出优异的催化性能和良好的稳定性能，最大的质量活性高达4.09 A·mg_Pt^-1，接近商业Pt/C的3.2倍。计时电流-时间(I-t)稳定性测试之后，活性仅仅衰减5.7%，远低于商业Pt/C。CO吸附-脱附(CO-Stripping)曲线和循环伏安演变(CV-Evolution)曲线证实了金属间PtBi纳米片高的CO耐受性。     

Combinatorial screening of ternary Pt–Ni–Cr catalysts for methanol electro-oxidation

Methanol electro-oxidation activity of ternary Pt–Ni–Cr system was studied by using a combinatorial screening method. A Pt–Ni–Cr thin-film library was prepared by sputtering and quickly characterized by a multichannel multielectrode analyzer. Among the 63 different composition thin-film catalysts, Pt₂₈Ni₃₆Cr₃₆ showed the highest methanol electro-oxidation activity and good stability. This new composition was also studied in its powder form by synthesizing and characterizing Pt₂₈Ni₃₆Cr₃₆/C catalyst. In chronoamperometry testing, the Pt₂₈Ni₃₆Cr₃₆/C catalyst exhibited “decay-free” behavior during 600 s operation by keeping its current density up to 97.1% of its peak current density, while the current densities of Pt/C and Pt₅₀Ru₅₀/C catalysts decreased to 14.0% and 60.3% of their peak current densities, respectively. At 600 s operation, current density of the Pt₂₈Ni₃₆Cr₃₆/C catalyst was 23.8 A g_{noble metal}⁻¹, while that of those of the Pt/C and Pt₅₀Ru₅₀/C catalysts were 2.74 and 18.8 A g_{noble metal}⁻¹, respectively.     

Ultrafine PtRu Dilute Alloy Nanodendrites for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Methanol Oxidation

Dilute alloy nanostructures have been demonstrated to possess distinct catalytic properties. Noble-metal-induced reduction is one effective synthesis strategy to construct dilute alloys and modify the catalytic performance of the host metal. Herein, we report the synthesis of ultrafine PtRu dilute alloy nanodendrites (PtRu NDs, molar ratio Ru/Pt is 1:199) by the reduction of Ru^III ions induced by Pt metal. For the methanol oxidation reaction, PtRu NDs showed the highest forward peak current density (2.66 mA cm⁻², 1.14 A/mg_Pt) and the best stability compared to those of pure-Pt nanodendrites (pure-Pt NDs), commercial PtRu/C and commercial Pt/C catalysts.     

Technical electrodes catalyzed with PtRu on mesoporous ordered carbons for liquid direct methanol fuel cells

This paper presents the behavior of ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC)-supported catalysts as anodes for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC), fed with an aqueous methanol solution. OMC samples were prepared by the nanocasting method from a polymerized furan resin using mesoporous silica as a template. Pt and PtRu nanoparticles were supported on OMC with high dispersion, the particle size being 2.4 nm at PtRu loading of 15 wt.%. The resulting catalysts were analyzed using carbon monoxide stripping voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, and chronoamperometry in three-electrode experiments and recording cell voltage vs. current density curves in practical DMFC. It was found that PtRu-catalyzed technical electrodes exhibited good activity towards methanol electrooxidation in half-cell experiments under fuel-cell-relevant conditions. Specifically, Pt₈₅Ru₁₅/OMC catalyst showed the highest catalytic enhancement compared to Pt/OMC for the steady-state electrooxidation of methanol at 60 °C and 0.5 V, by a factor of 22 in 2-M MeOH solution. DMFC single cells yielded an open-circuit voltage of 0.625 V at 60 °C. Polarization curves indicate that DMFC with OMC-supported Pt₈₅Ru₁₅ catalyst at the anode exhibited the best performance.     

Promotional effect of Snad on the ethanol oxidation at Pt3Sn/C catalyst

Oxidation of ethanol was studied at Sn_ad modified and unmodified Pt₃Sn/C and Pt/C catalysts. Pt₃Sn/C and Pt/C catalysts were characterized by XRD. Potentiodynamic and chronoamperometric measurements were used to establish catalytic activity and stability. High activity achieved at Sn_ad modified Pt₃Sn/C catalyst has not been observed at any bimetallic catalyst so far. Promotional effect of Sn_ad on the ethanol oxidation was related to the enhancement of CO oxidation rate in bifunctional mechanism. It was shown that electrodeposited Sn exhibited different effect on the catalytic activity compared to Sn in alloy.